是德科技

矢量网络分析的基本原理

应用指南
引言

㠬⿱➶㣨㗁㺚㔤⭜㺨㵒㑉㴗⧧㺨㵒⒏⭨⛶Ⱓ⡒㴹㥥㟧㺲㚱㱫㴐⮔⧧♋⿁☨♋㋺㩂
ㅢⱌ㨾␌⼋☨⥙⒴ᮣ☕㸆㨗㥥㟧║㚅⳱㱸㨳㥒ㅠ㑛☨㨳⧟㖫ᱨ㣄わ㾎⤴㨲☨㗁㑥
⧨㮾㾎⡽㨕⿔⧧㾎㨏㖡㸊㖳㨳⧟╹㮥╌║♁☡⼹㮥╌ᮣ㖲⼋㠬⿱➶㣨㗁㟜⥙␌⼋
㴐⮔⛶㊷⿔㓤グ⧧⤂⿔㓤グ␌㗎㨳⧟☨⟙⛪㲓㦐㢭☨㱘㦜ᱨ⹂ⲽ㐵⍙㸛㴐⮔㝎㩂
☨㮥㺸➝➈ᮣ
㵀〉㱎㱫㺚ㅕ㺲ᱨ⯿⪰⤧㖲⼋㠬⿱➶㣨☨⫑〉㴓⹻ᮣ㝌⿥☨ㅠ㑛⊪⸶⶙␌⼋☨
㟜㱫⏸㗷ᱨ㋦㺲㔢⭆㓞㔠⏸㗷 (S ⏸㗷 ) ☨⡣ㅴᮣ⪑⛶㮥㨗㔠㊷⫑〉㺌㖰ᱨ㑥║
㗞㦏⧧㖱イ㙱㴖㟰ⱌ㨾⪰⤧ᮣ

㗁☦ⶖ⭒⤇㙶ㅢ⤗㝗⤅⢕㺸⢕㬥㱫㲂㵀 DC-110 GHz ➖㢙ㅠ⍙㸛㴐⮔㝎㩂☨⍖

⼋㠬⿱➶㣨㮱⧧㖲⼋㠬⿱➶㣨㮱ᮣ⪑⶙㮾㢜㸆㨗㮱㋹㝗⤅⢕㺸㫍⮔ᱨ㮾⮈⪇㖯
㬕㗌⧧㔶␤⪏ⳅ㺲☨␌㗎ᮣ

通信系统中的测量要求
㵀㑌⧨㟜㨳㥥㟧㺲ᱨ⛞⍄㩙ⶌ⿑㨳⧟㖡㸊☨㱘㦜ᮣⲳ⤸㣄わ㮥⊑㺝ⶌ⿑➧㦏㩂
㨕㱎㯧㋲☨㖡㸊 ( ⺋㑥ᱨ☕㚱㱎㱫☨㴾⏒㨳⧟㯧㋲⩽♛㖡㸊㖫 )ᱨ☏╥█☨㦏㩂
㥥㟧㮜⶙ㅢ㯧㑩㨳⧟㖡㸊ᮣ㱱㲂㦏㩂㥥㟧⶙ㅢ⡢⍐㨳⧟⢕⢔㊷㋙➶⼋☨⟙⛪⫊
㦐㢭⤴㥥ᱨ㚱㮾㱸⶙ㅢ⡢⍐㚱㟜⥙㨳⧟☨㖫⭺⏒㨼ᮣ

㦆㵀ᱨ㣄わ⹂㽰㥨☨㫼ⳑ㦏㩂㝎㩂⧧➧㦏㩂㝎㩂㺐⭺☨␘⍜ᮣ

㦏㩂㋹⮔㖳㗞㑩㨳⧟␤㔶⟙⛪⧧㦐㢭⍐⪇ ( 㟰 1)ᱨ㵀㗞㑩⛭ⓞ㦆☨㑌⧨㸡㦂㎺
㦏㮜⯿㮾㦐㟠㊷⿔ⓞ㦆㵀㗞ⓞ⛭ᱨ✚⏥⪹㨼⒱㨰㨳⧟ᮣ㣐⿥㗁㱸㴚⫊㗁㣐㴚➧
㦏㩂㋹⮔ᱨ⛞⶙ㅢ㖳㗞㑩㨳⧟☨㊷⿔㊭⹹㴓⹂☨㢭㺥ᱨ⫊㵜⭩㋦㚴㊷⿔➶⼋ᱨ
㑥㨡⏒㨳⧟⫊⭚㔶㨳⧟ᮣ⥙▙☨㗞㑩㨳⧟㟜⒋⪹㋊㖳㦏㩂㋹⮔ⱌ㑩㫥㚭⫊⌑⧧
㽔㜢ᱨ╹✚㯧㋲➧㦏㩂⤀㾗ᮣ

A
A * Sin 360º * f (t – to) Linear behavior
– input and output frequencies
to
Time are the same (no additional
frequencies created)
Sin 360º * f * t A
phase shift = – output frequency only
to * 360º * f
undergoes magnitude and
Time f
1
Frequency phase change
Input DUT Output

Nonlinear behavior
f Frequency – output frequency may undergo
1 Time
frequency shift (e.g. with mixers)
– additional frequencies created
(harmonics, intermodulation)
f Frequency
1

㟰 1. 㦏㩂㝎㸛⧧➧㦏㩂㝎㸛☨⌴Ⱓ

3
㢜⼗ⱌ㨾㦏㩂㣐㖡㸊☨║㗞ᱨ⌧␌㋹⮔ (DUT) 㵀㚱㮔㎳☨㸟⢔▞ⶽㅠᱨ㋦⟙⛪
㦜㱎⍄㩙㊿㜯ᱨ✚㦐㢭㦜㱎⍄㩙⒲㦏㩂ᮣ㾗㢜⺋㽳ᱨ㣄わ⹂㫼ⳑ㵀ⲿ⥙▞㟜⿕
⏒㋹㖫⧆㱸⟁⡙⡽㊷➶⼋☨➝⏒㨳⧟ᱨ⡡▞㟜⿕⏒㋹㮾⧶㨏☨㙝⮋㑁㫍⛊☨㊷
⿔㟜⥙ᱨ✚㟜▞㺐㠖☨㊷⿔㵘㱸⏥㟠⒴⛪☨㙝⮋㾗㱫ᮣ

⭊㖳⿕⏒㋹⳱㱸㦏㩂㦐㢭㩂ㅢᱨ➝⏒☨▞㠖➶⼋㮜⯿㗖☡㙝⮋ᮣ㸆㖳〉⺋㺲☨
㗞ⓞ㨳⧟㵀〉㺬㔋⢚⳱㸡㦂㗮㩂 ( 㟰 2)ᮣ

㑥⥗㵀ㄹ㮥⿕⏒㋹㺲㟜⥙㦐㟠☨➝⏒㗞㑩㨳⧟ⱊ㵒⒱☾ 3 ╴㨡⏒☨㦐㢭☝㺥ᮢ
✚㢞Ⓘ㨡⏒⟙⛪⏥⍐ᱨ㵘㗞ⓞ⏒㨼⯿⢚⒲㦆ⓞ　Ⓧ㝎㸛 ( 㟰 3)ᮣ㮥⊑⹂㙭ᱨ㸆
㺸㎩ⷆⱊ㗄㱫㲂〉⺋㺲☨⿕⏒㋹ᱨ㗞ⓞ⏒㨼⯿㮪⳯⟙⛪⧧㦐㢭☨➧㦏㩂㎩ⷆ⒲
㦆ⓞ㑌㯌㨼㖷☨㖡㸊ᮣ

F(t) = sin wt + 1/3 sin 3wt + 1/5 sin 5wt

Time
Time

Linear
network
Magnitude

Frequency Frequency Frequency

㟰 2. ⟙⛪㚞㊷⿔☨⍐⪇

F(t) = sin wt + 1/3 sin 3wt + 1/5 sin 5wt

Linear
network
Time Time
Magnitude

Frequency
0º
Frequency Frequency
–180º
–360º

㟰 3. 㦐㢭㚞㊷⿔☨⍐⪇

4
 Nonlinear networks
Saturation, crossover, intermodulation, and other
nonlinear effects can cause signal distortion

Time Time

Frequency Frequency

㟰 4. ➧㦏㩂⡮㔶㖡㸊

➧㦏㩂㋹⮔㮜⪹㯧㑩㖡㸊 ( 㟰 4)ᮣ⺋㑥ᱨ☕➥▙㋹⌧⥙⬺⺆㖫ᱨ㱱㲂➥▙㋹⌑
⧧✚㖳㗞ⓞ㨳⧟㦎⟙ᮣ㗞ⓞ㨳⧟⏥㴿㗁㮥⢔╥㸡☨㸡㦂㨳⧟ᱨ㴿㗞㑩㊷⿔☨⢕
⢔⌢㊷⒴㢭㺥╌▌㵀㨡⏒ᮣ㣐㴚㋹⮔㵀⡽⤂⿔♋㊿㔋㮜⶙ㅢ⒲㦆➧㦏㩂㝎㸛ᮣ
㱸⤴㸆➝ギ☨㮥⢔㾎⭧⺋㽳㗁⺉㱫⳱㱸╫㨬♋⡮㋹☨ LC ⿕⏒㋹ᮣ╫㩂⏮⼛⒋
⒋⒲㦆ⓞ⡽⛪➧㦏㩂☨㺯╫㨕㱎ᮣ

⡽㨕⿔║㚅⤂⿔㗁㟜㨳㥥㟧☨⼹㮥⢔⫑〉㢼㝘ᮣ㢜⼗⡽㨕⿔☼║㚅ᮢ➂㔠⫊Ⱗ
㗏㔠㊷⤂⿔ᱨ㻐㑥║㗞㦏ᮢ㝢㦏⧧➥▙㋹㸆㬥㮥㨗㋹⮔⛞㩙⛶㨳⧟㴚⒲㦆ⓞ⼈
⧝☨㾈ⶉ㊧㈨ᮣ☕⼉⢔⻸Ⱗ㋹⮔㺐⭺☨☨㗞㑩㲓㗞ⓞ㾈ⶉ☨㖯⏩⧧㩗⏩⛞▕⏥
☡⹻㦛㽔㜢㖫ᱨ⍏ⓞ㦆㾈ⶉ㖡㈨ᮣ

矢量测量的重要性
⛶⢕⢔➶⼋☨⟙⛪⧧㦐㢭ⱌ㨾␌⼋☨㺺㮔㩂㴚㲂㮾㥲⭎⢔㯜㚐ᮣ㗑㥸ᱨ㢜⼗㐩
ギ⍙㸛㦏㩂㠬⿱ᱨ㐵⌏㣐㖡㸊║㗞ᱨ☨㐵㩖㮔ⱌ㨾㸆⼉㺸␌⼋ᮣ㋦╴ᱨ㢜⼗㔤
⭜⡽㨕⿔㊧㈨㠬⿱ᱨ⍄㩙␌⼋⡒㾈ⶉᮣ㾎⨍ᱨ⵺➂⭜㚛⫒⡆㻜⤀⒴ (CAE) ♋⿁
➢㸊⒴㩠ㄩ㨻☨⤀⒴㖠㩖㮔⟙⛪⧧㦐㢭㗷⳯⹂ⱌ㨾ⲽ㐵ㄩㅨᮣ

㢜⼗㺖㨾⡓㗉ㅬ⍐⪓ᱨ㖫㲚⍙㸛㯊㩖㮔⟙⛪⧧㦐㢭㨳㥒ᮣ㟜⥙㦫ⓥ⤨㱸␌⼋㥥
㟧㣥␘☨㱘㦜⹂㝗⡽␌⼋ⲽ⛪☨㖲⼋㣥␘㩌㸡ᱨ㮜㩖㮔⟙⛪⧧㦐㢭㗷⳯⹂⯼⻮
㱸㨕㣥␘ㄩ㨻ᮣ⭊㖳⛶㮥㨗⍖⼋␌⼋ ( 㑥⪰⏒㚨⧞ )ᱨ㢜⼗⫉☧⡽ⲽ⛪ᱨ㦐㢭␌
⼋ㅢ⻲㮜㖨➶㺺㮔ᮣ

5
入射功率和反射功率的基本概念
㵀㠬⿱➶㣨☨⫑〉㨼㖷㺲ᱨ⊪⧆␌⼋㬄║㗞㦏㨾ⱌ☨㑩㔠⏒ᮢ➔㔠⏒⧧║㗞⏒ᮣ
⺉㱫⤾⏒⒌㾗㢜⹮⌴ᱨ☕⤾㟪㔠☡㮥⢔㟬タ☨㟬ⳇ㔋㖫 ( 㑩㔠ㅢ⼋ )ᱨ㮥⏩➶⤾
╹㟬ⳇ⍙ギ➔㔠ᱨ☏▙⏩➶⤾⭢㩦㟜⥙㟬ⳇ ( ║㗞ㅢ⼋ )( 㟰 5)ᮣ㑲㟬ⳇ⳱㱸ⳇギᱨ
㵘▙⏩➶⤾⯿⌧➔㔠ᱨ㔕⼋⫊ゃ㱸㟜⥙㟬ⳇᮣ

㚜㐹㔠㊷㨳⧟⧧㢔⏒㨳⧟☨⏒⒌⏥㦐㟠ᱨ☏㴓⹻㗁㮥㬥☨ᮣ㠬⿁➶㣨㮱ㅢⲽ
㐵␌⼋㑩㔠ㅢ⼋ᮢ➔㔠ㅢ⼋⧧║㗞ㅢ⼋ᮣ⺋㑥ᱨ㵀║㗞㦏㔋➂㚅☨ㅢ⼋ᱨ㬄
║㗞㦏➔㔠⪰➂㔠㴚☨ㅢ⼋ ( 㱱㲂㾈ⶉ㖡㈨ ) 㮾⭆㙫⺉☼║㚅㺣㺷⛭㽐㺥 ( 㑥㝢
㦏 ) ☨ㅢ⼋ᮣ

Lightwave analogy

Incident
Transmitted
Reflected

㟰 5. ⤾⏒㲓⡽㊷㋹⮔㝎㸛☨⹮⌴

史密斯圆图
⛶㮥⢔㋹⮔ⱌ㨾⍙㸛㖫㚱➂㔶☨➔㔠▙㨏㐟ⴈ㲂㑩㔠㨳⧟᮰ⶄ☡☨᮱㾈ⶉᮣ㱱
㲂㑌⧨㾈ⶉ⛞ㅢ㱫㖯⏩⧧㩗⏩ (R+jX ⫊ G+jB) ⍙㖸ᱨ⤦⶙㮾⯿㚴わ⪾㺨㵀㚱㢯
⡒㾈ⶉ㊿ギ☨㺓㦏㠬⿱㔋ᱨ㮯⧐☨㗁ᱨ⵺⿁ ( 㮥㺸⒋⮑☨㔠㊷㾈ⶉ )㵀㖯㻃㔋⍙
㦆㢜㣐㦎▙ᱨ㯜✚㣐➈⍙㖸ⓞ⹂ᮣ

⭁㾘⍖㟰㱱㲂⊪⸶⼗㸟⢔㾈ⶉ㊿ギ㯜✚⳱㱸㺺㮔㖳㱫⭱㺗ᱨ㐹✚ᱨ㚴⏌⏥㺓Ⱗ
⪾ⓞ㾈ⶉ㎺㦏ᱨ✚㗁㮾㖲⼋㨼㖷㦄㖸ⓞ⡒➔㔠㥥㗷ᱨ㗄⼋☨▙㨏⛶㱎㲂Ⳳ㦄㖸
㋹㺲㨲☨Ⳳ⹹ᱨ✚㦐㢭㵘㦄㖸㢜㖲⼋㦐⛶㲂╹㺲㨲☡㱺⍋㬄㙦㊿㺓㦏☨Ⱋ⛪ᮣ
⭁㾘⍖㟰☨㐯♇㗁⏥ㅢ㺓Ⱗ╹㦄㖸⛣㐟㾈ⶉ㺗ᮣ

6
㱱㲂⡒㾈ⶉ㲓➔㔠㥥㗷⼉㸃㺐⭺㱸㮥㮥⛶㱎☨⤴㥥ᱨ⤦⡒㾈ⶉ㊿ギ☨㸡㖯⊙⏩
➶⶙㮾㱛㔠☡⭁㾘⍖㦄㖸㔋ᮣⰵ⥗⍏㨼⒱⼗㖱イ㙱㴘㟰ᮣ㚱㱸♋ⶉ㺗⧧╹ 0 ☡
㣐㦎▙☨㚱㱸㸡♋㾈㺗ⴋ⿮㵀㖱イ㙱㴘㟰ㅠ ( 㟰 6)ᮣ

㵀㖱イ㙱㴘㟰㔋ᱨ⧽⛊♋㾈☨⥈⬹⍙㦆㢜㴘ᱨ✚⧽⛊♋ⶉ☨⥈⬹⍙㦆㢜㴘⩹ᮣ
㖱イ㙱㴘㟰㔋☨㾈ⶉ㽼㗁㺚⛶㚱ⶌ␖☨㴐⮔⫊㥥㟧☨㝎㩂㾈ⶉⱌ㨾⥅㮥⪇⨍☨
㾈ⶉᱨ㟜⒋⛶㔠㊷⧧㢔⏒㥥㟧⹂㙭㝎㩂㾈ⶉ㗁 50 Ωᱨ✚⛶⤿⏏⧧㱸㦏♋㗍㥥㟧
㝎㩂㾈ⶉ㵘㢜 75 Ωᮣ⹻㦛☨㺷⛭㢭㲂㖱イ㙱㴘㟰☨㺲㨲ᮣ

+jX 90o
Polar plane
1.0
.8
.6
0 +R ' .2
.4
o
±180º 0

–jX 0 '

Rectilinear impedance –90º

plane
Constant X
Z L = Zo Constant R
K= 0
Smith chart maps Z L = 0 (short) Z L= '(open)
rectilinear impedance K = 1180º K = 10º
plane onto polar plane
Smith chart

㟰 6. 㖱イ㙱㴘㟰

功率传送条件
⢖⛊㴚♋㾈㢜 Rs ⭆⡘㴾♋㾈㢜 RL 㖫ᱨ㢜⼗⯿㾎▙⤂⿔║㚅☡⡘㴾ᱨ㵀⼉⢔㋹
⮔☨⻸Ⱗ╌⍄㩙〄㾃⹻㦛☨㊧㈨㝫⮔ᮣRL = RS 㖫ᱨ㣐⿥⬺⺆㗁㺓⽃♋㫥㴚⪑㗁
㔠㊷㸡㦂⏒㴚ᱨⴋㅢ㖯㦆㸆㮥㝫⮔ ( 㟰 7)ᮣ

㑥⥗㴚㾈ⶉ⏥㗁╥♋㾈ᱨㅍぼᱨ㺝㱸☕⡘㴾㾈ⶉ㲓㴚㾈ⶉ⒲㦆⡒㗷⤎䳪㖫ᱨ
⏯ㅢ␤㔶㾎▙⤂⿔║㚅ᮣ㸆⢔㝫⮔㱱⛶㾈ⶉ㩗⏩㐟㦐➔⟛⧟⹂〄㾃ᮣ⺋㑥ᱨ
㑲 Rs = 0.6 + j 0.3ᱨ㵘⡒㗷⤎䳪㢜 Rs = 0.6 - j 0.3ᮣ

㩖㮔⡽㨕⿔☨⤂⿔║㚅㗁㵀Ⱓ⡽㊷⿔㔋㖳㱫║㗞㦏☨㻙㮔㴓㯜㺐㮥ᮣ㵀⧶☱
☨㊷⿔ ( ⏒⒌➧⒋⒌ ) ╌ᱨ⮈☉☨☠㦏⍏㗄㲂║☠⤂⿔ᮣ☠㦏☨♋㾈㦐☕㨏ᱨ
⛶☱㊷㨳⧟☨㱘㦜㮜⧶㨏ᮣ♋㫥⧧♋⽃ⴋ㦐㟠ᱨ㵀☠㦏㔋⧨╌ⱌ㨾␌⼋㵘㣐
⤴ⱈ㮔ᮣ

7
㵀Ⱓ⡽㊷⿔㔋ᱨ⏒⒌㲓⡽㊷♋⿁㺲☠㝛☨⒌⛪㦐☕⫊㸃⢚㨏ᱨ✚⤂⿔║㗞⶙㮾
㑍㢜㗁㮾㨾⏒➝㖷㖯㖣ᮣ☕║㗞㦏☨㺷⛭⡘㴾☬㲂㋦㝎㩂㾈ⶉ㖫ᱨ⍏㱸㾎▙⤂
⿔║㚅㺣⡘㴾ᮣ☕㺷⛭⡘㴾㲓㝎㩂㾈ⶉ⏥㦐☬㖫ᱨ㵘㢦⌧⡘㴾㣮㗏☨ㅍ⏩➶㨳
⧟⯿⌧➔㔠⪰㨳⧟㴚ᮣ

㑲║㗞㦏☨㺷⛭⡘㴾☬㲂㋦㝎㩂㾈ⶉ㖫ᱨ⍏ゃ㱸➔㔠㨳⧟ᱨ㯜㢜㚱║㗞☨⤂⿔
ⴋ⌧⡘㴾㣮㗏 ( 㟰 8)ᮣ⤷␖㔠㊷㨳⧟⊪⿱㚞║㗞㦏Ⳳ⹹☨⍐⪇⏌㢦➂㦆㽄⏒ᱨ
㸆㗁㯜㢜ゃ㱸➔㔠ᱨㅢ⼋㺝㵀㮥⢔➝㦢㔋⽃⛑ᮣ

RS

RL
For complex impedances,
maximum power transfer occurs
1.2 when ZL = ZS* (conjugate match)
1
Load power (normalized)

0.8 Zs = R + jX
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ZL = Zs* = R – jX
RL / RS

Maximum power is transferred

when RL = RS

㟰 7. ⤂⿔║㚅

Zo = characteristic impedance
Zs = Zo of transmission line

Zo

Vinc
Vrefl = 0 (all the incident
power is absorbed in the load)

For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo

behaves like an infinitely long transmission line

㟰 8. 㱫 Z0 ⛭Ⱗ☨║㗞㦏

8
☕║㗞㦏㺷⛭⛮⿁㖫 ( ⛮⿁⏥ㅢ㢞Ⓘ♋㫥ᱨ㯜✚⧞㓞⤂⿔㢜⼯ )ᱨ➔㔠⏒㬄║
㗞㦏➕⪰☡㨳⧟㴚 ( 㟰 9)ᮣ➔㔠♋㫥⏒☨▙㨏⍄㐹☬㲂㑩㔠♋㫥⏒ ; ✚㦐㢭㵀
⡘㴾㊿ギ╌㵘㲓㑩㔠⏒㦐␘ 108°ᮣ➔㔠⏒㲓㑩㔠⏒☨▙㨏㦐☬ᱨ☏≢㦐➔➝
㦢㨾ⱌᮣ

㑲║㗞㦏☨㺷⛭⵺⿁ ( ⵺⿁⏥ㅢ㢞Ⓘ♋⽃ )ᱨ➔㔠♋⽃⏒☨㦐㢭⯿㲓㑩㔠♋⽃⏒

㦐␘ 180°ᱨ✚➔㔠♋㫥⏒㵘㵀⡘㴾㊿ギ㔋㲓㑩㔠♋㫥⏒㟠㦐ᮣ㸆⍏⌏㺆㵀⵺⿁
╌☨♋⽃㢜 0ᮣ➔㔠♋⽃⏒⧧㑩㔠♋⽃⏒☨▙㨏㦐☬ᮢ☏≢㦐➔➝㦢ⱌ㨾ᮣ⛶
㲂⛮⿁⧧⵺⿁⼉㺸㎩ⷆᱨ㵀║㗞㦏㔋⛞⪹⯼⻮㽄⏒ᮣ♋㫥⤤㺗⯿㢜 0ᱨ✚♋㫥
⟅㺗⯿㢜㑩㔠♋㫥♋㊿☨ 2 ⌢ᮣ

㑲║㗞㷩㺷⛭Ⱗ㑩㊫㙭㮥⢔ 25 Ω ☨♋㾈㋹ᱨ☠㺤ⰽ㲂㐩㣮㗏⧧㐩➔㔠㺐⭺☨
㽔㜢ᱨ㵘⏩➶㑩㔠⤂⿔⌧㣮㗏ᱨ⏩➶㑩㔠⤂⿔⌧➔㔠ᮣ➔㔠♋㫥⏒☨⟙⛪⯿㗁
㑩㔠⏒⟙⛪☨ 1/3ᱨ㎒⼉㺸⏒㵀⡘㴾㊿ギ╌☨㦐㢭㦐␘ 180°ᮣ㽄⏒☨⤤㺗⏥㴿
㢜 0ᱨ✚⟅㺗㵘㨏㲂⛮⿁⧧⵺⿁㎩ⷆ☨⟅㺗ᮣ⟅㺗⧧⤤㺗㺐⌴⯿㗁 2:1ᮣ

㐵 ⛊ 㔠 ㊷ 㾈 ⶉ ☨ ║ 㟧 ➝ ➈ 㗁 ⺉ 㱫 㔠 ㊷ 㜳 㸏 / ⮂ ⏒ ㋹ᮢ 㮥 ⛰ ⵺ ␅ ║ 㗞 ⧧ 㮥
⢔ VSWR ( ♋㫥㽄⏒⌴ ) ␌㗎㮱⹂␌⼋ VSWRᮣ☕㜳㸏㬄║㗞㦏㮰⛑㖫ᱨ␌㗎㮱
⍏⭝㥲⟅㺗⧧⤤㺗☨㦐⛶㢭㺥⧧㗷㺗ᮣ⢗⳯㸆㨗␌⼋ᱨ⍏⶙☠ⓞ㾈ⶉᮣ㵀⏥㟠
☨㊷⿔㔋ᱨ⶙㮾㺺⡒╱␌⼋⏧㻊ᮣ㦆■㠬⿱➶㣨㮱ㅢ㵀㊷⿔㓤グ㋜⭺㺓Ⱗ␌⼋
㑩㔠⏒⧧➔㔠⏒ᱨ㾈ⶉⰵ⥗⶙㮾㱫✂㺸⢏㖷 ( ⊪⸶ VSWR) 㦄㖸ⓞ⹂ᮣ

Zs = Zo

Vinc

In phase (0º) for open

Vrefl Out of phase (180º) for short

For reflection, a transmission line terminated in

a short or open reflects all power back to source

㟰 9. 㺷⛭⛮⿁, ⵺⿁☨║㗞㦏

9
网络分析的名词术语
⹻ⰶ⼗♋╫⏒☨㮥㨗⫑〉㺌㖰㺐⨍ᱨ㣄わ⪑㩙㷪㣇␌⼋㚱㱫☨⒋㱫㗯㲗ᮣ㵀㠬
⿱➶㣨㮱☨ッ╰㗯㲗㺲ᱨ㮥⊑㱫 R ⫊⏸ⶌ㟜☤⍙㖸␌⼋㑩㔠⏒ᮣ➔㔠⏒㱫 A 㟜
☤␌⼋ᱨ✚║㗞⏒㵘㱫 B 㟜☤␌⼋ ( 㟰 10)ᮣ⺉㱫㸆㨗⏒㺲☨⟙⛪⧧㦐わ㨳㥒 ; ⍏
ㅢ⛊⼋グ㗰⌧␌㋹⮔ (DUT) ☨➔㔠⧧║㗞㝎㩂ᱨ➔㔠⧧║㗞㝎㩂⶙㮾⍙㖸㢜㖲
⼋ ( ⟙⛪⧧㦐㢭 )ᱨ⍖⼋ ( 㺝㱸⟙⛪ ) ⫊㺝㱸㦐㢭☨⼋ᮣ⺋㑥ᱨ⪰⏒㚨⧞㗁➔㔠☨
⍖⼋␌⼋ᱨ✚㾈ⶉ㵘㗁㖲⼋➔㔠␌⼋ᮣ⌴㺗␌⼋➈⶙㮾㖳㣄わ㵀ⱌ㨾➔㔠⧧║
㗞␌⼋㖫⏥⪹㗖☡ⴊ⛶⤂⛪⧧㴚⤂⿔㚞㊷⿔⍐⪇␤㔶☨㱘㦜ᮣ➔㔠⼋☨⌴㺗⒋
⒋⍙㖸㢜 A/Rᱨ✚║㗞⼋☨⌴㺗⍙㖸㢜 B/Rᱨ㚴わ㲓㮱㋹㺲☨␌⼋㟜☤㱸⤴ᮣ

Incident
Transmitted
R
B
Reflected
A

Reflection Transmission

Reflected = A Transmitted B
=
Incident R Incident R

Return Group
SWR loss Gain/loss
delay
S-parameters Impedance,
Reflection S-parameters Insertion
S11, S22 admittance Transmission phase
coefficient S21, S12
R+jX,
K, l coefficient
G+jB T, o

㟰 10. 㙭タ⡽㊷㋹⮔㝎㸛☨⒋㱫㗯㲗

➔㔠⼋⌴㺗⍙㖸☨㾎㮥⊑㗯㲗㗁⡒➔㔠㥥㗷 G 㟰 11ᮣG ☨⟙㺗⒮㢜 ρ ᮣ➔㔠㥥

㗷㗁➔㔠㨳⧟♋㫥♋㊿㲓㑩㔠㨳⧟♋㫥♋㊿㺐⌴ᮣ⺋㑥ᱨ㺷⛭⡘㴾ᱨ㾈ⶉ☬㲂
㝎㩂㾈ⶉ Zo ☨║㗞㦏⯿≿㐩⏩ㅢ⼋║㚅㺣⡘㴾ᱨ㚱㮾 VrefI = 0 ⧧ ρ = 0ᱨ☕⡘㴾
㾈ⶉ ZL ⏥☬㲂㝎㩂㾈ⶉ㖫ᱨㅢ⼋⭊⌧➔㔠ᱨρ ▙㲂 0ᮣ☕⡘㴾㾈ⶉ㢜⛮⿁⫊⵺
⿁㖫ᱨ㐩⏩ㅢ⼋⌧➔㔠ᱨρ = 1ᮣ㯜㨗ᱨρ 㐟㺗➖㢙㢜 0~1ᮣ

10
 Vreflected ZL - ZO
Reflection K= V = r F =
coefficient incident ZL + ZO

Return loss = –20 log(l ), l = K

Voltage standing wave ratio
Emax
1+r
Emin VSWR = Emax =
Emin 1–r

No reflection Full reflection

(ZL = Zo) (ZL = open, short)
0 l 1
' dB RL 0 dB
1 VSWR '
㟰 11. ➔㔠⏸㗷

⪰⏒㚨⧞㗁㱫⛶㗷㦞 (dB) ⍙㖸➔㔠㥥㗷☨㮥㺸➝➈ᮣ⪰⏒㚨⧞㗁➔㔠㨳⧟☱㲂

㑩㔠㨳⧟☨ dB 㗷ᮣ⪰⏒㚨⧞㽼㗁⍙㖸㢜㸡㗷ᱨ㎒㵀㣐㦎▙ ( ⛶⳱㱸㝎㩂㾈ⶉ☨
⡘㴾 ) ⧧ 0 dB ( ⛶⵺⿁⫊⛮⿁ ) 㺐⭺⍐⪇ᮣ⼹㮥⢔㱫⹂⍙㖸➔㔠☨⒋㱫㗯㲗㗁♋
㫥㽄⏒⌴ (VSRW)ᮣVSRW ⛊㯏㢜㔠㊷⿱☨㾎▙㺗㲓㔠㊷⊪⿱☨㾎㨏㺗㺐⌴ᮣ
㚴㲓 ρ ☨⤴㥥㢜 (1 +ρ )/(1 -ρ )ᮣVSWR ☨㗷㺗➖㢙╹ 1 ( 㣐➔㔠 ) ☡㣐㦎▙ ( 㐩➔
㔠 )ᮣ

║㗞㥥㗷⛊㯏㢜⌧║㗞☨♋㫥ⓥ㮾㑩㔠♋㫥 ( 㟰 12)ᱨ㑲⌧║㗞♋㫥☨ⴊ⛶㺗▙
㲂㑩㔠♋㫥☨ⴊ⛶㺗ᱨ㵘㑍㢜⌧␌㋹⮔⫊㥥㟧⳱㱸㵜㯐ᮣ㑲⌧║㗞♋㫥☨ⴊ⛶
㺗㨏㲂㑩㔠♋㫥☨ⴊ⛶㺗ᱨ㵘㑍㢜⌧␌㋹⮔⫊㥥㟧⳱㱸㙝⮋⫊␏㑩㚨⧞ᮣ║㗞
㥥㗷☨㦐㢭⏩➶⒮㢜␏㑩㦐㨳ᮣ

VIncident VTransmitted
DUT
VTransmitted
Transmission coefficient = T= =o q
VIncident
Insertion loss (dB) = –20 Log
VTrans
= –20 log o
VInc
VTrans
Gain (dB) = 20 Log = 20 log o
VInc

㟰 12. ║㗞⏸㗷

11
㟜⒋ᱨ㺓Ⱗⶌ␖␏㑩㦐わ⏌⏥ㅢ㝗⤅㱸㱫㨳㥒ᮣ㸆㗁㯜㢜ᱨ㱱㲂⌧␌㋹⮔☨♋
⒌⛪ᱨ㖳␏㑩㦐わ㦐⛶㲂㊷⿔⳱㱸⧶▙☨ ( ⡘ ) 㨟⿔ᮣ⡡㨟⿔㸡⌴㲂⌧␌㋹⮔☨
♋⒌⛪ᮣ㱱㲂㲓㦏㩂㦐わ☨㸆㮥㊭␘㗁㢚㮥ㅢ㯧㋲㟜㨳㥥㟧㖡㸊☨㴓㯜ᱨ⤦㮔
㎳㐣♘㦐わ㦜㱎☨㦏㩂⏩➶ᱨ㮾⍏⛶㲂㲈㥲☨➧㦏㩂⏩➶ⱌ㨾➶㣨ᮣ㢜╱ᱨ⶙
㮾⺉㱫㠬⿱➶㣨㮱☨㫿Ⓛ㝎㩂㽴⛑☺㦫⌧␌㋹⮔☨㊿ⴋ♋⒌⛪ᮣⰵ⥗㗁㦐わ㖡
㸊⫊㊭⹹㦏㩂㦐わ☨⡽➶⍒⛪㦄㖸 (13 㟰 )ᮣ

Use electrical delay to remove

linear portion of phase response
Linear electrical
length added Deviation from
RF filter response linear phase
(Electrical delay function)
Phase 45º/div

Phase 1º/div
+ yields

Frequency Frequency Frequency

Low resolution High resolution

㟰 13. 㲓㦏㩂㦐㢭☨㊭⹹

测量群时延
㦐わ㖡㸊☨⼹㮥⢔㱸㱫⼋⛪㗁㐸㖫㫿 ( 㟰 14)ᮣ㸆⢔⏸㗷㗁㨳⧟㟜⥙⌧␌㋹⮔☨
⛫㴣㖫⭺㚞㊷⿔⍐⪇☨⼋⛪ᮣ㐸㖫㫿⶙㮾㱱⛶⌧␌㋹⮔☨㦐㢭㦜㱎㚞㖫⭺☨⍐
⪇㐟㢔➶ⱌ㨾⭜㚛ᮣ㚴⯿㦐㢭㦜㱎☨㦏㩂⏩➶⮈⪇㢜㮥⢔⧽⛊㺗ᱨ㴿⯿⛶㦏㩂
㦐わ☨㊭⹹⍐⪓㢜⛶⧽⛊㐸㖫㫿☨㊭⹹ ( 㸆⯿㯧㋲㟜㨳㥥㟧㺲☨㦐わ㖡㸊 )ᮣ㊿
ⴋ㫿㖫■⍙㨳⧟㟜⥙⌧␌㋹⮔☨㊿ⴋ⛫㴣㖫⭺ᮣ

tg Group delay
6t Frequency t Group
delay
to
6q Average delay

Frequency
Phase q
–bq Deviation from constant group
Group delay (tg) = d t delay indicates distortion
–1 dq Average delay indicates transit time
= 360o * df

q in radians t in radians/sec q in degrees f in Hz ( t = 2 / f )

㟰 14. 㐸㫿㖫☨⛊㯏

12
㮪⳯㋹⮔☨⏥㟠ᱨ㲓㦏㩂㦐㢭⧧㐸㫿㖫☨㊭⹹⛞㱸⶙ㅢ㩖㮔␌⼋ᱨ㯜㢜⼉㸃⛞
⧶㺺㮔ᮣ⥂⛊㋹⮔㺲☨㾎▙⟅-⟅㦐㢭⏒⛑⶙ㅢ⏥㾃㮾㐩ギ➔㱛㋹⮔☨㝎㩂ᱨ
㯜㢜㦐㢭⏒⛑☨㨟⿔㐟ⴈ㲂ょ☉㢭㊷⿔➂㔶☨⏒⛑╴㗷ᮣ㐸㫿㖫㵘ⶌ⿑⼗㸆㺸
㎩ⷆᱨ㯜㢜㚴㗁ⲿ㢔➶☨㦐㢭㦜㱎ᮣ⺉㱫㐸㫿㖫㠭㠭⢚⍏㲂㙭タ㦐わ㖡㸊☨⬹
㦣 ( 㟰 15)ᮣ

Phase

Phase
f f
–d φ –d φ
Group dt dt

Group
delay

delay
f f
Same peak-to-peak phase ripple can result in different group delay

㟰 15. 㢜㖬ぼ㮔␌⼋㐸㖫㫿 ?

网络的表征
㢜⼗㐩ギ⍙㸛㮥⢔㢦㺌☨㦏㩂✠⛭ⶪ㋹⮔ᱨ㣄わ⍄㩙㵀⏥㟠☨㝫⮔㥲ⱌ㨾␌⼋
⏌⭜㚛㮥㾉⏸㗷ᱨ⭊⍏㵀㴚⧧⡘㴾㝫⮔㲓␌⼋⏥㦐㟠☨⒉⧩ᱨ㸆㨗⏸㗷㮜ㅢ㱫
⹂㐩ギグ㗰㚱␌㗎㋹⮔ ( ⫊㠬⿱ ) ☨♋㋺㩂ㅢᮣ☱㊷㋹⮔⫊㠬⿱☨⍙㸛㟜⒋㗁⯼
⻮㵀␌⼋ HᮢY ⧧ Z ⏸㗷☨⫑╇㔋ᱨ㢜╱ᱨ⍄㩙␌⼋㋹⮔☨㗞㑩⫊㗞ⓞ⛭ⶪ㔋⫊
㠬⿱Ⱞ♇㔋☨㽼♋㫥⧧㽼♋⽃ᱨ✚㎒␌⼋⍄㩙㵀⵺⿁㽔㜢⧧⛮⿁㽔㜢㥲ⱌ㨾ᮣ

㱱㲂⧶ㅗ␌⼋⡽㊷㽼♋⽃⫊㽼♋㫥ᱨ⤦㟜⒋■㺐㮾␌⼋ S ⏸㗷 ( 㟰 16)ᮣ㸆
㨗 S ⏸㗷㲓㮥㨗㗦㥔☨␌⼋ᱨ㑥㵜㯐ᮢ㚨⧞⧧➔㔠㥥㗷ⴋ㱸⻶㥥ᮣ㚴わㅢ㦐☕
⮈☉☨⭩㮾␌⼋ᱨ✚㣐㩖⯿⏥㗄㮵☨⡘㴾⻸Ⱗ☡⌧␌㋹⮔㔋ᮣ␌☧☨✂⢔㋹
⮔☨ S ⏸㗷⶙㮾⺉㱫⳪㸗㴱㚛㴊㖸㸟⢔㥥㟧☨㩂ㅢᮣS ⏸㗷㣐⿥㵀㦏㩂⫊➧㦏
㩂 CAE ♋⿁➢㸊⤀⳱㺲⛞⧶㑛㯁㖳㱫ᱨ✚ HᮢY ⧧ Z ⏸㗷㵀⍄㮔㖫㵘⶙╹ S ⏸
㗷☠ⓞᮣ

⛶㲂⢖⛊㋹⮔ᱨS ⏸㗷☨㗷⼋☬㲂⛭ⶪ㗷☨㊿➝ᮣ⺋㑥ᱨ✠⛭ⶪ㋹⮔㱸
4 ⢔ S ⏸㗷ᮣS ⏸㗷☨⍌⧟㥠⤻㗁ᱨS 㺐⨍☨☾㮥⢔㗷㽶㗁ㅢ⼋ⓞ㔠☨⛭ⶪᱨ✚
☾✠⢔㗷㽶㵘㗁ㅢ⼋ⱌ㑩☨⛭ⶪᮣ㯜╱ᱨS21 㗁㱱㲂⛶⛭ⶪ 1 ⭩㑩㔠㊷⬺⺆✚
╹⛭ⶪ 2 㗞ⓞ⤂⿔☨⼋⛪ᮣ☕㗷㽶㦐㟠 ( ⺋㑥 S11) 㖫ᱨ⍏⍙㖸㢜➔㔠␌⼋ᮣ

13
 H,Y, and Z parameters
Hard to measure total voltage and current
at device ports at high frequencies
Active devices may oscillate or self-destruct with shorts or opens
S-parameters
Relate to familiar measurements
Incident S 21 Transmitted
(gain, loss, reflection coefficient, etc.) a1
S 11 b2
Relatively easy to measure Reflected DUT S 22
Can cascade S-parameters of multiple Port 1 Port 2 Reflected
b1 a2
devices to predict system performance Transmitted S 12 Incident
Analytically convenient
b 1 = S 11 a 1 + S 12 a 2
CAD programs b 2 = S 21 a 1 + S 22 a 2
Flow-graph analysis
Can compute H, Y, or Z parameters from S-parameters if desired

㟰 16. HᮢY ⧧ Z ⏸㗷☨⳨㦎㩂 ( 㢜㖬ぼ㮔㖳㱫 S ⏸㗷 ?)

Incident S 21 Transmitted
b2
a1
Forward S 11 Z0
DUT Load
b 1 Reflected a2 = 0
Reflected b1
S 11 = Incident
=
a 1 a2 =0 Reflected b2
Transmitted b S 22 = Incident
=
a2 a1 =0
S 21 = Incident
= 2 a2 =0
a1 Transmitted b
S 12 = = 1 a1 = 0
Incident a2

a1= 0 b2
Z0 S 22
DUT Reflected Reverse
Load
a2
Transmitted S 12 Incident
b1

㟰 17. ␌⼋ S ⏸㗷

㸡㦢 S ⏸㗷㱱㗞ⓞ⛭Ⱗ㑩ⲽ㐵☬㲂␌㗎㥥㟧㝎㩂㾈ⶉ☨⡘㴾㖫ᱨ␌⼋㑩㔠㨳
⧟ᮢ➔㔠㨳⧟⧧║㗞㨳⧟☨⟙⛪㲓㦐㢭㐵⛊ᮣ㵀⮈☉✠⛭ⶪ㠬⿱☨㎩ⷆ㥲ᱨ
S11 ☬㨕㲂⌧␌㋹⮔☨㗞㑩⡒➔㔠㥥㗷⫊㾈ⶉᱨ✚ S21 㵘㗁㸡㦢⡒║㗞㥥㗷ᮣ⯿
㨳⧟㴚㺥㲂⌧␌㋹⮔☨㗞ⓞ⛭ⶪ㮾⭆㱫⹻㦛⡘㴾Ⱗ㑩㗞㑩⛭ⶪᱨ⍏ㅢ␌⼋⼹
⼉⢔ ( ➔㦢 ) S ⏸㗷ᮣ⏸㗷 S22 ☬㨕㲂⌧␌㋹⮔☨㗞ⓞ⡒➔㔠㥥㗷⫊㗞ⓞ㾈ⶉᱨ
✚ S12 㵘㗁➔㦢⡒║㗞㥥㗷 ( 㟰 17)ᮣ

14
Related Literature
Exploring the Architectures of Network Analyzers , Application Note 1287-2,
Literature number 5965-7708E

Applying Error Correction to Network Analyzer Measurements , Application

Note 1287-3, Literature number 5965-7709E

Network Analyzer Measurements: Filter and Amplifier Examples , Application

Note 1287-4, Literature number 5965-7710E

15
16 | Keysight | 㖲⼋㠬⿱➶㣨☨⫑〉㴓⹻ᱩ㱎㱫㺚ㅕ

myKeysight 如欲获得是德科技的产品、应用和服务信息,
www.keysight.com/find/mykeysight 请与是德科技联系。如欲获得完整
⢔㩂⪇㗍㟰㢜ㆀ㝗⤅㾎㗄⧩㽴⭐☨㨳㥒ᱝ 的产品列表, 请访问:
www.keysight.com/find/contactus
3 年保修 请通过 Internet、电话、传真得到
㗁☦ⶖ⭒㽟㴣☨␤㊹⶙ⶏ㩂⧧⤿➚☨ 3 ㅰ⌏㩌⟞㣣㠞よⰵ⧩ᱨ╹⼹㮥㟲Ⳉ⊝㻜ㆀ㖯 测试和测量帮助。
㦆㮟㣣ㅅ⍖: 㵜㍿␌⼋㨳㨲ᮢⰉ☱㱝㱸⒱〉ᮢ㵜㍿␃㾗➝⍏㩂ᮣ
热线电话: 800-810-0189、400-810-0189
热线传真: 800-820-2816、400-820-3863
是德科技保证方案
www.keysight.com/find/AssurancePlans 是德科技(中国)有限公司
5 ㅰ☨㺾イ⌏⩼㮾⭆Ⓘ㩦☨⳰▙㴊㚛㟪㑩, ⶙㐵⌏ㆀ☨㮱㋹⟛⧩⥂➖㮔㎳, ⲽ㐵☨␌ ☼㺙: ⌝ⲻ㗊⒗㬠㎸㠯ⲻ⌝⿁ 3 ⧟
⼋㑁ㆀ⶙㮾⭢㩦⡽㸑㣐㱯ᮣ ♋⪈: (010) 64397888
║㸊: (010) 64390278
www.keysight.com/quality 㱲⍌: 100102
Keysight Electronic Measurement Group 上海分公司
DEKRA Certified ISO 9001:2008 ☼㺙: 㔋⦽㗊⨁ⶪ㎸㙼╎⌝⿁1350⧟
Quality Management System 㺲㨳㜟⡙㔦⨁⤿⒉ 5 ⾯ᮢ16-19⾯
♋⪈: (021) 36127688
是德科技渠道合作伙伴 ║㸊: (021) 36127188
www.keysight.com/find/channelpartners 㱲⍌: 200080
⪞ⱄ▔☙: 㗁☦ⶖ⭒☨㽈㮟␌⼋⭒㗯⧧⟁⡙␤㊹㲓㎾☤⧩㾗⫇⊗☨⍏ⰱ⤅⫍㎾☤㠞 广州分公司
よⰵ⧩ᮣ ☼㺙: ⤿㺿㗊㝢⧭⌝⿁ 233 ⧟
㺲㨳⤿⒉ 66 ␍ 07-08 㗌
♋⪈: (020) 38113988
║㸊: (020) 86695074
㱲⍌: 510613
成都分公司
www.keysight.com/find/NA ☼㺙: ⒱⛞⡽㨰㎸ㅕ⏩㴖㎸
㝢⡌㙼Ⱚ 116 ⧟
♋⪈: (028) 83108888
║㸊: (028) 85330830
㱲⍌: 610041
深圳分公司
☼㺙: 㔪䉲㗊⡁㝥㺲㨲㎸
⡁⪂㮥⿁⽅⧟オ㙨㔈㣣▙㥳 3 ⾯
♋⪈: (0755) 83079588
║㸊: (0755) 82763181
㱲⍌: 518048
西安分公司
☼㺙: 㣩≠㗊⌚⼢㎸ㅕ⤴㸡Ⱚ 88 ⧟
⒌≠⥖⭠▙㥳 D 㾙 5/F
♋⪈: (029) 88867770
║㸊: (029) 88861330
㱲⍌: 710068
是德科技香港有限公司
☼㺙: 㦓⡹⌝Ⱋ♋㋺☤ 169 ⧟ 25 ⾯
♋⪈: (852) 31977777
║㸊: (852) 25069292

㦓⡹㑆㦏: 800-938-693
㦓⡹║㸊: (852) 25069233

〉㢶㺲☨␤㊹㺚⍖⧧㙭タ⶙⏥ⲿ㟜㺌✚⢚⡢
©Keysight Technologies, 2014
ⓞ⊔⧟: 5965-7707CHCN
㴓ⓞ⊔㑓㋜: 2013 ㅰ 8 㴨
㨰ⓞ⊔㑓㋜: 2014 ㅰ 8 㴨
www.keysight.com