JSSMAHAVI

DYAPEETHA

JSSSCI
ENCEANDTECHNOLOGYUNI
VERSI
TY
SRIJAYACHAMARAJENDRACOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
JSSTechni
cal
Inst
it
uti
onsCampus,
Mysur
u–570006

Pr
ojectRepor
t
On
“
Reliabi
l
ityimprov
ementondistr
ibut
ionsidebyopt
imalsi
tt
ingandsi
zi
ngof
di
spersegenerat
ionbyusi
ngi
ntel
l
igental
gori
thm”
Submi
tt
edi
npar
ti
alf
ulf
il
mentoft
her
equi
rement
sfort
heawar
doft
hedegr
eeof

Bachel
orofEngi
neer
ing
I
n

El
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
By

STUDENTNAME USN
HARSHI
THAN 01JST17EE017
VARSHI
NIH 01JST17EE056
MARKDAKSHI
NKENNEDY 01JST17EE063
NAVEENKUMARBR 01JST18EE405
Undert
heGui
danceof
MrRAVI SHANKARBS
Assi
stantpr
ofessor
Depart
mentofEEE,
JSSS&TU, Mysore
DEPARTMENTOFELECTRI
CALANDELECTRONI
CSENGI
NEERI
NG
JUNE-
2021
 Cer
ti
fi
cat
e
Thisistocerti
fythatMr./Ms._
____
___
___
____
____
____
_____
_studentofElect
ri
caland
El
ectr
onicsEngi
neeri
ng,beari
ngUSNNo_ __
____
____
____
___hassuccessf
ull
ycomplet
ed
Proj
ectworkon“__
_ _
___
______
___”
I
tiscerti
fi
edthatal
lthecor rectionsorsuggest
ionsindicat
edhav ebeeni ncorporat
ed
andsubmitt
edthesamedur ingt heacademicyear2020-21towardspar t
ial
fulf
il
lmentof
the awar
d ofthe degree ofBachel orofEngi neer
ing in El
ectr
icaland Electroni
cs
Engi
neeri
ng,JSSScienceandt echnol
ogyuniver
sit
y,SriJayachamarajendraCollegeOf
Engi
neeri
ng,Mysur
u.

Si
gnatur
e Si
gnature
SeminarGui
de Dr.M SShashikal
a
Desi
gnati
on ProfessorandHead
SJCE,JSSTU,Mysuru-
6

Exami
ner
s:

1._
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2.¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬___
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_

3._
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_

Dat
e: Pl
ace:
 ABSTRACT

Powerl ossinanel ectricalcommuni tyisunav oidabl ebecauseofi t

si nherentr esi stance.
Howev er,forreasonabl eandgr eenoper ati
on,t hecommuni tylosswi llbemi ni
mi zedt o
thequant i
typossi bl
e.Const r
uct i
onoft hedi stributi
oncommuni tyiscommonl ycl osed
l
oop,t houghoper ati
oni sradialwithbegi nningofanappr opr iatesect ionalizingt ransf er
thatdi sconnectsadepar t
mentwi t
hi nsidet hel oop.Thi stechni queofr econf igur ationi .e.
choi ceofsect i
onalizingswi tchi sexecut edi namannersucht hatsy st em l ossi n
mi nimi zed.Anot herpower f
ulmannerofl ower ing elect r
icit
yl oss i s addi tion of
dispensedgener ators( DGs)domest i
cal lytot hesy stem nodes( buses) .DG si z eand
l
ocat ionaddi ti
onallywantt obeopt imi zedf ormi nimizationofact ualelect ri
cityl oss.
Thispaperof fersasof twareofamet -heur i
stict oconcur rent l
yal l
ocat eDGsandcar ry
outr econf i
gurati
onofmor ethanonepopul arr adialdist
ribut i
onnet works.Bot hpl ace
andl ocat i
onoft heDGar eopt i
mi zedt hr ought hesetofr ules.Asanappar entf act ,the
opt i
mi zati
onhassl ei sami xtureofdi scr et
e( pl ace)andcont i
nuous( rati
ng)v ar i
abl es.
Linear popul ati
on si ze r educt i
on t echni que of success hi story based adapt ive
different i
alev ol
ution( L-SHADE)i simpl ement edt oper f
ormt heopt i
mi zationt askwi th
object i
veofmi nimizingnet wor kr ealpowerl oss.Thesetofr ulesi sexami nedon
popul arIEEE15- busr adi aldi
stributionnet work.Thesi mulationef fect saredi scov ered
tobepr omisingandpr ettyaggr essivewhi lstascompar edwi thef fectsofdi ff
erent
equal algorit
hms.
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Weher ebyhear tfull

yt hankourgui deMr .Rav ishankarBSf orsuppor t
ingusal lt
hrough
thepr ojectandgui dinguswi thval
uablei nformat i
onandhel pingusmaket hispr ojecta
successf ul one.
Weal sol iket othankourHeadoft heDepar tment,Dr.M. S.Shashikalaforprov i
dingus
anoppor tunityt
owor kont hisproj
ectandf orhercontributi
onwi t
husatv ari
ousphases
ofthispr oject.
Weal soconv eyourgr at
it
udet oallt
hef acil
i
t i
esoft hedepar t
mentofE&EEf ort heir
valuableinput sandt heDepar t
mentofEl ectri
calandEl ectroni
csEngi neeri
ng,forget ti
ng
usequi ppedwi t
ht heknowl edgeandpr acticalskil
lsthatwasessent i
altocarryoutt hi
s
project.
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LI
STOFTABLES
LI
STOFFI
GURES
LI
STOFABBREVI
ATI
ONS
CHAPTER1
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON………………………………………………………………………….
1
1.
1Backgr
ound…………………………………………………………………………….
..
1
1.
2Pr
obl
em st
atement……………………………………………………………………….
2
1.
3Obj
ect
iveoft
hepr
oject………………………………………………………………….
2
1.
4Ov
erv
iewofsi
mul
ati
onsof
twar
e……………………………………………………….
.2
1.
4.1MATLABf
eat
ures…………………………………………………………………….
3
1.
5Rev
iewofl
i
ter
atur
esur
vey…………………………………………………………….
..
4
1.
6Or
gani
zat
ionoft
hepr
ojectwor
k……………………………………………………….
.6
CHAPTER2
2.
1DI
STRI
BUTI
ONSYSTEM ………………………………………………………………7
2.
1.1Radi
aldi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem.
…………………………………………………………….
.7
2.
1.2Par
all
elf
eeder
’sdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem …………………………………………………8
2.
1.3Ri
ngmai
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem ……………………………………………………….
9
2.
2 Descr
ipt
ionofdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem ……………………………………………………….
9
2.
3 Lossmi
nimi
zat
iont
echni
quesi
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem ……………………………………10
2.
3.1Capaci
toral
l
ocat
ion……………………………………………………………….
..
..
10
2.
3.2Net
wor
kreconf
igur
ati
on…………………………………………………………….
.11
2.
3.3DGal
l
ocat
ion…………………………………………………………………………11
2.
3.4Si
mul
taneousr
econf
igur
ati
onandDGal
l
ocat
ion………………………………….
..
.11
CHAPTER3
3.Loadf
lowt
echni
quesi
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem…………………………………………….
.12
3.
1.For
war
dbackwar
dsweepmet
hod…………………………………………………….
12-
13
3.
1.1.Fl
owchar
tforf
orwar
dbackwar
dsweepmet
hod……………………………………14
3.
2Impl
i
citZbusgaussmet
hod…………………………………………………………….
15
3.
3Di
rectappr
oachmet
hod……………………………………………………………….
..
15
3.
3.1Equi
val
entcur
renti
nject
ion…………………………………………………………15

3.
3.2For
mul
ati
onofBI
BCmat
ri
x……………………………………………………….
..
16

3.
3.2.
1Al
gor
it
hm f
orBI
BCmat
ri
x……………………………………………………….
.17

3.
3.3For
mat
ionofBCBVmat
ri
x………………………………………………………….
17

3.
3.3.
1Al
gor
it
hm f
orBCBVmat
ri
x……………………………………………………….
18

3.
4Mat
hemat
ical
model
l
ingofdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem l
oadf
low………………………………19-
20

CHAPTER4

4.
1 Adv
ancedadapt
ivedi
ff
erent
ial
evol
uti
onal
gor
it
hm………………………………….
.21

4.
1.1 Fi
rewor
ksal
gor
it
hm………………………………………………………………….
.21

4.
1.2 Adopt
ivecuckoosear
chal
gor
it
hm……………………………………………………21

4.
1.3 Uni
for
mvol
tagedi
str
ibut
ionbasedconst
ruct
iver
econf
igur
ati
on………………….
..
.22

4.
2Adv
ancedadopt
ivedi
ff
erent
ial
evol
uti
onal
gor
it
hm…………………………………….
.22

4.
2.1 Mat
hemat
ical
for
mul
ati
on…………………………………………………………….
22

4.
2.1.
1 Net
wor
kreconf
igur
ati
on…………………………………………………………….
..
22

4.
2.1.
2 Powerf
lowf
ormul
ati
on……………………………………………………………….
23

4.
3Appl
i
cat
ionofL-
SHADEAl
gor
it
hm………………………………………………………24

4.
3.1I
nit
ial
i
zat
ion…………………………………………………………………….
24

4.
3.2 Mut
ati
on……………………………………………………………………….
..
24

4.
3.3.Par
amet
ersadopt
ion…………………………………………………………….
24

4.
3.5 Cr
ossov
er……………………………………………………………………….
25

4.
3.6 Sel
ect
ion……………………………………………………………………….
.25

4.
3.7 Li
nearpopul
ati
onsi
zer
educt
ion……………………………………………….
25
 4.
3.7.
1Inputandi
nit
ial
i
zat
ion………………………………………………………….
.26

4.
3.7.
2Al
gor
it
hm l
oop………………………………………………………………….
.26

CHAPTER 5

APPENDI
X

5.
1 Reconf
igur
ati
onr
esul
ts……………………………………………………………….
27

5.
2Sy
stem summer
y…………………………………………………………………………27

5.
3.Busdat
a…………………………………………………………………………………28

5.
4Br
anchdat
a………………………………………………………………………………29

5.
5Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsof15busdi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
k……………………………………….
30

5.
6Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsofDGpl
acementout
put
………………………………………………31

5.
7Reconf
igur
ati
onout
put………………………………………………………………….
.32
5.
7.1 Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsofDGandReconf
igur
ati
on…………………………………….
.33

5.
7.2 Compar
ati
veanal
ysi
s…………………………………………………………….
..
..
.33-
34

5.
7.3 Ef
fectofr
e-i
nit
ial
i
zat
ion…………………………………………………………….
34

5.
7.4Resul
tsofGenet
icAl
gor
it
hm…………………………………………………………35

CHAPTER 6

6.
1CONCLUSTI
ON…………………………………………………………………………36

6.
2Fut
urescopeoft
hepr
oject
…………………………………………………………………37

6.
3Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
……………………………………………………………………………….
38
 LI
STOFTABLES

Tabl
e Page
Ti
tl
e
No. No.

Tabl
e5.
2 : Sy
stem summar
y 27

Tabl
e5.
3 : Busdat
a 28

Tabl
e5.
4 : Br
anchdat
a 29

Tabl
e5.
5 : Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsof15busdi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
k 30

Tabl
e5.
6 : Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsofDGpl
acementout
put 31

Tabl
e5.
7.2 : Compar
ati
veanal
ysi
s 33-
34
LI
STOFFI
GURES

Fi
gur
e Page
Ti
tl
e
No. No.

Fi
g.2.
1 : Radi
aldi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem 8

Fi
g.2.
2 : Par
all
elf
eeder
sdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem 8

Fi
g.2.
3 : Ri
ngmai
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem 9

Fi
g3.
1 : Asi
mpl
eradi
aldi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem 16

Fi
g.3.
2 : BI
BCmat
ri
x 17

Fi
g.3.
3 : BCBVmat
ri
x 19

Fi
g.3.
4 : El
ect
ri
cal
equi
val
entoft
ypi
cal
branch-
1 19

Fi
g4.
1 : Baseconf
igur
ati
onofI
EEE-
15busdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem 23

Fi
g.4.
2 : El
ect
ri
cal
equi
val
entoft
ypi
cal
branch-
1 23

Fi
g.5.
7 : DGandReconf
igur
ati
onout
put 32
LI
STOFABBREVATI
ONS

Abbr
evi
ati
ons Descr
ipt
ion

DG Di
str
ibut
edGener
ati
on
PV Phot
ovol
tai
cs
FWA Fi
reWor
ksAl
gor
it
hm
CSA CuckooSear
chAl
gor
it
hm
MBFOA Modi
fi
edBact
eri
alFor
agi
ngOpt
imi
zat
ionAl
gor
it
hm
MPSO Modi
fi
edPar
ti
cleSwar
m Opt
imi
zat
ion
SHADE SuccessHi
stor
ybasedAdapt
iveDi
ff
erent
ial
Evol
uti
on
T&D Tr
ansmi
ssi
onandDi
str
ibut
ion
FBS For
war
dBackwar
dSweep
KCL Ki
rchhof
f’
sCur
rentLaw
KVL Ki
rchhof
f’
sVol
tageLaw
BI
BC BusI
nject
ionBr
anchCur
rent
RDS Br
anchCur
rentt
oBusVol
tage
DLF Radi
alDi
str
ibut
ionSy
stem
UVDA Uni
for
m Vol
tageDi
str
ibut
ionbasedconst
ruct
ion
al
gor
it
hm
TPL Tot
alPowerLoss
TQL Tot
alReact
ivePowerLoss
DE Di
ff
erent
ial
Evol
uti
on
CR Cr
ossov
erRat
e
NP Popul
ati
onSi
ze
F Scal
i
ngFact
or
LPSR Li
nearPopul
ati
onSi
zeReduct
ion
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

CHAPTER1

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

1.
1Backgr
ound

Distr
ibuted gener
ation ofelectri
cit
yar ei
ncreasi
nglyat t
racti
ng resear
ches due tothei
rhigh
effi
ciency,l
ow investmentandabi l
itytoexpl
oitrenewabl eener gysources.Ont heotherhand,
centrali
sedgenerationofel ectr
ici
tybasedonbul kpowerpl anni
ngposemanyeconomi cand
envir
onment alchall
enges.Ther efor
e,t hebestalternativ
et oov ercomet hesechall
engesisto
i
ntroducedistri
butedgenerationwhi chcanbeconv enientl
ylocatedclosertoloadcentr
es,DGis
defi
nedasanysour ceofelectri
calenergyofl
imitedsizeinterconnectedtothedist
ri
but
ionsyst
em.

Thedi stri
buti
onsy st
em networkaccount sforasigni f
icantamountofpowerl oss,somet i
mesi n
theor derof10-13%oft hegeneratedoutput.Hi
ghdi stributi
onl ossmeansi neff
ici
encyandpoor
voltageregulati
onoft henetwork.Toi ncreaseeffi
ciencyandenhancev oltager egulati
onoft he
system, networkistobepr oper
lyreconfi
gured.I
naddi tion, l
ocall
yaddeddi stri
butedgener at
ionin
thef or
m ofasol arphotovol
tai
ccanboostcapaci t
yoft hesy stem.Howev er,reconfi
gurati
onoft he
networ korall
otmentoft heDGcannotber andom asitmi ghtresulti
nineff
ici
entper formanceand
unintendedoperationofnetwork

Disper sedgener ation( DG)i sr el

atedwi tht heuseofsmal lgener atinguni tsi nstall
edi nst rategi
c
point soft he el ectricpowersy stem cl ose t ol oad cent ers.Thet echnol ogyf ollowed i n DG
i
ncor por atesmal lgast ur bines,mi cro-tur bines,gasol inecel ls,wi ndandsol arener gy ,et c.DGmay
beut il
izedi nani solatedway ,present ingt heconsumer ’
snear bydemand,ori nani ncor por at
ed
way ,pr esent ingpowert ot heul timat eoft heel ect ri
calsy stem.I ndi st
ributionsy stems,DGcan
prov idebenef i
tsf ort hepur chaser si naddi ti
ont of ort heut il
ities,especi all
yi nsi teswher ethe
cent ralgener ationi simpr act icableorwher et her ear edef i
cienci esint het ransmi ssionsy st em.In
thiscont ext,t heut i
li
tiesobl igationofpr ovidingaccesst odi str i
but i
onnet wor kfori ndependent
producer stoi nst allDGuni tsconf r
ont swi tht heneedofcont r
ol l
ingt henet wor kandguar ant eei
ng
appr opr iatesecur ityandr eliabi l
it
ylev els.Theuncer taintiesconcer nedi nsy stem maki ngpl ansand
oper ationt urnoutt obel argeandgenui nel ynewst rat egieswantt obeev olvedt oexami neandt o
foreseet hebehav ioroft hesy stem.Themaki ngpl ansoft heel ectricalsy stem wi tht hepr esence
ofDGr equi rest hedef initionofnumer ousf act ors,i nclusiveof :t hehi gh-qual it
ygener ationt obe
used,t henumberandt hecapaci tyoft heuni ts,t hehi gh-qual it
yl ocation,t het ypeofnet work
connect ion,et c.Theef fectofDGi nsy st em r unni ngchar act erist i
cs,inclusiveofel ect ri
cpower ed
l
osses,v oltagepr ofil
e,bal ancewantt obecor rect l
yev aluat ed.Thet roubl eofDGal locat ionand
sizingi sofhi gh-qual i
tyi mpor t
ance.Thei nst allat i
onofDGuni tsatnon- mostsui tablel ocat ionscan
bringaboutaboom i nsy st em l osses,i mpl yingi naboom i npr icesand,t herefor e,hav i
ngan
i
mpactcont rar ytot hedesi red.Fort hatr eason, theusageofanDEt echniqueabl etoi ndi cat ingthe
high- qual it
yanswerf oragi v endi stri
but ionnet wor kmaybev erybenef ici
alf orthesy stem pl anning
engi neerwhi lsthandl ingt heboom ofDGpenet rat i
ont hisi sgoi ngonnowaday s.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
1
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

1.
2PROBLEM STATEMENT
El
ect r
icit
ynetworksareandwi l
lcontinuetobeani mport
antel ementofourener gyinfrast
ructure,
andwemustguar anteet hattheyaredev elopedconsistentl
yandi nawayt hatsatisfi
esf ut
ure
societalandcustomerdemands.Thef undament ali
ssuethatel ectri
cpowerut i
l
iti
esindev el
oping
nati
onsf acetodayist hatpowerconsumpt ioni sgrowi
ngataf asterr
atethansuppl ygrowt h,
whichi shamperedbyr estri
ctedresources,envi
ronmentalissues, andothersoci
etalconcerns.
Energypr oductionisnow becomi ngani ssuei nthewor l
dduet ot heev er-increasi ngener gy
demand.Thesuppl i
erhast omeetconsumerdemandbyl owerpowerf l
uctuat i
onsandi mprove
reli
abil
it
yandst abil
i
tyoft hesy stem.Itisknownf actthatmostofcust omeri nter r
upt i
onsar e
causedbyt hef ai
lur
ei ndi stri
butionsy st
em.I ngener al
,theexisti
ngpowerpl antst endt obef ar
from theconsumpt i
onr egions,andt hi
ssi t
uati
oncausesal ar
geamountofpowerl ossont he
powersy stem.Thedi st r
ibut i
onpowersy st
em per f
ormancessuchasami ni
mi zat i
onofr ealpower
l
oss,i mprov ementofv oltagepr of i
l
e,shor tcir
cuitcurrentcapacity,r el
iabil
ity,powersy stem
stabil
i
tyetc.,aremaj orissuesi ndi st
ri
buti
onnet works.Suchpowersy stem per formancescanbe
enhancedbyconv entionaldev icesaswel lasi mplement i
ngDG t echniquessuchasr enewable
resources.Fort hepr oblem ment ionedabov ewepr oposedamet hodwher ei nstallati
onsofDG
unitswithopt i
mal si
tt
ingandsi zingt omaker el
iabi
li
tyimpr ovementindistri
butionsy stem.
DEalgor
it
hm caneasil
yfal
lint
olocalopt
imalsol
uti
oninthecour
seoft
het
reat
mentoft
hemul
ti
peakandthel
argesear
chspacefuncti
onopti
mizat
ionpr
oblems.

1.
3Obj
ect
iveoft
hepr
oject
 Toimprovetherel
iabi
l
ityofdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem byopt
imalsi
tt
ingandsi
zi
ngofDGusi
ng
i
ntel
l
igental
gori
thm

 Tor
educet
hepowerf
luct
uat
ionsandi
mpr
ovet
heel
ect
ri
csy
stem r
eli
abi
l
ityandst
abi
l
ity

Ther equi
rementoft hefi
rstobject
iveisthat
,thei nstall
ati
ononDGunitsatnon-opt
imalplaces
resul
tsinani ncreasei
nsy st
em lossesintur
ni ncreasingcostshavi
nganef
fectopposit
etot he
desir
edbutt hei mpactofopt i
malsitt
ingandsi zi
ngofDGr esul
tsi
npowerlossreduct
ionand
overall
system volt
agei
mpr ovement.
Theimplement at
ionofDGnearpoi nt
sofdemandcanr educethet r
ansmi
ssionanddist
ributi
on
l
ossescausedbyt heresi
stanceofthepowerl i
nes,cabl
esandt ransf
ormer
s.Mostdemandi son
thedist
ributi
on networkand t husconnecti
ng generat
ion to a poi
ntnearbytheload on the
dist
ri
but
ionnet workwillt
endt ocausetheleastl
ossesassumi ngthegener
ationdoesnotgreatl
y
exceedt
hel ocaldemand.

1.
4Ov
erv
iewofsi
mul
ati
onsof
twar
e

Simul
ati
onsoftwarehelpsy oupr edi
ctthebehav i
orofasy stem. Youcanusesi mulationsoftware
toeval
uateanew desi gn,diagnosepr oblemswi thanexi sti
ngdesign,andt estasy stem under
condi
ti
onsthatarehardtor eproduce.Tor unasimul ati
on,y ouneeda mathemat i
calmodel ofyour
syst
em,whichcanbeexpr essedasa  blockdiagr
am,  schemat i
c,
 st
atediagram,orev encode.The
si
mulati
on soft
ware calculatest he behavioroft he modelascondi t
ionsev olv
e ov er
 ti
me or
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
2
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
as ev
ents 
occur
. Si
mulat
ion soft
war
e also includes v
isual
izat
ion t
ool
s, such as 
dat
a
displ
ays 
and 
3Dani
mati
on,tohel
pmoni
tort
hesi
mul ati
onasi
truns.

MATLABsi
mul
ati
onsof
twar
eisusedi
nthi
sst
udy
.

1.
4.1MATLABFeat
ures

Ast
her
ear
enumer
ousf
eat
urest
odescr
ibe,
buther
e,wewi
l
lfocusonsomeoft
hekeyf
eat
ures:

o I
tisdesi
gnedf
ornumer
ical
aswel
lassy
mbol
i
ccomput
ing.
o I
t'
sahi
gh-
lev
ell
anguageusedmai
nlyf
orengi
neer
ingandsci
ent
if
iccomput
ing.
o I
twor
kswi
thi
naDeskt
openv
ironmentpr
ovi
dingf
ullf
eat
uresf
ori
ter
ati
veexpl
orat
ion,
desi
gn,
andpr
obl
em-
sol
vi
ng.
o Cr
eat
ionofcust
om pl
otsf
orv
isual
i
zingdat
aandt
ool
s,wi
tht
hehel
pofbui
l
t-i
nGr
aphi
cs.
o Speci
fi
cappl
i
cat
ionsar
edesi
gnedt
owor
kwi
thanypar
ti
cul
art
ypeofpr
obl
ems,suchas
dat
acl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
cont
rol
syst
em desi
gnandt
uni
ng,
signal
anal
ysi
s.
o Pr
ovi
dessev
eraladd-
ont
ool
boxest
obui
l
dawi
der
angeofengi
neer
ing,sci
ent
if
ic,and
cust
om useri
nter
faceappl
i
cat
ions.
o I
tof
fer
sahugel
i
brar
yofmat
hemat
icalf
unct
ionsneededf
orcomput
ingst
ati
sti
cs,l
i
near
al
gebra,numericalint
egr
ati
on,f
il
ter
ing,Four
ieranal
ysi
s,opt
imi
zat
ionandsol
vi
ngr
egul
ar
di
ff
erenti
alequations.
o MATLABpr
ovi
desani
nter
act
iveenv
ironmentt
hatal
l
owsi
ter
ati
veexpl
orat
ion,
desi
gn,
and
probl
em-sol
vi
ng.Itisabunchoftool
sthataprogrammercanuse.I
tincl
udesabil
i
tiesf
or
handli
ngthevar
iablesi
ntheworkspace&importi
ng/expor
ti
ngdat
a.Ital
socontai
nstool
s
fordevel
opment,handl
i
ng,debuggi
ng,andpr
ofil
ingMATLABf i
l
es.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
3
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

1.
5REVI
EW OFLI
TERATURESURVEY

I
n[ 1]
,Part
haPBi swas, R.Mall
ipeddi,
P.N.Suganthan,GehanAJAmar atungapresentausefuland
eff
ectiv
e appli
cati
on ofLSHADE al gori
thm foropt i
mizati
on ofsi multaneous discr
ete and
conti
nuousv ari
ablesinar eal-
worldproblem ofdi str
ibuti
onnet work.Withselecti
onofmor e
appropri
atenetworkswi tchesforopening,withl i
ttl
er eshuffl
eofDG l ocati
on,andwi thmor e
accurat
edistri
buti
onofDGcapaci t
y,L-
SHADEachi evest helowestrealpowerlossinanyst udy
caseamongequi valentalgor
it
hms.

I
n[ 2],Bel
kacem Mahdad,K.Srai
riproposesanewv ariantbaseddi f
fer
enti
alsearchal gori
thm,the
proposedv ari
antnamedadaptivedif
ferenti
alsearchal gori
thm (ADS)wi t
hdynami cadj ust
mentof
controlparametershasbeeni mplement edandsuccessf ull
yappl i
edtosolvet hesi multaneous
optimallocati
onandsi zi
ngofmul ti
-DG andshuntSVC dev i
cef orpowerl ossr educti
on.The
parti
culari
tyandrobust
nessoft hepr oposedpl anningst r
ategy-basedDSal gorit
hm i ntermsof
solution qual
i
tyand conver
gence behav i
ourisv alidated on two practi
calr adi
aldi stri
but
ion
systems: 33Busand69Buselect r
icnetworksatnor mal conditi
onandconsider i
ngloadgr owth.

I
n[ 3]
,Ari
ndam Roy,Susmi t
aRoy ,Par
thaP.Bi swas,proposeapapert hatut
il
izestheL-SHADE
al
gorit
hm inl ar
ge scale di
stribut
ion network and opti
mi zes successful
lylarge numberof
conti
nuousanddiscret
ev ari
ablescompar edtoot heravai
lableequival
entalgorit
hms.Ther esul
t
demonstrat
esthatsi
multaneousnet workreconfi
gurat
ionandopt i
malsi zing&siti
ngofDGsi sthe
besti
nmi ni
mizat
ionofpowerl oss.

I
n[ 4]
,M.Abbagana,G.A.Bakar e,I
.Mustapha,B.U.Musa,t hispaperaimstomi nimizethepower
l
ossesandi mprovethev olt
agepr ofi
l
eofpowerdi str
ibuti
onsy stem bydetermini
ngt heopt i
mal
l
ocationandsizeoft woDi st
ributedGenerati
on(DG)uni t
s.Di f
fer
enti
alEvol
ution(DE)techniqueis
usedf oropti
mizingthefor mulatedproblem.MATLABsof twareisusedfort hesimulati
on.The
resul
tsshowt hatproperplacementandsi zeofDGuni tscanhav easigni
fi
cantimpactonsy st
em
l
ossr educti
onandv olt
agepr ofi
leimprovement.Ont heotherhand, i
mproperchoiceofsizewoul d
l
eadt ohigherl
osses.

I
n[ 5],A.Younes, Y.
G.hegazy, S.Tagel di
n, M.El-metwal
ly,Thispaperproposesanal gori
thm f
or
thestrategi
cplacementofdi str
ibutedgener ati
onindist
ri
but i
onnetworksf orsi
ngle,twoorthree
DGuni ts.Themostef fect
ivebussesar eselectedtominimizethetotalpowerlossesineachcase
andt oimpr ovethev ol
tageprofil
e.Thepr oposedalgorit
hm i simpl
ement edont heI EEE44bus
l
argeindustrial
powersy stem,severalcasest udi
esareanal
y sedandtheresultsar
epr esent
ed.

I
n[ 6],Thuant hanhNguy en, AnhVi etTr uongpr esentt heCSApr oposedf orsolv i
ngdi str
ibut i
on
networkr econf igurationpr oblem consi der i
ngpowerl ossesi nt r
ansmi ssi
onsy stem andv oltage
profi
leimpr ovement .TheCSA met hodhasbeensuccessf ullyappl i
edf ordistri
butionnet wor k
reconfi
gurat ionpr oblem.Theobj ectivei stomi ni
mizet heact iv epowerl ossandv oltagepr of i
le
enhancementofpowerdi st r
ibuti
onsy stems.Ther adialtopol ogyoft henet wor kismai ntai
nedby
thenewal gor i
thm basedont hemov ementofeachl oadnodet ot hesetofpowernodeswheni tis
connectedt o anodei nt hesetofpowernodes.Theef f ect i
venessofpr oposedmet hodi s
demonst ratedon33- node,69- node,and119- nodedi stribut
ionnet wor ks.Thenumer icalresul ts
veri
fythatt hepr oposedal gorit
hm iscapabl eoff i
ndingopt imalsol utionandf oundt obebet ter
thanthePSOandsomeot hercompar edmet hodsinliterature.Inaddi ti
on, i
thasbeenshownt hat
thepot entialofusi ngt heCSA i ndi stri
butionnet wor kr econf igurationbecausei tneedsaf ew
paramet erst obet uned,t hegl obalsol utionobt ai
nedbyusi ngLév yf l
ightisnotsensi ti
vet ot he
paramet ersused.Thesi mul atedresult sont hemedi um andl ar ge-scal esystemsl i
ke69- nodeand
119-nodedi st r
ibuti
onsy st
emshav eshownt hattheappl i
cabilityofCSAi smor enot i
ceable.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
4
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

In[7],A.R.Abdul
laM. F.
Sulai
manN.A.Abi dul
lahaH.I
.Jaaf
arN.H.ShamsudinN. F.
Omarproposesan
adjustmentofcr ossoverand mutati
on probabil
it
iesisused t oimprovet heperfor
manceof
conv ent
ionalGAi ntermsoft ot
alpowerl ossesreducti
onandv olt
agepr ofi
l
ei mpr
ovement.The
proposedal gori
thm isappli
edtoar adial33-bustestsyst
em,si mulat
edi nt
oMATLABsof t
ware
thatshowi ngthatitproducedthehighestreducti
onpowerl ossesandt hebestimprovementof
voltageprofi
le.

I
n[ 8]I mran,A.Mohamed, andM.Kowsal ya." Anewpowersy stem reconf i
gur ati
onst rategybased
ont heFi reworksAl gor i
thm forpowerl ossmi ti
gat i
onandv olt
agepr ofi
leaugment ati
on,"Thi swork
suggest st heuseofachaot i
cst ochasticf ract alsear chalgorit
hm ( CSFSA)t or educet henumber
off ractalsinasear ch.powerl ossandi mpr ovet hev olt
agepr ofi
lei ndi stri
but i
onsy stemsby
solvingt hereconf igurati
onpr oblem.Thepr oposedappr oachi samet aheuristi
cmet hodwi thtwo
processesofdi ffusion and updat ethatwascr eat ed to over comet heshor tcomi ngsoft he
traditi
onalSFSA.TheCSFSAr esultsprov edt heef ficacyandr obust nessoft hepr oposedst rat
egy
forsol vi
ngt hedi stri
butionnet workreconf igur ationpr oblem bypr ovi
dinggr eaterpower .reducti
on
andv olt
agepr ofil
ei mprovementt hanmanyot hermat ur
emet hodsi nthel i
terature.Asar esult,
the
suggest edCFSFAcoul dbeausef ultoolf orr esol v
ingdi ffi
cul
tandl arge-scaledi stri
butionsy st
em
reconf i
gur at
ionpr oblems.Asar esult,thesuggest edCFSFAcoul dbeausef ult oolforr esolvi
ng
diffi
cultandl arge-scaledistri
buti
onsy stem r econf i
gur at
ionprobl ems.

I
n[ 9]C. -
T.SuandC. -
S.Lee,pr esentsanew met hodwhi chappl i
esanar t
if
ici
albeecolony
al
gorithm (ABC)f ordeter
mi ni
ngt hesect i
onali
zi
ngswitchtobeoper at edi nordertosolvethe
di
stri
butionsy stem l
ossmi nimizati
onpr oblem.TheABC al gori
thm isanew popul ati
on-
based
metaheur i
sti
ct echni
quet hatwasi nspir
ed byhoneybeeswar m foragi ng behavior
.Computer
si
mul ati
onson14,33,and 119- bussy st
emsar ecarried outtoi l
lustr at
et hev al
idi
tyofthe
proposedal gori
thm,whichi sthencompar edtootherapproachesi nt hel it
erat
ure.Inter
msof
quali
tyofdat a,t
heproposedmet hodsur passedtheot
hermet hods.

I
n[10]S.H.Mi rhoseini,S.M.Hossei ni,M.GhanbarandM.Ahmadi ,"Anew enhancedadapt i
ve
i
mper i
ali
stcompet it
iveal gor i
thm t ohandl et hedistr
ibutionsy stem r econfigurat
ionpr oblem for
l
ossr eductionandv ol t
agepr ofi
lei mpr ovement ,
"Thiswor kof fersachaot i
cstochast i
cf r
actal
searchalgorit
hm ( CSFSA)f orsolvingther econf i
gurat
ionpr oblem i ndistr
ibutionsyst emswi ththe
goalofmi nimizingpowerl ossandenhanci ngthev oltagepr of i
le.Thesuggest ioni st hatt he
proposedCSFSAhasbeent estedont he33- bus,84-bus,andl arge-scalesy stemsi ncluding119-
busand136- bussy st em.Accor di
ngt oAhmadi ,hehasdev el
oped" auni quei mprov edadapt i
ve
i
mper i
ali
stcompet it
ivealgor it
hm tosol v ether econfi
gurationpr oblem ofdi stri
but
ionsy stemsf or
l
ossr eductionandv olt
agepr ofil
eenhancement ."Thisr esearchpr ovi
desachaot icst ochast i
c
fr
actalsearchal gori
thm ( CSFSA)t echni quef orsolvi
ngt her econfigurati
onpr oblem indi stributi
on
systemst oreducepowerl ossandi mpr ov ethev ol
tagepr ofi
le.

I
n[11]F.M.AbdEl -
Salam,E.Beshr ,andB.M.Et ei
ba"Anewhy br i
dtechniquef orr educi
ngpower
l
ossesi nadi st
ri
but ionsystem byopt i
mizingthesizeandpl acementofdi str
ibutedgener ator
si n
conjunctionwi t
hnet workr econf
igurat
ion,"saysthepaper ."
.Thi sinvest
igationwasasuccess.
appli
edt ot heCSFSA met hodf ortheDNRpr obl
em wi t
ht heobj ect
ivef unctionofpowerl oss
reduction and v oltage profi
leimpr ovementi n di
stri
buti
on sy stems.The r adialstructure of
dist
ributionnetwor ksAfterthenewconf i
gurati
onwasgener ated, itwastest edusinggr aphtheor y
.
Thepr oposedCSFSAhasbeent est
edont he33-bus,84-bus,andl ar
ge-scalesy st emsincluding
119-busand136- bussy stems.Ther efore,theproposedCFSFAcoul dbeagoodwayt osol ve
compl i
cat edandl arge-
scaledistr
ibut
ionreconfigur
ati
ondiffi
culties.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
5
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
1.
6Or
gani
zat
ionoft
hePr
ojectwor
k:
Thi
spr
ojectconsi
stsofdi
ff
erentsect
ioni
ncl
udi
ngther
efer
ncesandappendi
ces.Thesesect
ions
hav
ebeenclassi
fi
edint
osi
xchaptersasgi
venbel
ow:
 Chapt
er1–I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thi
sChapterpr
esentsanappropr
iat
eint
roducti
onsupplement
edwit
hthelit
erat
uresur
vey
,
t
heobj
ecti
veoft
heprojectandov
erv
iewofsimulat
ionsof
twareusedint
hework.

 Chapt
er2–Di
str
ibut
ionsy
stem
Abri
efdescr
ipt
ionaboutdi st
ri
buti
onsystem,i
tstypesadvantagesanddisadvantages,l
oss
mi
nimi
zat
ion i
n dist
ributi
on system and v ari
ous t
echniques for di
str
ibut
ion system loss
mi
nimi
zat
ionandit
sadv antagesofthedi
str
ibuti
onsyst
em arediscussedi
nthischapter
.

 Chapt
er3–Loadf
lowt
echni
quesi
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem
Int hi
schapter ,l
oadflow t
echni
quesindi st
ri
but
ionsyst
em andi t
st y
pes,Flow chart
,
Equi
val
entcurrenti
njecti
onformat
ionofBIBCMat r
ixanditsal
gor
it
hm for
mationofBCBVmat r
ix
andi
tsalgori
thm.Mat hemat
icalmodel
li
ngfordi
str
ibut
ionsyst
em l
oadf
lowdiscussed.

 Chapt
er4–Adv
ancedadapt
ivedi
ff
erent
ialev
olut
ional
gor
it
hms
Thischapt erincludesdiffer
entt ypesofalgori
thmsusedf orplacementofDG’ sandfor
reconfigurationandt heirdrawback,Advancedadapt i
vedif
fer
enti
alevolut
ionalgor
it
hm( L-SHADE)
,
mat hemat icalformulati
on,Net workr econfi
gurati
on,powerflow formulat
ion,appl
icati
onofL-
SHADEal gor it
hm andst agesofL-SHADEal gor
it
hm,Linearpopul
ationsizereducti
on,Inputand
i
niti
alizati
onandAl gori
thm loop.

 Chapt
er5–Appendi
x
Thi
schapt erdeal
swi t
hsi mul
ati
onresul
tsof15busdistr
ibuti
onnetwor
k.Theresultsf
or
di
ffer
entscenari
osofl oadflow studi
esandreli
abi
li
tyst
udiesconsider
edforopti
malsizingand
pl
acementofDG’ sarepr esented.Andalsocompar etheresul
tsofL- SHADEAl gor
it
hm with
Geneti
cAlgor
ithm doneinthischapter
.

 Chapt
er6–Summar
yandConcl
usi
ons
Thi
sChapt
erhasconcl
usionandscopeforfut
ureproj
ectwor
k.Al
i
stofr
efer
encesi
s
pr
ovi
dedatt
heendt
oimprov
ethereadabi
l
ityoft
hedi
ssert
ati
on

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
6
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

CHAPTER2

DI
STRI
BUTI
ONSYSTEM

2.
1Di
str
ibut
ionsy
stem:

Anel ect ri
cpowersy st em isanet workofel ectri
calcomponent sdepl oyedt osuppl y,t
ransfer,and
useel ectricpower .Anel ectr
icalpowersy stem canbebr oadl
ydi vi
dedi ntot hegener atorsthat
supplyt hepower ,thet ransmi ssionsy stem t hatcar ri
est hepowerf rom thegener ati
ngcent resto
theloadcent res,andt hedi str
ibutionsy stem t hatfeedst hepowert onear byhomesandi ndust r
ies.
Smal lerpowersy stemsar ealsof oundi nindust r
y, hospital
s,commer ci
albuildi
ngsandhome.The
distr
ibut ion sy st
em i st hepar tofan el ect ri
csy stem afterthet ransmi ssion system t hatis
dedicat edt odel iveringel ectr
icener gyt oanenduser .Ingeneral,thedi str
ibutionsy st
em i sthe
electri
calsy stem bet weent hesubst ationf edbyt het ransmissi
onsy stem andt heconsumerend.
Itgener all
yconsi stsoff eeders,di stri
butor s.Ther ewi l
lbedr opi nobt ai
nedv ol
taget hant he
requiredv oltagewhendemandf orel ectri
cityexceedst hecapacit
yoft hedistributi
onsy stem.An
electri
cpowerdi st r
ibut ionsy stem canbecl assi f
iedaccor dingtoi t
sf eederconnect ionschemes
(or)topol ogiesasf ollows.

2.
1.1.RadialDistr
ibuti
onsystem.
2.
1.2.Parall
elDistri
buti
onsystem.
2.
1.3.Ri
ngmai nDistri
buti
onsy st
em.
.

2.
1.1Radi
alDi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem:

Thissy st
em isusedonlywhensubst ati
onorgeneratingstat
ioni
sl ocatedatthecentr
eoft he
consumers.I
nt hi
ssystem,di
ffer
entf
eedersradi
atefrom asubstat
ionoragener ati
ngst
ationand
feedthedist
ri
butorsatoneend.Thus,t hemainchar act
eri
sti
cofar adialdi
str
ibuti
onsystem i
s
thatthepowerf l
ow isinonlyonedirecti
on.Si
nglelinediagr
am ofat ypi
calradi
aldi
stri
buti
on
system i
sasshowni ntheFi
g.1.1.

Adv
ant
age:

1.I
tissi
mpl
estsy
stem andhast
hel
owi
nit
ial
cost

Di
sadv
ant
ages:

1.Ast hesuppl
yispresentatonl
yoneend,
ifaf
aul
toccur
satanyonesi
dei
twi
l
lresul
tsi
npower
fai
lur
eoftheentir
efeeders.
2.Thesystem i
snotreli
able.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
7
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

Fi
g.2.
1Radi
aldi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem

2.
1.2Par
all
elFeeder
sDi
str
ibut
ionSy
stem:

Thedisadvantageofar adialsystem canbemi nimizedbyi ntroduci

ngpar al
l
elfeeders.Theini
ti
al
costofthi
ssy stem ismuchmor easthenumberoff eedersisdoubled.Suchsyst em maybeused
wherereli
abi
li
tyoft hesupplyisimportantorf
orl oadsharingwher etheloadishigher.TheFi
g.1.2
showsat ypi
calsinglel
inediagram ofaparall
elfeedersdistr
ibuti
onsy st
em.

Fi
g.2.
2Par
all
elf
eeder
sdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem

Adv
ant
age:

1.I
tisusedwher
erel
i
abi
l
ityoft
hesuppl
yisr
equi
red.

Di
sadv
ant
age:

1.Thei
nit
ial
costoft
hesy
stem i
smuchmor
east
henumberoff
eeder
sisdoubl
ed.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
8
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

2.
1.3 Ri
ngMai
nDi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem:

I
tissi milarl
evelofsy stem r
eli
abili
tyt othatofthepar al
lelfeeder
scanbeachi evedbyusi ng
ri
ngdi stri
but
ionsy stem.Her e,eachdi stri
buti
ont r
ansformeri sfedwit
ht wof eedersbuti n
di
fferentpaths.Thef eedersi
nt hissy stem f
orm aloopwhi chstar
tsf
rom thesubstationbus-
bars,runsthroughtheloadareaf eedingdistri
buti
ontransformersandret
urnstot hesubstat
ion
bus-bars.TheFig.1.3showsat y
pical si
ngleli
nediagram ofar i
ngmaindist
ribut
ionsystem.

Fi
g.2.
3Ri
ngmai
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem

Adv
ant
ages:

1.Ther
earefewervolt
agefl
uct
uati
onsatconsumer’
sterminal
.
2.Thesyst
em i
sv er
yreli
abl
easeachdi
stri
buti
ontr
ansformerisf
edwi
tht
wof
eeder
s.

2.
2 Descr
ipt
ionofdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem:

Thedi stributi
onsy st em net wor kaccount sf orasi gni ficantamountofpowerl oss,somet imesi n
theor derof10- 13%oft hegener atedout put .Hi ghdi stributionl ossmeansi nef f
iciencyandpoor
voltager egulationoft henet work.Toi ncr easeef ficiencyandenhancev olt
ager egul ati
onoft he
system,net wor ki st obepr operlyreconf igured.I naddi tion,local lyaddeddi stributedgener at i
ons
(DGs)i nt hef orm ofadi eselgener at or ,sol arphot o-v ol t
aic( PV) ,awi ndt urbineet c.canr educe
l
osses, impr ov ev olt agepr ofil
eandboostcapaci tyoft hesy stem.Howev er,reconf i
gur ationoft he
networ koral lotmentoft heDGcannotber andom asi tmi ghtresul tinineffi
cientper formanceand
unintendedoper ationoft henet wor k.Radi alar rangement soft hef eeder sint henet wor kmustbe
mai ntainedaf terr econf i
gur ati
on.Si zeandpl acementoft heDG shal lbeopt i
mi zedsucht hat
powerl ossi smi nimi zedsat i
sfyi
ngsy stem const raint sonpowerbal ance,l i
necapaci tyandbus
voltage.
Lossmi nimizationbyonl yr econfigur ationoft henet wor ksisper for medi nmanyl iterat ures.Some
ofther ecentst udi est hati mplementev olut i
onar yal gor it
hms( EAs)f ortheopt i
mi zat i
ont askar e
withf irewor ksal gor ithm ( FWA) ,cuckoo sear ch al gor ithm ( CSA) ,modi f
ied bact erialf oraging
optimi zational gor ithm ( MBFOA)andmodi fiedpar ticleswar m opt i
mi zation(MPSO) .
L-SHADEal gor i
thm, awel l
-establi
shedopt imizat ional gor i
thm f ort heconst rained, mul t
imodalnon-
l
inearpr oblems.L- SHADE i mpr ov es t he per formance ofsuccess hi story based adapt i
v e
diff
erent ialev olution( SHADE)wi thpr ogr essi vel inearr educt i
onofpopul ati
onsi ze.Theal gor it
hm
performed bestamong non- hybrid al gor i
thmsf ort heopt imi zat i
on ofr ealpar amet ersi ngle-
objectiv ef unctioni nCEC 2014compet i
tion.L- SHADEhasgotsuccessi nappl icat i
ont ot he
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
9
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
problemsl i
ke,di
scret
el ocat
ionoptimizati
onofwi ndt ur
binesinawi ndfarm,t ot
alharmonic
distort
ionmi ni
mizat
ioninmul t
il
eveli
nvert
ersandhybridact
ivepowerf
il
terpar
amet eropti
mizati
on.
Mi ni
mizationofpowerl ossi nthedistri
buti
on networkissetast heobjecti
vewi t
hopt i
mal
reconfigurat
ionandDGal l
ocati
on.Thealgorit
hm simult
aneousl
yopti
mizesDGsi zeandl ocati
on
(busno. )andreconf
iguresthenetwork.

2.
3 Lossmi
nimi
zat
iont
echni
quesi
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem:

Transmi ssionanddi st
ributi
on( T&D)net wor klossesar econsi der edast hemaj orconsumpt i
oni n
anypowersy stem.Duet ot heexponent i
ali ncreasei nt heel ect ri
citydemand,compet iti
veener gy
mar ket,andenv ir
onment alconst raints,theT&Dsy stemsar ef requent lybei ngf uncti
onedunder
overloadedcondi tions,andl ossesi nt hedi str
ibutionsy st em hav ebecomeamaj orconcer n.To
achieveeconomi cbenef i
tsent irely,theessent ialcondi tionst opr ovi
deaccept ablepowerqual it
y
andi mpr ovedef f
iciencyhav ecr eatedav erypr omi singenv ir
onmentf ort her equirementofl oss
mi ni
mi zati
ont echni quesandst at eoft hear toper ati
onal practices.Thet otal powerr eceivedbyt he
distr
ibutionsy stem i st hedi fferencebet weent het otalpowergener ationandt het r
ansmi ssion
powerl osses.Powerl ossmi nimi zationi st heonl yal t
er nati
v et oi mpr ovet heef fici
encyoft he
distr
ibutionsy stem.Thus, itisobser vedt hatf r
om t hepastf ewdecadessev eralresearchershav e
focused on di stri
but i
on sy stem l oss mi nimization and v oltage st abil
ity.Ther e arev ari
ous
techniquesav ai
lablei nthel i
teraturef ordi stri
but i
onsy stem lossmi ni
mi zation.Howev er,themost
oftenusedt echniquessuchas:

2.
3.1Capacit
orall
ocati
on.
2.
3.2Networkreconf
igurat
ion.
2.
3.3DGallocat
ion.
2.
3.4 Si
mul t
aneousreconfigur
ati
onandDGal
l
ocat
ion.

2.
3.1.Capaci
toral
locat
ion:

Themet
hodofcapaci
toral
l
ocat
ioni
sfoundt
obev
iabl
einhi
ghv
olt
agedi
str
ibut
ionsy
stems.

Themai
nadv
ant
agesofcapaci
toral
locat
ionar
e:

1.Powerf
lowcont
rol
,
2.Powerandener
gyl
ossmi
nimi
zat
ion,
3.Vol
tagest
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovement
,
4.Handl
esv
olt
agepr
ofi
l
e,and
5.Powerfactorcorrect
ion
Thecapaci t
orisar eacti
vepowersour cewhi chreducest heamountofi nduct
iver
eactanceofthe
l
ineloading;itcanmi ni
mizet hereactiv
epowerl ossesbyt heallocationofshuntcapacitors.
Severalresear
chershav ecarri
edoutt heirresearchoncapaci t
orallocati
oninit
ial
l
yf orvol
tage
contr
ol andlat
erforlossminimizati
on.
Themaj orchall
engesincapacitoral
locati
ont echni
quesar e:
1.appropri
ateselecti
onofcapaci toruni
ts,
2.l
ocat
ionorpl
acementofcapaci
tor
s,and
3.si
zi
ngofcapaci
tor
stoachi
evet
hef
oll
owi
ngr
esul
ts:

a.powerl
ossmi nimizat
ion,
b.bet
terv
olt
ager egulat
ion,
and
c.powerf
actorcontrol
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
10
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

2.
3.2Net
wor
kreconf
igur
ati
on:

Iti
sav i
talt
echniquetomi nimi zeloss.Inaprimarydistr
ibut
ionsyst
em, t
woswitchesarepresent:
theyaresectionali
zingswitches( closedswit
ches)andt ieswit
ches(openswi
tches).Theprocess
i
nv ol
ved in networkr econfigurati
on isthe simultaneous oper
ati
on ofsecti
onalizi
ng and ti
e
switchesinaf eederwhichv ari
est hetopol
ogicalst
ructur
e.

Themai
nadv
ant
agesofr
econf
igur
ati
onar
e:

1.Ser
vicer
estorationduri
ngf eederfault
s
2.Networkmaint enancethroughout agespl
anning
3.Networkoverloadreli
ef,busv ol
tageimprovement,
and
4.Lossminimizat i
on.

2.
3.3 DGal
locat
ion:

DG canbedef inedas“ Theel

ect
ricpowergeneratedfr
om demandandsuppl ysideresources
whi
charesuf f
icientl
ylessert
hanthecentral
i
zedgenerat
ionthatcanbedepl
oyedthroughoutthe
di
str
ibut
ionnetwor ktomeettheenergydemandofthecustomerssuppl
i
edbythesystem.”

Themai
nadv
ant
agesofDGal
l
ocat
ioni
s:

1.Reducti
onofgr eenhousegases.
2.El
ectri
cit
ytari
ffreducti
on.
3.I
mpr ovesthevoltageprof
il
eandpowerqual
i
ty…et
c.

2.
3.4 Si
mul
taneousr
econf
igur
ati
onandDGal
locat
ion:

Mostr esearchershav econsi deredt hebasicobj ecti

v efunct i
on(lossmi ni
mization)forthenet
wor k
reconfigur
ationproblem i ndistr
ibutionsy st
ems.Thepowerl ossexistedinthedi str
ibut
ionnet
wor k
can bemi nimized usi ng two t echniques:reconf iguration and DG al l
ocation.Al t
hough these
techniques hav et he capabi li
ty of l oss r educt i
on,t heir si
mul t
aneous combi nati
on and
i
mpl ement ati
ont hroughanal y
siswi l
limprovet hesy stem per f
ormancet remendousl y.Howev er
,
simultaneousr econfigurati
onandDGal locati
onhav ei ncludedaddi t
ionalobjecti
v esduetothefact
thatresearchershav edi f
ferentapproachesi nmet hodologyandi mplementation.

Themai
nadv
ant
agesar
e:

1.Mi
nimi
zat
ionofsy
stem oper
ati
oncost
.
2.Sy
stem powerqual
i
tyi
mpr
ovement
.
3.Loadbal
anci
ngandel
i
minat
ionofov
erl
oadcondi
ti
on.
4.Mi
nimi
zat
ionofswi
tchi
ngt
ime.
5.Sy
stem r
eli
abi
l
ityenhancementundernor
mal
andi
slandcondi
ti
on
6.Emi
ssi
onr
educt
ion.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
11
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

CHAPTER3

3:Loadf
lowt
echni
quesi
ndi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem:

Loadf lowanalysisofpowersy st
em net wor kisusedtodeterminethest eadyst at
esol ut
ionf ora
givensetofbusl oadingcondi ti
on.Thesol uti
onofal oadflowstudyprov i
dest heinformationon
voltagemagnitudeandphaseangl es,activeandr eacti
vepowerflowinthei ndi
vidualtransmission
l
inesandt otalrealandr eacti
vepowerl osses.Loadf lowstudyismuchi mportantint heplanning
stagesofnewpowersy stem oradditionalt oexi
stingone.Loadf l
owisessent ialfortheanal ysi
s
oft hedist
ri
buti
onsy stem,t oinvest
igatet heissuesrelat
edt opl
anning,designandt heoper ati
on
and cont r
ol.Some appl i
cati
ons li
ke pl acementofdi st
ri
buted generati
on orcapaci torneed
repeatedpowerf l
owsol ution.

Thedev elopmentofdi gitalcomput er

sandt heirwideusei npowersy stem, madet odev elopmany
algorit
hmsi n1950’ s.Themostpopul aralgori
thmssuchasi ndi
rectGauss-Sei del(busadmi tt
ance
mat ri
x),directGauss- Sei del(busi mpedancemat ri
x),
Newt on-Raphsonandi tsdecoupl edv ersions
hav ebeendesi gnedf ort r
ansmi ssionsystemsandt hesear eunsui
tablef ordistri
buti
onsy stems
duet oi tsowni nher i
tchar acteri
zeslikeradialinstructur
e,anunbal anceddi stri
butedl oadand
unbalanced oper ation,Lar genumberofnodesand br anches,Wi der angeofr esistanceand
reactancev al
ues.Met hodsl iketheNewt on-RaphsonandGauss- Seideldonotexpl oitt her adial
structur
eoft hedi stri
but i
onsy st
emsandr equirethesolutionofasetofequat ionswhosesi zeis
oft heor deroft henumberofbuses.Thi sthenr esul
tsinlongcomput ationalti
me.I naddi ti
on,Y-
busmat r
ixconst ructedi sv erysparseandt hisimpliesawast eofcomput ermemor yst orage.
Hencei tcanbeseent hatt heuseofconv enti
onalpowerf l
ow met hodsi snotef fici
entf or
distri
butionsy stems.

Thehi ghR/Xr ati

oofdist
ri
butionsy st
emscausest hedistri
buti
onsy st
emstobei l
lcondit
ionedf or
conventionalpowerflowmet hods,especi all
yt hefast-
decouplednewt onmethod,whichdiver ges
i
nmostcases.Duet othechar act
eristi
csofRadi alDistri
but
ionSy st
em (RDS)theConv entional
l
oadf lowanal ysi
sisnotsuit
edt osolvet heRDS.Hence,anet wor kTopol
ogybasedanal ysi
shas
beenusedi nthisworkforfi
ndingv oltage,totalpowerl ossoftheRDSunderbal ancedoper ating
conditi
onempl oyingaconst
antpowermodel .
Thef oll
owi ngloadf l
ow met hodsar epr oposedf ort hedistr
ibuti
onsystemsconsi deri
ngt he
unbalanceoper ati
on,
canbegr oupedi ntot hr
eebasi ccategori
es.Theyare:

3.
1.ForwardBackwar
dSweep( FBS)
/LadderNet
wor
k.
3.2.I
mplici
tZbusGaussmethod.
3.3.Di
rectappr
oachmethod

3.
1For
war
dBackwar
dSweep(
FBS)
/LadderNet
wor
k:

Al i
teraturesurveyont heseDSLFmet hodsrevealst hatmostoft hemet hodsforradi
aldi
stri
bution
l
oadf l
owhav ebeenpr edomi nantl
ybasedonFBS/ LadderNet workbasedapproachofthenet work
treer epresentat
ion.Theobv iousr easonfort heabov eisthatt hismethodissimple,fastand
robust .Thegener alal
gorit
hm consi stsoftwobasi cst eps—f or
war dsweepandbackwar dsweep.
Forwar dsweepi smai nlyav oltagedropcalculati
onf rom t hesendingendt ot
hefarendofaf eeder
oral ateral,andbackwar dsweepi sprimari
lyacur rent ,poweroradmi t
tancesummat i
onbasedon
thev oltageupdatesf r
om thef arendoft hefeedert ot hesendingend.Anear l
yapproach(Bergand
Hawki ns,1976)t ot he radialpowerf low anal y sis,util
i
zed t he l
inearnetworktheor y by
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
12
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
approxi
mat ingal ltheconst antpowerloadsasadmi t
tancescal cul
ated,correspondi ngtot he
assumedbusv ol
tages.Net workreduct
iont echni quesar eusedt ogetanequi v al
entci r
cui
tand
newbusv oltagesar ecalculatedby‘unf
olding’thenet wor k.Theprocessi siter
at i
veandr epeated
unti
lconver gence.TheLadderNet workAppr oach( Kersti
ngandMendi ve,1976;andKer sti
ng,
1984),pr
oposedi n1976whi chperf
ormsl oadf l
owanal ysisonanunbal ancedt hree-
phaser adial
systems,andi sbasicall
yabackwar dsweepmet hod,wher eiter
ati
onsar est ar
tedwi t
hest imates
oftheendi ngbusv ol
tages.Ar ever
set r
ace,ist hen,performedf ordetermi ni
ngt hev ari
ousbus
volt
agesleadi ngtoacal culatedval
ueofthesour cev olt
age.Newest i
matesf or

theendi ngbusv ol tagesar edet ermi nedbasedont hemi smat chbet weent hecal culat edand
speci fi
edsour cev oltages.I ter ationsar econt i
nuedt il
lt hespeci fi
edsour cev oltagei sobt ai nedby
calculat ionwi thinar equi redaccur acy .Thel adderappr oachi sv er ysimpl et oi mpl ementf orl ar ge
systems,butwhent her ear e‘ l
at erals’i nt henet wor k,addi t
ionalsub- it
er at i
onsf ort hel ater al
sect i
onsar er equi red.Br oadwat eretal .(1988)hav epr esent edanal gor i
t hm f orsol vi
ngt hepower
fl
owi namul tiphaseunbal ancedr adi aldi stri
but ionsy stem.Thei ralgori
thm usesar everset raceof
thesy stem t osum upt hepowerf ollowedbyaf or war dt racesol v i
ngaquadr ati
cequat i
onf ort he
squar eoft hev oltagemagni tude.Thukar am etal .( 1999)hav epr esent ed abr anch cur r
ent
summat ion based FBS l oad f low al gor i
thm.Ranj an etal .( 2004)hav e pr oposed a power
summat ion.TheI cf aiUni v er sityJour nalofEl ect rical& El ect ronicsEngi neer ing,Vol .I ,No.2,
200810Aut hor ’sCopybasedFBSl oadf lowal gor ithm.Recent l
y, Changetal .( 2007)hav epr oposed
ani mpr ov edFBSal gor ithm f ort hr ee- phaser adi aldi st ribut ionsy stems.I nt hebackwar dsweep,
Kirchhof f’sCur rentLaw( KCL)andKi rchhof f ’
sVol tageLaw( KVL)ar eusedt of indt hecal culat ed
voltagef oreachupst ream busofal ineorat ransf or merbr anch.I nt hedecomposedf or war d
sweep, thel inearpr opor ti
onal pr i
nci pl ei sempl oy edt oupdat et hev ol
tageateachdownst ream bus.
Somedi stribut ionf eeder sser v i
ngdensel yloadedar easar eoper atedwi thweakl ymeshedl oops
bycl osi ngt henor mal lyopent ieswi tches.Meshednet wor ksar ev erycommoni nt hedi stribut i
on
systems,especi allywi tht hei mpl ement ationofDA.Shi rmohammadietal .( 1988)pr oposeda
compensat ionmet hodf ordi st ri
but i
onsy st emswi thweakl ymeshedst ruct ures.Thi smet hod
startsf r om anet wor kst ruct ur eanal y sist of i
ndt hei nt erconnect ionpoi nts.I tt henbr eakst hese
i
nt erconnect ionpoi ntsusi ngt hecompensat ionmet hodsot hatt hemeshedsy stem st ructur e
coul d be changed t o a si mpl et ree t ype r adi alsy stem.Based on t he pr ev ious wor k
(Shirmohammadietal .),amodi fiedcompensat ion- basedl oadf low met hodhasbeenpr esent ed
(LuoandSeml yen,1990) ,whi chusesact i
veandr eact i
v epowerasv ariabl esr athert hancompl ex
cur r
ent s.ChengandShi rmohammadi( 1995)ext endedt hemet hod( LuoandSeml yen,1990)f r
om
asi nglephaset ot hr ee-phasewi themphasi sont hemodel ingofdi spersedgener ation( PVnodes) ,
unbal ancedanddi stribut edl oads,andv oltager egul ator sandshuntcapaci torswi thaut omat i
c
l
ocalt apcont rol s.Thi smet hodi scapabl eofaddr essi ngt hesemodel ingchal lengeswhi lest il
l
mai ntai ningahi ghexecut ionspeedr equi redf orr eal-timeappl i
cat i
onsi naut omat eddi stribut i
on
systems.Haque( 1996a)enhancedt hecompensat ionmet hod( Shirmohammadietal .
,1988)f or
weakl ymesheddi stribut i
onnet wor ksconsi der ing t heef fect sofl oadandshuntadmi ttance.
Raj i
cicandTal eski( 1998)hav epr oposedt womet hodsbasedont headmi ttanceandcur r
ent
summat ionmet hod.At wo- st agel oadf l
ow met hodf ormesheddi str
ibut i
onnet wor kshasbeen
proposedbyChenetal .(2000)t of urtherenhancet heconv ergencespeedoft hecompensat ion-
basedmet hods.GhoshandDas( 2003)al sohav eext endedt hei rearlierwor k( GhoshandDas,
1999) , usi ngamul tipor tcompensat iont echni quef orsol v ingmesheddi st ri
but ionnet wor k.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
13
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

3.
1.1Fl
owchar
tforFor
war
dBackwar
dSweepmet
hod:

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
14
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

3.
2Impl
ici
tZbusGaussMet
hod:

Sunetal .(1980)andChenetal .( 1991)pr oposedaGaussI mplicitmet hodwhi chusesabi -

factori
zedcompl exYadmi ttancemat ri
xbasedonEqui valentCur rentI njecti
on( ECI)andwor ks
wel laslongast hepowercomponent scanbemodel edi nt heY- mat r
ixorcanbeconv ertedi nto
ECI.Thei mplicitZbusmet hod r equirest hef actori
zat ion oft hef ul
lY- busmat r
ix,adv ersely
affecti
ngt heper formancei nt ermsofspeed.Teng( 2000)pr oposedamodi fiedGauss- Siedel
met hod,bybl endi ngt hei mpl i
citZbusmet hodand t heGaussSi edelmet hodt oimpr ov et he
comput ationalef ficiency .Thi smet hodwhi chf actori
zest het hreesubmat r
icesoft heY- mat ri
x
i
nst eadoft hewhol eY- mat ri
x,wor ksef fi
cient
lywi thradi al,weakl ymeshedandl oopednet wor ks.
Goswamiand Basu( 1991)hav ef or mulated al oadf low al gor i
thm bywr i
tingasi mpl el oop
equat i
onandr epr esent ingloadsascompl eximpedances.Thi smet hodwor ksf orbot hbal anced
and unbal anced di stri
but i
on net wor ks and hol ds good f ormeshed di str
ibution networ ks.A
topologicalappr oach( Teng, 2003)hasbeenpr oposedwher et womat ri
cesar edev eloped—t heBus
Inj
ect i
ont oBranchCur rent(BIBC)mat ri
x,andBr anchCur rentt oBusVol t
age( BCBV)mat rix.The
l
oadf l
owsol utioni sobt ainedbyusi ngasi mplemat ri
xmul tipli
cat i
onoft heset womat rices.Thi s
met hodcanal sobeext endedf orweakmeshednet wor ks.

3.
3Di
rectappr
oachmet
hod:

Thi
smet hodcar
ri
esouttheloadflow anal
ysi
sf orRadi
alDi
str
ibut
ionSy
stem underbal
anced
oper
ati
ngcondi
ti
onempl
oyingconst
antpowerloadmodel.

Thi
smet
hodhast
hreei
mpor
tantst
epsl
i
stedbel
ow:

3.
3.1Equi
val
entcur
renti
nject
ion
3.
3.2For
mul
ati
onofBI
BCmat
ri
x
3.
3.3For
mul
ati
onofBCBVmat
ri
x

3.
3.1Equi
val
entcur
renti
nject
ion:

Thi
smet hodbasedonthecurrenti
njecti
on.Atbusi,t
hecomplexpowerSiisspeci
fi
edandt
he
cor
respondi
ngequi
val
entcur
rentinj
ecti
onatthekthi
ter
ati
onoft
hesolut
ioni
scomputedas

Si
=(Pi+j
Qi)i=1,
2……N
I
ik=Ii
r(
vik)
+j(I
ii
)(
Vik)=(
Pi+j
Qi/
vik)
* eq(
3.1)

Wher
e,

Siisthecompl expowerati thbus

Piistherealpowerati t
hbus
Qiisthereactivepowerati t
hbus
Vikisthebusv olt
ageatt hekthiterati
onforithbus
I
ikisequival
entcur r
entinjecti
onatt hekthit
erati
onforit
hbus
I
irandI i
iar
et herealandimagi narypartsoftheequi
valentcur
rent
i
njecti
onatthekt hiter
ati
onf orithbus.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
15
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

3.
3.2For
mul
ati
onofBI
BCMat
ri
x

Fi
g.3.
1Asampl
eRadi
alDi
str
ibut
ionSy
stem

Thesampl eRadialDistri
buti
onSystem (RDS)showni nFig.3.
1wi llbeusedasanexampl e.The
powerinjecti
onscanbeconv er
tedint
ot heequiv
alentcurr
entinjectionsusi
ngeq( 3.
1).Andaset
ofequationscanbe
writ
tenbyappl yi
ngKi r
chhoff’
sCurrentLaw (KCL)tot hedist
ributionnetwork.Then,thebranch
current
scanbef or
mul atedasaf uncti
onoft heequival
entcur rentinj
ecti
ons.Forexample,the
branchcurr sB5,
ent B3andB1canbeexpr essedas,

B5=I
6 eq(
3.2)
B4=I
5 eq(
3.3)
B3=I
4+I
5 eq(
3.4)
B2=I
3+I
4+I
5+I6 eq(
3.5)
B1=I
2+I
3+I4+I
5+I
6 eq(
3.6)

Fur
ther
mor
e,t
heBus-
Inj
ect
iont
oBr
anch-
Cur
r BI
ent( BC)canbeobt
ainedas:

B = BI
BC I

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
16
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

3.
3.2.
1ALGORI
THM FORFORMATI
ONOFBI
BCMATRI
X:

Thepowerinj
ecti
onscanbeconv ert
edtotheequi
val
entcurrentinject
ionandt herel
ati
onship
bet
weent hebus-
cur
renti
njecti
onandbranch-
curr
entinj
ecti
onsar eobt ainedbyKi r
chhoff
’s
Curr
entLaw(KCL)tothedi
st r
ibut
ionnet
work.Thebranchcurrentsaref ormulatedasequival
entof
cur
renti
nject
ion.

St
ep[
1]-Cr
eat
eanul
lmat
ri
xofdi
mensi
onm *(
n-1)

Wher
e,

m =numberofbr
anches.
n=numberofbuses.

Step[
2]-I
fal
i
nesecti
on(Bk)i
slocat weenBusi
edbet andBusj,
copythecol
umnofthei
thbusof
theBI
BCmatri
xtothecol
umnoft hejt
hbusandfi
l
la+1intheposi
ti
onofthekt
hrowandthej
th
buscol
umn.

St
ep[
3]-RepeatPr
ocedur
e(2)unt
ilal
lthel
i
nesect
ionsar
eincl
udedi
ntheBI
BCmat
ri
x.

Thebui
ldingPr
ocedur
eforBI
BCmatr
ixshowni
nFi
g.3.
2,t
heal
gor
it
hm canbeeasi
l
yexpandedt
o
amulti
-phasel
i
nesecti
onorbus.

Fi
g.3.
2BI
BCmat
ri
x

3.
3.3FORMATI
ONOFBCBVMATRI
X:

TheBCBVmat ri
xisresponsi
blefort
herel
ati
onsbet
weenthebr
anchcur
rent
sandbusvolt
ages.
Thecorr
espondi
ngvar i
ati
onofthebusvolt
ages,
whichi
sgener
atedbyt
hevari
ati
onoft
hebranch
cur
rent
s,canbefounddi r
ect
lybyusingt
heBCBV

V2=V1-B1Z12 eq(
3.7)

V3=V2-B2Z23 eq(
3.8)

V4=V3-B3Z34 eq(
3.9)

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
17
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

Byusi
ngeq(
3.7)andeq(
3.8)
,thev
olt
ageofBus4canber
ewr
it
tenas,

V4=V1-
B1Z12-
B2Z23-
B3Z34 eq(
3.10)

From eq(3.10)
,itcanbeseenthatt
hebusv ol
tagecanbeexpressedasafunct
ionofthebr
anch
curr
ents,l
inepar amet
ersandsubstat
ionvolt
age.Simi
larpr
ocedurescanbeut i
li
zedforother
buses,andtheBranch-
Curr
entt
oBusVol t
age(BCBV)matri
xcanbederiv
edasΔ

ΔV = BCBV B

3.
3.3.
1ALGORI
THM FORFORMATI
ONOFBCBVMATRI
X:

St
ep[
1]-Cr
eat
eanul
lmat
ri
xofdi
mensi
on(
n-1)*m

m =numberofbr
anches
n=numberofbuses

Step[2]–I
falinesect
ion(Bk)isl
ocat weenBusiandBusj
edbet ,copytherowofthei
thbusof
theBCBVmatri
xt ot
her owofthej
thbusandfi
l
lthel
i
neimpedance(Zi
j)i
ntheposi
ti
onofthej
th
busrowandthekthcol
umn.

Step[
3]–RepeatPr
ocedur
e(2)unti
lal
lthel
i
nesect
ionsar
eincl
udedi
ntheBCBVmat
ri
xshowni
n
Fi
g.3.
3.
Rewri
ti
ngeq(3.
10)i
nthegener
alfor
m,wehav e

[ BCBV]
ΔV]=[ [B] eq(
3.11)

Thebuil
dingPr
ocedur
eforBCBVmat
ri
xshowni
nFi
g.3.
3,t
heal
gor
it
hm canbeeasi
l
yexpandedt
o
amulti
-phasel
i
nesecti
onorBus.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
18
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

Fi
g.3.
3BCBVmat
ri
x

3.
4Mat
hemat
icalmodel
l
ingofdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem l
oadf
low:

3.
4ALGORI
THM FORDI
STRI
BUTI
ONSYSTEM LOADFLOW:

Abr iefideaofhowbusv olt

agescanbeobtai
nedforaradi
alsy
stem i
sgiv
enbel
ow,
1.I
nputdat a.
2.For mt heBIBCmat r
ix.
3.For mt heBCBVmat rix
4.For mt heDLFmat ri
x.
5.I
t eratonk=0.
i
6.I
t eratonk=k+1.
i
7.Sol vetheequati
onsiterati
vel
yandupdat
ev ol
tagesIi
k=(Pi
+Qi)/Vi*
[Vk+1]=[ DLF][
Ik]
IfI
ik+1–I i
k>tol
erance,got ost
ep(6)el
sepri
ntresul
t.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
19
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

3.
4Mat
hemat
icalmodel
l
ingofdi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem l
oadf
low:

Consi
derasi
mpl
e2-
bussy
stem

Fi
g.3.
4El
ect
ri
cal
equi
val
entoft
ypi
cal
branch-
1

Fr
om Fi
g.3.
1cur
rentt
hrought
hebr
anch-
1isgi
venby

I
1=|
V1|δ1-|V2|
∠δ2 (R1+JX1) eq(
3.12)
=(
P2-jQ2)/V2∠δ2eq(2.
13)

Fr
om t
heabov
ecur
rentequat
ions(
3.12)and(
3.13)

Vol
tageofj
hb
t usi
s:Vj=[
1/2[
bj
+(bj
2-4cj
) 2]
1/ eq(
3.14)

bj=2(
RjPi
+Xj
Qi-
0.5|
Vi1|
- 2) eq(
3.15)

cj=(
Pi2+Qi
2)(
Rj2+Xj
2) eq(
3.16)

Act
ivepowerl
oss:Pl =Rj
ossj (Pi
2+Qi
2)/|
Vi+1|
2 eq(
3.17)

React
ivepowerl
oss:Ql =Xj
ossj (Pi
2+Qi
2)/
|Vi|
2Tpl eq(
3.18)

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
20
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

CHAPTER4

ADVANCEDADAPTI
VEDI
FFERENTI
ALEVOLUTI
ONALGORI
THM

4.
1Adv
ancedadapt
ivedi
ff
erent
ialev
olut
ional
gor
it
hm:

Inapowersy stem,lossesmai nl
yoccursatthedist
ri
butionsy stem duetot heconsumerl oads.
Thel ossescanbemi nimized byusing net
workreconfigurati
on,DG placementand al so by
simultaneousnetwor kreconfigur
ati
onandDGpl acement.Bothl ocat
ionandpl acementoftheDG
areopt imizedbyt heal gori
thm.Lossmi nimi
zati
onbyonl yreconfi
gurat
ionoft henetworksis
perf
ormedi nmanyl i
ter
atures.Therear
emanyt ypesofal
gor i
thmsusedf orplacementofDG’ sand
forr
econf i
gurat
ion.Theyar e:

4.
1.1 Fi
reworksalgor
it
hm (FWA)
4.
1.2 Adapti
vecuckoosearchalgor
it
hm
4.
1.3 Unif
ormv ol
tagedist
ri
but
ionbasedconst
ruct
iver
econf
igur
ati
onal
gor
it
hm (
UVDA)

4.
1.1Fi
rewor
ksal
gor
it
hm:

Anew ef f
icientmet hodt osolvet henet wor kreconfigurati
onwi t
hanobj ecti
veofi mpr ov
ing
powerl ossmi nimizat i
onandv oltagepr ofil
eoft hedi stri
buti
onsy st
em.Met a-
heuri
sticsarea
new typeofal gori
thm.TheFi rewor ksAlgor i
thm (FWA)i sproposedasawayt oopt i
miset he
radialdist
ributionnet workwhilekeepi ngt heoper ati
ngr estri
cti
onsinmi nd.FWAi sanewl y
createdswar mi ntell
igence-
basedopt imizati
onmet hodt hatisinspi
redbyt hesearchf orthe
bestposi t
ionofspar ksinafir
ewor ksdi splay.Thepr oblem ofnetworkreconfi
gurat
ioncanbe
expressedasadi f
ficultcombinatorialoptimizat
ionpr oblem.

Dr
awback:

1.I
thassl
owconv
ergencespeedandl
owaccur
acy
.

4.
1.2Adapt
ivecuckoosear
chal
gor
it
hm:

Anewmet hodologyf oropt i

misingnet wor ktopol
ogyandDGi nstall
ati
onindi stri
buti
onnet works
witht hegoalofl oweri
ngr ealpowerl ossandi mprov
ingv ol
tagest abil
it
y.Amet a-heur
isti
ccuckoo
sear chalgorithm (CSA)i sbasedonsomecuckoospeci es' obli
gat ebroodpar asiti
sm,wher ethey
l
ayt heireggsi nthenest sofot herbirdsi sadaptedtoreconfigureandf indthei deallocationand
sizeofDGuni t
si nadi str
ibuti
onnet wor kwhi l
econcurrentl
ysol vingoptimizati
onconcer ns.The
grapht heor yisusedt odet erminethesear chspacewhichr educesi nfeasi
blenet workconf i
gures
ofr econfigurati
onpr ocessandcheckt her adi
alconst
raintofeachconf i
gurationofdi stri
bution
networ k.Thepr oposedmet hod'seffectivenesshasbeent estedi nsevendifferentscenariosusi ng
threedi f
ferentdistri
buti
onnet wor ksystems.

Dr
awback:

1.I
nthi
sther
eisar
elat
ivel
ypoorexpl
oit
ati
oncapabi
l
ity
.
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
21
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

4.
1.3Uni
for
mvol
tagedi
str
ibut
ionbasedconst
ruct
iver
econf
igur
ati
on:

.Forsimult
aneousr econf i
gurationandDGsi ti
ngandscal i
ng,aheur i
sticsolut
ioni ssuggested
based on the "uniform v olt
age distr
ibut
ion based constr
uct
iver econfi
gurat i
on algori
thm"
(UVDA) .
The resul
ts obt ai
ned f rom the appl
ication ofThe r
obust ness oft he contri
buted
techniquei
sdemonst ratedbyt heproposedmet hodont wowell-knowndi str
ibuti
onnet works
andagenui nenetwor k..Also,thismethodisapplicabl
etoreall
arge-scaledist
ributi
onsy st
ems
tofindtheoptimalsolutioninav er
yshortperi
odoft i
me.

Dr
awback:

1.Byr
econf
igur
ati
ont
her
eal
powerl
ossesmi
nimi
zedar
elesswi
thot
heral
gor
it
hms.

4.
2Adv
ancedadapt
ivedi
ff
erent
ialev
olut
ional
gor
it
hm (
L-SHADE)
:

L-SHADEal gorit
hm, awell-
establishedopt imizati
onalgorit
hm fortheconstrai
ned,mul ti
modalnon-
l
inearpr oblems.L- SHADE i mpr oves the per formance ofsuccess hi story based adapt i
v e
differentialevoluti
on(SHADE)wi thprogressivelinearreducti
onofpopul at
ionsize.Theal gor
it
hm
per formed bestamong non- hy brid al
gorithmsf ortheopt imi
zati
on ofr ealpar ametersingle-
object i
v ef uncti
oni n CEC 2014 compet iti
on.L- SHADE hassuccessf ull
ybeen appl ied tothe
probl emsofdi scret
el ocati
on opt imization ofwi nd turbi
nesin awi nd farm,t otalharmoni c
distor t
ionmi nimizati
oninmul ti
lev eli
nvert
er sandhy bri
dact i
vepowerfil
terparamet eropti
mizati
on
mi nimizat i
on ofpowerl ossi nt hedi st
ributi
onnet wor kissetast heobj ecti
vewi thopt i
mal
reconf igurati
onandDGal l
ocation.Theal gorit
hm simul t
aneousl
yopt i
mizesDGsi zeandl ocati
on
(busno. )andr econfi
guresthenet work.

4.
2.1Mat
hemat
icalf
ormul
ati
on:

Theai m ofthisalgori
thm i
stodecideopt
imalr
econfi
gurat
ional
ongwi
thDGall
ocat
ioni
ntheradi
al
dist
ributi
on net work.The appr oach t
o maintai
nt he radi
alnat
ure of t
he net
work aft
er
reconfigur
ationandpowerf lowequati
onsar
edescri
bedbelow.

4.
2.1.
1Net
workreconf
igurat
ion
4.
2.1.
2Powerf
lowequations

4.
2.1.
1Net
wor
kreconf
igur
ati
on:

Fig.4. 1 show t he base conf i

gurations for15- bus sy st
ems r especti
vely wit
h dot ted li
nes
represent i
ngnor mal l
yopent i
eswi t
ches.Nodes( buses)arenumber edwithi
nt hecir
cles.Asaf ir
st
stept oapplytheal gori
thm foroptimalr econfi
gurat i
on,allsecti
onali
zingandt ieswitchesoft he
net wor kareclosed.Certainloopsint henetwor karef or
medasar esul
tofthisprocess, whichare
l
abel l
edLoop1t hroughLoop5i nthedi agrams.Tor et
ainther adi
alnatureofthenet work, anyone
swi tch( ei
thertyingorsect i
onali
zi
ng)i nthel oopist henopened.Theswi t
chmustbeuni quefor
eachl oopandopeni ngoft heswi tchshoul dnoti solat
eanynode( bus)int henet wor k.The
algor i
thm per f
ormssev eralit
erat
ionst ocomeupwi t
ht heswi t
chnumber s,openingofwhi ch
mi nimizes the powerl oss.Itmustbe not ed thatt his operati
on and allocat
ion ofDG ar e
simul taneous.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
22
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

Fi
g.4.
1Baseconf
igur
ati
onofI
EEE-
15busdi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
k.

4.
2.1.
2Powerf
lowf
ormul
ati
on:

Fi
g.4.
2repr
esentssi
ngl
elinediagram ofaradi
alf
eederconf
igurat
ion.Comput
ati
onofpowerflow
i
sperf
ormedusingasetofrecursi
veequati
onsonacti
vepower ,
reacti
vepowerandbusvol
tages.

Consi
derasi
mpl
e2-
bussy
stem

Fi
g.4.
2El
ect
ri
cal
equi
val
entoft
ypi
cal
branch-
1

Fr
om Fi
g.3.
1cur
rentt
hrought
hebr
anch-
1isgi
venby

I
1=|V1|
∠δ1-|V2|
∠δ2 (
R1+J
X1) eq(
4.1)
=(
P2-jQ2)/V2∠δ2 eq(4.
2)
Fr
om t
heabov
ecur
renteq(
4.1)andeq(
4.2)

Vol
tageofj
hb
t usi
s:Vj=[
1/2[
bj
+(bj
2-4cj
) 2]
1/ ]
1/
2 eq(
4.3)

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
23
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
bj=2(RjPi+XjQi
-0.
5|Vi
-1|
2) eq(
4.4)
cj=(Pi
2+ Qi2)
(Rj
2+Xj
2) eq(
4.5)

Act
ivepowerl
oss:Pl =Rj
ossj (Pi
2+Qi
2)/
|Vi+1|
2 eq(
4.6)

React
ivepowerl
oss:Ql =Xj
ossj (Pi
2+Qi
2)/
|Vi|
2Tpl eq(
4.7)

Tot
alPowerLoss(
TPL)=ΣPl
ossj −1 =1 eq(
4.8)

Tot
alReact
ivepowerLoss(
TQL)=ΣQl
ossj −1 =1 eq(
4.9)

Wher
e, Rji
sResistanceofjthbus.
XjisReactanceofjhb
t us.
Piisacti
vepowerofi thbus.
Qi i
sreacti
vepowerofi thbus.
nnistotalnumberofnodes

4.
3Appl
i
cat
ionofL-
SHADEal
gor
it
hm:

Dur i
ngt helastdecade, Di
fferent
ialevoluti
on(DE)ev olvedasanef fi
cientandpower fulpopulat
ion-
basedst ochasti
csear cht echniquef orsolvingopt imizat
ionpr oblemsov ercontinuoussear ch
spaces.Ast heperformanceofconv entionalDEi shighlydependentont hesett
ingsoft hescaling
factor(F),thecrossov errate(CR) ,t
hepopul ati
onsi ze( Np),andthechosenmut ation/
crossover
strategi
es,differ
entideashav ebeenpr oposed.InL- SHADE,t hecont rolpar
amet ersFandCRar e
adapt eddur i
ngev ol
uti
onbasedonsuccesshi storyoft heparamet ers.Asaf urt
heri mprovement,
i
naddi t
iontoFandCR, contr
olpar ameterpopulationsize( Np)isreducedl i
nearl
yov ersuccessive
gener at
ionsinL-SHADE.

4.
3.1I
nit
ial
i
zat
ion:

Thepr ocessofDEstar
tswithanini
t i
alpopul
ati
on(Npv ect
orswithddimensi
ons)ofrandoml
y
generatedcandi
dat
esolut
ionswit
hinthesearchspacespecifi
edbylowerandupperbounds.I
n
thepopulati
on,t
hej
thcomponentoftheit
hdecisi
onvect
orisini
ti
ali
zed

Xi
,
j(0)=xmi
n,
j+r
andi
,
j[
0,1](
xmax,
j–xmi
n,
j) eq(
4.10)

Wher
ei =1toNpandj =1t
od.r
andi
,
j[
0,1]i
sar
andom numberbet
ween0and1andsuper
scr
ipt‘
0’
si
gni
fi
esini
ti
ali
zat
ion.

4.
3.2Mut
ati
on:

Afterini
ti
ali
zati
on,corr
espondingtoeachmemberi nthepopulati
onrefer
redtoast ar
getvector
xi(
t),adonor/mutantvect
orvi(t)i
sgenerat
edatcurr
entgener
ationtthr
oughmut at
ionoper
ation.
Inthecurrentwork,t
hemut at
ionstrat
egyadopt
edisref
err
edas‘curr
ent-
t pbest
o- /1’:

Vi(
t)=xi
(t
)+Fi
(t
)(xpbest
(t)–xi
(t
))+Fi
(t
)(x
R1i
(t
)–xR2i
(t
)) eq
(4.
11)

TheindicesR1i&R2iar erandoml yselectedfrom therange[ 1,Np]andaremut ual

lyexcl
usi
ve;
xpbest
(t)ischosenf r
om thet opNp*p( p€[ 01])indivi
dualsofcurr
entgener
ati
on.Thescali
ng
fact
orFi(t
)isaposi t
ivecontr
olpar ameterforscal
ingthediffer
encevect
orscor
respondingtot
he
i
thindiv
idualatt hett
hgener ati
on.Ifanel ementv i
,j
(t
)oft hemutantvectorf
ail
st osati
sfyt
he
boundarycondit
ionsspecif
iedby( xmax,
j –xmin,j
),i
tiscorr
ectedas:
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
24
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
Vi
,
j(t
)=(xmin,
j+xi
,j
(t))/2ifv
i,
j(
t)<xmi
n,
j
(
xmax,j
+xi,
j
(t))/2ifvi
,j
(t
)>xmax,
j eq(
4.12)

4.
3.3Par
amet
erAdapt
ati
on:

Atagi
vengenerat
iont
,eachindiv
idualgeneratesanewt r
ial(
off
spr
ing)v
ect
orwi
thi
tsassoci
ated
par
ameter
sFi(
t)andCRi(
t)whichareadapt edusing
Fi(
t)=randC( μFr(t
),0.1) eq(4.
13)
CRi
(t)=randn( μCRr(t
),0.1) eq(
4.14)

whererandn(μCRr (
t),0.1)&r andC(μFr(t
),0.1)aresampl edv aluesfrom NormalandCauchy
dist
ri
buti
onswithmeanμCRr (t
)andlocati
onparameterμFr(t
),respecti
vel
y .Thevalue0.1signi
fi
es
vari
anceandscal eparameterforthecorrespondi
ngdistr
ibutions.μFr(
t)&μCRr (t)arerandomly
chosenfrom t
hememor ywherethescalefactor
sandcrossov erratesofsuccessfulcandi
datesof
previ
ousgenerat
ionsarestored.Thesetwov al
uesarei
nit
iali
zedt o0.5.

4.
3.4Cr
ossov
er:

Inthecr
ossoveroper
ati
on,donorv
ectorvi(
t)combinesitsel
ementswiththetargetvect
orxi
( t
)to
for
m the tr
ial
/of
fspr
ing v
ectorui
(t)= (ui,
1(t),ui,
2(t
),……. .
,ui,
d(t
)) .Binomialcrossoveris
commonlyadoptedtooperat
eoneachv ari
able.Thebi
nomialcr
ossoverwithcrossov
errateCRi(t
)
i
sexpressedas

Ui,
j
(t)=vi,
j
(t)i
fj=k(or)r
andi
,j
[0,
1]≤CRi
(t
)
Xi,
j
(t)ot
herwise eq(4.
15)
wher
eKi
sanyr
andomlychosennaturalnumberi
nt her
ange[1,
d], edi
wher sthedimensi
onoft
he
pr
obl
em.

4.
3.5Sel
ect
ion:

Select
ionpr
ocessdet
ermi
nesift
hetri
al(
off
spr
ing)v
ect
orisgoi
ngt
orepl
acet
het
argetv
ect
orat
nextgener
ati
ont+1byper
for
mingthef
oll
owi
ngcompari
son:

Xi
(t
+1)=ui(t
)iff(
ui(
t))≤f(
xi(
t))
Xi(
t)other
wise eq(
4.16)
Wheref
(.
)istheobjecti
vefuncti
ont
obemi
nimi
zed.

4.
3.6Li
nearpopul
ati
onsi
zer
educt
ion(
LPSR)
:

Theachi ev
ementofSHADEt hatemployssuccesshistor
ybasedadapt ati
ont echni
queofscal ing
factorFandcr ossov err
ateCR.I naddi
ti
on,ithasbeenalsodiscoveredthatdy nami
cr educti
onof
populat
ionsize( Np)acceleratestheperfor
manceofSHADE.Ther efore,L-SHADEwaspr oposed
wher ethe popul ati
on i
sr educed overgener at
ion and t
he size ofpopul ati
on r
eductions is
determinedbyal inearf
uncti
ongi veni
neq( 4.17).Af
tereachgenerati
ont ,thepopulati
onsi zein
thenextgenerationt +1i
scalculat
edby–

Np(
t+1)=r
ound[
((
Npmi
n–Npi
ni)/NFEmax)NFE+Npi
ni] eq(
4.17)

Npminissetto4becauset hesel
ectedmut at
ionst r
ategyrequir
esmi ni
mum 4indi
vi
duals.Npinii
s
thei
nit
ial
lyselectedpopulat i
onsizewhi eNFEmaxandNFEar
l ethemaximum numberoff it
ness
eval
uati
onsandcur rentnumberoff i
tnessevaluati
ons,respecti
vel
y.IfNp(
t+1)<Np(t
),at ot
alof
[
Np(t)–Np(t+1)]worstindi
vi
dualsaredelet
edfr
om t hepopulat
ion.
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
25
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

4.
3.6.
1Inputandi
nit
ial
izat
ion:

1.I
nputNpi ni,NFEmax
2.Defi
nev ectorxandrangeofalli
tsel
ements.
3.Creat
er andom ini
ti
alpopul
ati
onofNpinisuchvect
orsdef
inedasxiaspereq(4.10)
.
4.Setgener at
ioncountert=0,dynamicpopulat
ionsi
zeNp(t)=Npini,ev
aluat
ioncount
erNFE=1
andcontrolpar amet
ersμFr(
0)=μCRr(0)=0.5

4.
3.6.
2Al
gor
it
hm l
oop:

1.Evaluatef( xi(t)),i.
e.Tpl ossaspereq( 4.8)forxi(t
)wher ei=1t oNp.I ncr
easecount erNFEby
Npi.e.NFE=NFE+Np.
2.Whi l
et ermi
nat ioncr iteri
aNFE<NFEmaxdo
3.Fori =1t oNpdo
4.Adaptcont rol par amet ersFi (
t)andCRi (t)aspereq( 4.13)&eq( 4.14).
5.Perform mut ationt ogener atevect
orv i
(t)aspereq( 4.11).
6.Perform crossov ertogener ateel
ementui ,j
(t)
aspereq( 4.
15).
7.Evaluat ef(ui(t))i .
e.Tpl ossaspereq( 4. 8)forui
(t
).I ncr
easeev aluati
oncount erNFEby1i.e.
NFE=NFE+1.
8.Selectbestf i
ti ndi v
idualsf ornextgeneration.If
,f(
ui(t))≤f(xi
(t)
)*xi(t)=ui(
t).Elsexi(
t+1)=xi
(t
).
Endf orloop.
9.Updat epopul ationsi zefornextgener ati
onNp( t
+1)asperLPSRst rategyineq( 4.17).
10.i
ncreasegener at i
oncount ert=t+1.Got ost ep2ofal gori
thm l
oop.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
26
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

CHAPTER5

APPENDI
X

5.
1Reconf
igur
ati
onr
esul
ts:

Funct
ion=1, Dimensionsize=5
Fi
rstrun,best-so-f
arerr
orv al
ue=1. 206985252341844e+03
Meaner rorvalue=1.206985252341844e+03, std=0.00000000e+00
MATPOWERVer si
on7.0,20-Jun-2019--ACPowerFlow( Newton)
Newton'smet hodpowerf low( powerbalance,
polar
)convergedin3it
erat
ions.
Convergedin0. 01seconds.

5.
2Sy
stem summar
y:
Howmany? Howmuch? P(
MW) Q(
MVAr
)
Buses 15 Tot
alGenCapaci
ty 0.
0 0.
0to0.
0
Gener
ator
s 1 Onel
i
necapaci
ty 0.
0 0.
0to0.
0
Commi
tt
edGens 1 Gener
ati
on(
act
ual
) - -
Loads 14 Load - -
Fi
xed 14 Fi
xed - -
Di
spat
chabl
e 0 Di
spat
chabl
e -
0.0t
o-0.
0 -
0.0
Shunt
s 0 Shunt
(i
nj) -
0.0 0.
0
Br
anches 19 Losses(
i^2*
Z) 0. 0.
Tr
ansf
ormer
s 0 Br
anchchar
ging - 0.
0
I
nter
-t
ies 0 Tot
ali
nter
-t
ief
low 0.
0 0.
0
Ar
eas 1 - -

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
27
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

5.
3BUSDATA:

Bus_i t
ype Pd Qd Gs Bs Vm Base Vmax Vmi
n
KV
1 3 0.
0000 0.
0000 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
2 1 0.
1000 0.
0600 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
3 1 0.
0900 0.
0400 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
4 1 0.
1200 0.
0800 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
5 1 0.
0600 0.
0300 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
6 1 0.
0600 0.
0200 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
7 1 0.
2000 0.
1000 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
8 1 0.
2000 0.
1000 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
9 1 0.
0600 0.
0200 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
10 1 0.
0600 0.
0200 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
11 1 0.
0450 0.
0300 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
12 1 0.
0600 0.
0350 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
13 1 0.
0600 0.
0350 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
14 1 0.
1200 0.
0800 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90
15 1 0.
1200 0.
0800 0 0 1.
00 12.
66 1.
00 0.
90

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
28
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
4BRANCHDATA:
5.
f
_bu t
_bu r x B Rat
e Rat
e Rat
e r
ati angl st
atu Angl
i angma
s s A B C o e s n x
1 2 1.
3530 1.
3530 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
9 9
2 3 1.
1702 1.
1702 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
4 4
3 4 0.
8411 0.
8411 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
1 1
4 5 1.
5234 1.
5234 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
8 8
2 6 2.
5572 2.
5572 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
7 7
6 7 1.
0882 1.
0882 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
0 0
6 8 1.
2514 1.
2514 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
3 3
2 9 2.
0131 2.
0131 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
7 7
9 10 1.
6867 1.
6867 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
1 1
3 11 1.
7955 1.
7955 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
3 3
11 12 2.
4484 2.
4484 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
5 5
12 13 2.
0131 2.
0131 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
7 7
4 14 2.
2308 2.
2308 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
1 1
4 15 1.
1970 1.
1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
2 2
7 4 0.
5910 0.
5260 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
0
8 3 0.
5910 0.
5260 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
0
10 12 0.
5910 0.
5260 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
0
13 15 0.
5910 0.
5260 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
0
14 5 0.
5910 0.
5260 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -
360 360
Depar
tmentofEl
ect
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andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
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“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
0

5.
5Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsof15busdi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
k:

Sl
.no Bestv
oltage(
p.u)bef
ore Bestv
oltage(
p.u)af
ter
Reconfi
gurat
ion Reconfi
gurat
ion
1 1 1
2 0.
9690 0.
9864
3 0.
9442 0.
9765
4 0.
8945 0.
9708
5 0.
8902 0.
9668
6 0.
9157 0.
9710
7 0.
9012 0.
9702
8 0.
9333 0.
9731
9 0.
8779 0.
9555
10 0.
8793 0.
9568
11 0.
9430 0.
9753
12 0.
8804 0.
9578
13 0.
8857 0.
9627
14 0.
8889 0.
9656
15 0.
8879 0.
9647

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
30
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

5.
6Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsofDGpl
acementout
put
:

SL.
NO
1 Best_
syst
em_
funct
ion_
fit
ness_
var
iabl
e 1.
206985252341844e+03
2 Br
anchest
oswi
tchedof
f 3 5 8 11 13
3 Mi
nimum v
olt
agebef
oreDGaddi
ti
on 0.
8779.p.
u.
4 Mi
nimum v
olt
ageaf
terDGaddi
ti
on 0.
9555p.
u.
5 Act
ivepowerl
ossbef
oreDGaddi
ti
on 20599.
0142KW
6 Act
ivepowerl
ossaf
terDGaddi
ti
on 1206.
9853KW
7 Posi
ti
onofGener
atoronbus 12
8 Posi
ti
onofGener
atoronbus 7
9 Posi
ti
onofGener
atoronbus 7
10 Rat
ingofGener
ator 759.
93KW
11 Rat
ingofGener
ator 623.
25KW
12 Rat
ingofGener
ator 1116.
82KW

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
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cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
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ing
31
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
5.
7Reconf
igur
ati
onout
put
:

Fi
g:5.
7Reconf
igur
ati
onout
put

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
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cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
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ing
32
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”
5.
7.1Si
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsofDGandReconf
igur
ati
on:
Best
_sy
stem_
funct
ion_
fit
ness_
var
iabl
e=1.
206985252341844e+03
Br
anchest
oswi
tchedof
f
3 5 8 11 13
Mi
nimum v
olt
agewi
thonl
yreconf
igur
ati
on0.
8779p.
u.
Mi
nimum v
olt
agewi
thr
econf
igur
ati
onandDG0.
955p.
u.
Act
ivepowerl
osswi
thonl
yreconf
igur
ati
on20599.
0142KW
Act
ivepowerl
osswi
thr
econf
igur
ati
onandDG1206.
9853KW
Posi
ti
onofGener
atoronbus12
Posi
ti
onofGener
atoronbus7
Posi
ti
onofGener
atoronbus7
Rat
ingofGener
ator759.
93KW
Rat
ingofGener
ator623.
25KW
Rat
ingofGener
ator1116.
82KW
El
apsedt
imei
s15.
327534Seconds.

5.
7.2Compar
ati
veanal
ysi
s
Resul
tsofL-
SHADEAl
gor
it
hm wi
thGenet
icAl
gor
it
hm

Net
wor
k Case Case Par
amet
ers Al
gor
it
hms
no descr
ipt
ion

L-
SHADE GA

Si
mul
taneous Open 3581113
swi
tches
15 1 reconf
igur
ati
on Real
power 1206.
98530 35.
619
l
oss(kW)
onandDG
Al
l
ocat
ion Min.bus 0.
9555
vol
tage.p.u
DGsi
zesi
n 759.
93 0.
0131
kW
623.
25 0.
0002
1116.
82 0.
0000

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
33
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

Thef itnessv al
uesar eusedt or at
et hesoluti
onsf orGA.Thepar entsar echosenbasedon
probabi l
i
tyt hatf avourpeople who are mor e phy
sicalf i
t.The crossoverpr ocessgener at
es
offspri
ngwi t
hpi ecesf r
om bothpar ents,andt hesolut
ionsar emor elikelyt obecompar able.
Basedont hi
sobser vati
on,GAtendst ogener at
esoluti
onst hataremor elikelytoclusterar
ound
sev er
al“ good”sol uti
onsi nthepopulation.Thediversi
ficati
onaspectofGA i saccompl i
shed
throught hemut ationoperat
ionthati
njectssome“ di
ff
erence”intothesolutionsfrom ti
met oti
me.
Becauseoft herequi r
edsorti
ng,theti
mei ttakesGAt osolveapr obl
em gr owsnon- l
inearl
yasthe
populationsizegr ows.
DE,likePSO,i sbasedonf l
oatingpoi ntari
thmeti
c;thepopulat
ion'
sexpl orat
ionabili
tymaybe
equi
v al
ent,butdi
versi
tyi
sbetterbecauset hebestsolut
ioninDEi sthebestsol ut
ioninPSO.the
populat
iondoesnotexertanyinfluenceont heothersol
uti
onsinthepopul at
ion.Furt
hermore,t
he
mutantv ectori
salwaysasolutiont hatisnotf r
om theorigi
nalpopulati
on;thus,thecrossover
operati
oni nDEi salwaysbetweenapopul at
ionsolut
ionandamut antvector. andanewl y
generatedone.
Asthesear chprogresses,thesolutionsforanyevol
utionar
ymet hodbegintoclusterar
oundone
ormor e“good”solutions.Thisclusteri
ngcanbev i
ewedasapopul at
ion'
sconvergenceonasi ngl
e
sol
ution.Ifthepopulat i
oncluster
sr apidl
y,i
tispossi
blethatthepopulat
ionwil
lbecomest agnant,
makingf urt
heri
mpr ov ementlesslikely
.

5.
7.3Ef
fectofr
e-i
nit
ial
izat
ion:
I
nGA,thecluster
ingislessobv i
ous,butiti
softenfoundt hatthetoppar
tofthepopulati
onmay
l
ooksi
mi l
ar,andthatre-ini
tial
i
zationcanalsoinjectrandomnessintothepopulat
iontoimpr
ove
t
hedi
versi
ty.InDE,t
hecl usteri
ngistheleastandre-i
nit
ial
izat
ionhasthel
eastef
fectforDE.

GA DE
Requi
rer
anki
ngofsol
uti
on Yes No
I
nfl
uenceofpopul
ati
onsi
zeonsol
uti
ont
ime Exponent
ial Li
near
I
nfl
uenceofbestsol
uti
ononpopul
ati
on Medi
um Less
Av
eragef
it
nesscannotgetwor
se Fal
se Tr
ue
Cont
inui
tyofsear
chspace Less Mor
e
Abi
l
ityt
oreachgoodsol
uti
onwi
thoutl
ocal
sear
ch Less Mor
e

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
34
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

5.
7.4Resul
tsofGenet
icAl
gor
it
hm:

PowerLosseswi
thoutDG=
4.
3834
St
abi
l
ityI
ndexwi
thoutDG=
2.
3390
DGLocat
ion=
14 1 10
DGuni
tsi
ze=
0.
0131 0.
0002 0.
0000 0.
0010
PowerLosseswi
thDG=
3.
5619
St
abi
l
ityI
ndexwi
thDG=
1.
2490

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
35
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

CHAPTER6

6.
1CONCLUSI
ON
Thel
ossesi
nthedi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
kar
emi
nimi
zedbypr
opernet
wor
kreconf
igur
ati
onand
al
l
ocat
ionofDG’
s.Byt
henet
wor
kreconf
igur
ati
ont
her
eisar
educt
ioni
npowerl
oss,t
hev
olt
age
pr
ofi
l
eisi
mpr
oved.Sucht
hatt
her
eisabal
anceofsy
stem l
oadandi
ncr
easedr
eli
abi
l
ity
.The
pr
opersi
zeofDGgi
vest
heposi
ti
vebenef
it
sint
hedi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem l
i
kel
ossr
educt
ion,
greener
env
ironment
,impr
ovedut
il
it
yoft
hesy
stem,r
eli
abi
l
ity
,impr
ovedpowerqual
i
ty,t
ransmi
ssi
onand
di
str
ibut
ioncapaci
tyi
ncr
ease.Byusi
ngL-
SHADEal
gor
it
hm t
heopt
imall
ocat
ionofDG’
scanbe
i
dent
if
ied.L-
SHADEal
gor
it
hm si
mul
taneousl
yopt
imi
zesDGsi
zeandl
ocat
ionandr
econf
igur
est
he
net
wor
k.Appl
i
cat
ionofL-
SHADEal
gor
it
hm i
susef
ulf
oropt
imi
zat
ionofsi
mul
taneousdi
scr
eteand
cont
inuousv
ari
abl
esi
nar
eal
-wor
ldpr
obl
em ofdi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
k.Wi
thsel
ect
ionofmor
e
appr
opr
iat
enet
wor
kswi
tchesf
oropeni
ng,wi
thl
i
ttl
ereshuf
fl
eofDG l
ocat
ion,andwi
thmor
e
accur
atedi
str
ibut
ionofDGcapaci
ty,L-
SHADEachi
evest
hel
owestr
ealpowerl
ossi
nanyst
udy
case among equi
val
ental
gor
it
hms.Lower
ing l
oss by any mar
gini
s bot
htechni
cal
l
y and
commer
cial
l
ybenef
ici
al.TheL-
SHADEal
gor
it
hm i
shi
ghl
yef
fi
cientandpr
oduct
ivei
nfi
ndi
ngmost
opt
imal
sol
uti
onsf
ort
hesi
ngl
eobj
ect
iveopt
imi
zat
ionpr
obl
em.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
36
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

6.
2 FUTURESCOPEOFTHEPROJECT

Thel
ossesi
nthedi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
kar
emi
nimi
zedbyt
hepr
opernet
wor
kreconf
igur
ati
onand
al
l
ocat
ionofdi
str
ibut
edgener
ator
s.Byr
econf
igur
ati
onandal
l
ocat
ionofdi
str
ibut
edgener
ator
s
t
hel
ossesar
emi
nimi
zedt
ocer
tai
namount
.Byt
hehel
pofL-
SHADEal
gor
it
hm t
heopt
imum
l
ocat
ion ofDG can be i
dent
if
ied.Byt
he addi
ti
on ofr
eact
ive compensat
orsi
n addi
ti
on t
o
r
econf
igur
ati
on and al
l
ocat
ion ofDG’
s hel
ps i
nreduci
ng l
osses i
nthe di
str
ibut
ion sy
stem.
Appl
i
cat
ionoft
heal
gor
it
hm onal
argernet
wor
kwi
thhi
ghernumberofbusesandonanet
wor
k
wi
thaddedVARcompensat
orsi
sthef
utur
escopeoft
hepr
oject
.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
37
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

6.
3BI
BLI
OGRAPHY:

• Tanabe,Ryoj
i,and Alex Fukunaga.“Success-
history based par
ameteradapti
on f
or
di
ffer
ent
ial
evolut
ion.
”2013I
EEEcongressonEv ol
utionaryComputati
on.
IEEE,
2013.
• SaeedHasanv and,Maji
dNay
eri
pour,
“Anewdist
ri
but
ionpowersystem pl
anni
ngapproach
fordispersedgenerat
ionswi
thr
espectt
orel
i
abil
it
yassessment
”,Journal
ofRenewableand
sustainableenergy
.

• ht
tps:
//www.
hindawi
.com/
jour
nal
s/j
e/2013/
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• ht
tps:
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out
u.be/
T71n_
3Wb03o

• SayedAmi rHOSSEINI
,
1SeyedSi
avashKari
miMADAHI
,“Opti
malsi
zi
ngandsi
ti
ngdisper
sed
generati
onresour
cesusi
ngamult
iobj
ect
iveal
gor
it
hm”
,Turki
shJour
nal
ofEl
ectr
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Engineer
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• “Opt
imalPl
acementofDist
ribut
edGener
ati
onsinRadi
alDi
str
ibuti
onSyst
emsUsing
Vari
ousPSOandDEAl gori
thms”H.Manafi
1,N.Ghadi
mi2,
M.Oj ar
oudi
2,P.Far
hadi
3

• QinA.Kai
,V.L.
HunagandP.N.Sugant
han.“
Diff
erenti
alevolut
ional
gori
thm wi
thst
rat
egy
adapt
ionforgl
obalnumer
ical
opt
imi
zati
on.
”IEEEtransact
ionsonEvolut
ionar
y
computat
ion2019.

• ht
tps:
//y
out
u.be/
sYsObTxRqnE

• Part
haPBi swas,
RMal l
ipeddi
,“Opt
imal
reconf
igurat
ionanddi
str
ibutedgener
ator
al
locat
ionindi
str
ibut
ionnetworkusi
nganadvancedadapti
vedi
fferent
ial
evol
ution.
”IEEE
tr
ansacti
on.

• Flai
h,F.M. ,Xiangni
ng,L.,Dawoud,S.M. ,& Mohammed,M.A."Di st
ribut
ionsyst
em
reconfigur
ation forpowerl oss mini
mization and vol
tage pr
ofi
leimprovementusing
Modi f
ied par t
icl
e swarm opt i
mizati ,Powerand Ener
on" gy Engi
neer
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(APPEEC) ,I
EEEPESAsi a-Pacif
ic,
pp.120-124,Dec.2016.
• Ayodele,T.R.
,A.S.O.Ogunj uyi
gbe,andO.O.Akinol
a." Opt
imalLocati
on,Si
zi
ng,and
Appropri
ateTechnol
ogySelecti
onofDi st
ri
but
edGeneratorsforMini
mizi
ngPowerLoss
UsingGeneti
cAlgori
thm"
,JournalofRenewabl
eEner
gy,Sep.2015.
• Naveen,S.,K.Sathi
shKumar,
andK.Rajalakshmi."Di
str
ibut
ionsy st
em reconf
igur
ationfor
l
ossmi nimizati
onusingmodi
fi
edbact
erialforagi
ngopt i
mizati
onalgori
thm",I
nternati
onal
JournalofElect
ri
calPower&Ener
gySystems, vol
.69,pp.90-97,Jul
.2015.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
andEl
ect
roni
csEngi
neer
ing
38
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ityi
mpr
ovementondi
str
ibut
ionsi
debyopt
imal
sit
ti
ngandsi
zi
ngofdi
sper
segener
ati
onusi
ngi
ntel
l
igent
al
gor
it
hm”

• Vir
al,Raj
kumar,andD.K.Khatod."Ananal
yti
calapproachforsizingandsit
ing ofDGsin
bal
anced radi
aldist
ri
buti
on networksforlossmi nimizat
ion",I
nter
nati
onalJournalof
El
ectri
calPower&EnergySyst
ems, v .67,
ol pp.191-201,May .2015.

• Nguyen,ThuanThanh,andAnhVi etTruong."
Distr
ibut
ionnetworkreconfi
gur
ati
onf or
powerlossmi ni
mizati
onandvoltagepr
ofi
l
eimprovementusingcuckoosearchal
gori
thm",
I
nternat
ionalJournalofEl
ect
ricalPower&Ener gySy st
ems,v .68,pp.233-
ol 242,Jun.
2015.

• I
mr an,A.Mohamed,andM.Kowsal ya."
Anewpowersy stem r
econf
igur
ati
onschemef or
powerl ossmini
mizat
ionandv ol
tageprof
il
eenhancementusingFirewor
ksAlgori
thm",
I
nternati
onalJour
nalofEl
ectr
icalPower&EnergySy stems,v .62,pp.312-
ol 322,Nov .
2014.

• Ng,H.N.,M.M.A.Salama,andA.Y.Chi khani
."Cl
assi
fi
cati
onofcapacit
orall
ocati
on
t ques"
echni ,IEEETr
ansact
ionsonpowerdel
iver
y,v
ol.
15,no.1,pp.387-
392,
Jan.2000.

• Onlam,D.Yodphet,R.Chatthaworn,C.Surawani t
kun,A.Siri
tar
ati
wat ,andP.Khunki tti
,
“Powerlossminimizat
ion and vol
tagestabil
i
tyi mprovementi n el
ectri
caldistr
ibut
ion
system v
ianetworkreconfi
gurat
ionanddi st
ributedgenerati
onpl acementusi ngnov el
adapti
veshuf
fl
edFrogsleapingal
gorit
hm,”
 Energies,v
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no.3,p.553, 2019;

• R.D.Zi mmerman,C.E.Muri
ll
o-Sanchez,andR.J.Thomas,“
MATPOWER:st eady
-stat
e
operati
ons,pl
anni
ng,
andanal
ysistoolsforpowersy
stemsr
esear
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on,
” I
EEE
Transacti
onsonPowerSy
stems,

• J.R.S.Mant ovani
,F.Casari
,and R.A.Romer o,“ Reconf
igur
acao de si
stemas de
di
str
ibui
caor
adiai
sutil
i
zandoocri
ter
iodequedadetensao,”

•  
Kamel,R.
M.,Kar
manshahi ,B.:Opti
malsizeandlocat
ionofDGsf ormini
mizi
ngpower
l
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40