DATOS PERSONALES

 CURSO: MATEMÁTICA BASICA II

 TAREA: MATRICES Y DETERMINANTES
 PROFESOR: JORGE CARLOS CHIRINOS SALAZAR
 ALUMNA: SAYDA EVELI RAFAEL TIRADO
VECTORES PROPIOS
−5 −5 −9
7) 𝐴 = [ 8 9 18 ]
−2 −3 −7
Solución
Polinomio característico
P(λ) = |A − λI| = 0
−5 −5 −9 1 0 0
P(λ) = [( 8 9 18 ) − λ (0 1 0)] = 0
−2 −3 −7 0 0 1

−5 − λ −5 −9
P(λ) = [ 8 9−λ 18 ] = 0
−2 −3 −7 − λ
P(λ) = λ3 + 3λ2 + 3λ + 1 = 0
Raíces del polinomio característico
P(λ) = λ3 + 3λ2 + 3λ + 1 = 0¸ λ = −1
Resolvemos el sistema homogéneo (𝐴 − λ𝑖 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0
(𝐴 − λ1 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0, λ = −1
−5 −5 −9 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
([ 8 9 18 ] + 1 [0 1 0]) [𝑥2 ] = [0]
−2 −3 −7 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
−4 −5 −9 𝑥1 0
𝑥
[ 8 10 18 ] [ 2 ] = [0]
−2 −3 −6 𝑥3 0
−4𝑥1 −5𝑥2 −9𝑥3 0
[ 8𝑥1 10𝑥2 18𝑥3 ] = [0]
−2𝑥1 −3𝑥2 −6𝑥3 0
−4𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 − 9𝑥3 = 0, 8𝑥1 + 10𝑥2 + 18𝑥3 = 0, −2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥3 = 0
Vectores propios
(𝐴 − λ1 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0, λ1 = −1; 𝑚λ1 = 3
8𝑥1 + 10𝑥2 + 18𝑥3 = 0, −2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥3 = 0
De las ecuaciones:
3
𝑥2 = −3𝑥3 , 𝑥1 = 𝑥3
2
3𝑥3
𝑥1
2
(𝑥2 ) = (−3𝑥3 )
𝑥3 𝑥 3
3
𝑥1
2
(𝑥2 ) = 𝑥3 (−3)
𝑥3
1
3
2
𝑋(λ1 = −1) = {( 1 )} 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜.
0
Pruebe si las matrices A y B son semejantes
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟕) 𝑨 = [ 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏] , 𝑩 = [−𝟏𝟓 −𝟒 𝟏𝟎] ; 𝑷 = [𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐]
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏𝟐 −𝟒 𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏
Solución
1 −1 1
|𝑃| = [2 1 −2] = 1 ≠ 0, 𝑃 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
0 1 −1

1 −1 1 −2 −1 2 1 −1 1
𝑃𝐵 = [2 1 −2] [−15 −4 10] = [ 5 2 −4]
0 1 −1 −12 −4 9 −3 0 1

1 0 0 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
𝐴𝑃 = [ 1 2 1] [2 1 −2] = [ 5 2 −4]
−1 −1 0 0 1 −1 −3 0 1

𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠.

Calcular los autovalores y los autovectores de cada matriz

−𝟏𝟏 −𝟒 𝟖
𝟕) 𝑨 = [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]
−𝟏𝟐 −𝟒 𝟗
Solución
Polinomio característico
P(λ) = |A − λI| = 0
−11 −4 8 1 0 0
P(λ) = [( 0 1 0) − λ (0 1 0)] = 0
−12 −4 9 0 0 1

−11 − λ −4 8
P(λ) = [ 0 1−λ 0 ]=0
−12 −4 9 − λ
P(λ) = −λ3 − λ2 + 5λ − 3 = 0
P(λ) = λ3 + λ2 − 5λ + 3 = 0
Raíces del polinomio característico
P(λ) = λ3 + λ2 − 5λ + 3 = 0¸ λ = 1; λ = −3
Resolvemos el sistema homogéneo (𝐴 − λ𝑖 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0
(𝐴 − λ1 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0, λ = 1,
−11 −4 8 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
([ 0 1 0] − 1 [0 1 0]) [𝑥2 ] = [0]
−12 −4 9 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
−12 −4 8 𝑥1 0
[ 0 𝑥
0 0] [ 2 ] = [0]
−12 −4 8 𝑥3 0
−12𝑥1 −4𝑥2 8𝑥3 0
[ 0 0 0 ] = [0]
−12𝑥1 −4𝑥2 8𝑥3 0
−12𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 = 0; 0 + 0 + 0 = 0; −12𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 = 0

Vectores propios
(𝐴 − λ1 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0, λ1 = 1; 𝑚λ1 = 2

De la ecuación: −12𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 = 0

3𝑥1 +𝑥2
𝑥3 =
2

𝑥1 𝑥1
𝑥2
(𝑥2 ) = (3𝑥 +𝑥 )
1 2
𝑥3
2

𝑥1 1 0
(𝑥2 ) = 𝑥1 (03 ) + 𝑥2 (11 )
𝑥3
2 2
 1 0
𝑋(λ1 = −1) = {(0) , (1) } 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠.
3 1
2 2

(𝐴 − λ2 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0, λ = −3
−11 −4 8 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
([ 0 𝑥
1 0] + 3 [0 1 0]) [ 2 ] = [0]
−12 −4 9 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
−8 −4 8 𝑥1 0
[ 0 4 𝑥
0 ] [ 2 ] = [ 0]
−12 −4 12 𝑥3 0
−8𝑥1 −4𝑥2 8𝑥3 0
[ 0 4𝑥2 0 ] = [ 0]
−12𝑥1 −4𝑥2 12𝑥3 0
−8𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 = 0; 0 + 4𝑥2 + 0 = 0; −12𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 12𝑥3 = 0
Vectores propios
(𝐴 − λ1 𝐼)𝑥⃗ = 0, λ1 = −3; 𝑚λ1 = 1
De las ecuaciones: −8𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 = 0; 0 + 4𝑥2 + 0 = 0
𝑥1 = 𝑥3 , 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 𝑥3
(𝑥2 ) = ( 0 )
𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥1 1
(𝑥2 ) = 𝑥3 ( 0 )
𝑥3 1
1
𝑋(λ1 = −1) = {( 0 )} 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜.
1
Matrices P y D
1 0 1 1 0 0
𝑃=[ 0 1 0 ] 𝑦 𝐷 = [0 1 0 ]
3 1
1 0 0 −3
2 2

Inversa de P
−2 −1 2
−1
𝑃 =[ 0 1 0]
3 1 −2

Verificar 𝑨 = 𝑷𝑫𝑷−𝟏
1 0 1 1 0 0 −2 −1 2
𝑃𝐷𝑃 −1
= [0 1 0 ] [0 1 0 ][ 0 1 0 ]=𝐴
3 1
1 0 0 −3 3 1 −2
2 2