sIff 5 sf] g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIffzf:q ;+sfo, :gfts tx rf}yf] jif{sf]

cg';Gwfg ljlw
-g]= kf= lz=$$% _ ljifosf] cf+lzs k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't cWoogkq

ch{'g lvlDbª
lq lj btf{ g+ M (–@–@)!–))&^–@)!&
kl/Iff qmdfÍ M ()@)!))&%

g]kfnL lzIff ljefu

kflye/f ax'd'vL SofDk;
@)&*

2
 k|lta4tf kq

tfKn]h'ª lhNnf km'ªlnª gu/kflnsf cGtu{t clDa6f/ If]qdf /x]sf] >L

efg' hg dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff 5 sf] g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tssf]
cWoog zLif{ssf] of] cWoog kq d]/f] lgtfGt df}lns k|:t'lt xf] .
k|:t't cWoogkq pQm kf7\ok':ts cWoog kZrft tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
o;df ;a} tYof+sx? ;TotYodf cfwfl/t 5g\ . cGoyf ePdf d sfg'g
adf]lhd bl08t x'g tof/ 5' .

======================
cWoogstf{
gfd M ch{'g lvlDbª
la=P8= rf}yf] jif{
kflye/f ax'd'vL SofDk;
km'lª\nª tfKn]h'ª

3
 :jLs[ltkq

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIffzf:q ;Ífo g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ljefu

cGtu{t :gfts rf}yf] jif{sf] cg';Gwfg ljlw -g]kf=lz=$$% _ P]lR5s
ljifosf] cf+lzs cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu ch'{g lvlDbªn] sIff 5 sf]
g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':ts sf] cWoog zLif{sdf cg';Gwfgsf] dd{,
d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /xL tof/ kfl/Psf] cWoog kqnfO{ cfjZos ;
+zf]wg ;lxt d"Nof+sg u/L :jLs[lt ul/Psf] 5 .

d'Nof+sg ;ldlt
=====================
=====================
=======================
d"Nof+sg ljz]if1 ;ldlt ljifo lj1 ljifo
;'kl/j]Ifs

4
 s[Q1tf 1fkg

k|:t't cWoog kq :gfts tx rf}yf] jif{sf] -g]kf=lz=$$% _ kf7\of+zsf]

k|of]hgfy{ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . sIff 5 sf] g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tssf]
cWoog zLif{ssf] of] k|ltj]bg kq tof/ ubf{ s7f]/ kl/>d / w}o{tfsf]
cfjZos kg]{ s'/fsf] d}n] :jo+ cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . o;sf ;fy} gofF gofF
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ ;d]t kfPsf] 5' .
cfˆgf cg]sf}F JolQmut Jo:ttfsf afah'b klg cWoog sfo{sf] k|f/De
b]lv cGTo;Dd s'zn lgb]{zgsf ;fy dxTjk"0f{ Pjd\ pT;fx lgb]{zg
ug{' x'g] ljifo ;'k/Lj]Ifs >L bfn' z]kf{ k|lt Åbob]lv g} s[t1tf k|s6
ub{5' . k':tsfnoaf6 cfjZos k':ts pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{'x'g]
k':tsfno k|d'v k|lt kgL laz]if cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' .
cGTodf cWoogsf sfddf cfkm'n] ;fef/ u/L pkof]udf NofPsf ;fdu|L
k':ts tyf n]v /rgfsf ;h{sx? k|lt xflb{s cfef/ tyf s[t1tf1fkg ub{5' .
To:t} sDKo'6/ efiff 6fOk u/L ;xof]u ug{'x'g] k|fljlws ;xof]uLx?
nfO{ laz]if wGojfb AoQm ub{5' .

===========================
cWoogstf{
ch{'g lvlDbª

5
 ljifo–;"rL
cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld 6
cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld 6
;d:ofsf] syg 8
cWoogsf] p2]Zo 9
cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / dxTj 9
cWoogsf] ;Ldf+sg 10
cWoogsf] lalw / k|lqmof 10
cWofo –b'O{ 12
;}4flGts cjwf/0ff 12
tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f 13
cIf/sf] cfsf/ 7fpF 5f]8] / cGt/fn 16
5kfO / aFwfO 16
cWofo – rf/ 17
lgisif{ / ;'emfj 17

6
 cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
sIff 5 sf] g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog cGtu{t kf7\ok':ts
eg]sf] kf7\oqmdsf] Ps cfwf/ xf] . kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g u/L kf7\
ok':tssf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] eljiosf nflu kf7\
ok':ts kf7\oqmdsf cfwf/df 5flkPsf] x'G5 . kf7\ok':ts ljBfnodf
k9fpg, n]vfpg cyjf ;du|df eGg'kbf{ lzIf0f l;sfO ug{sf nflu
geOgx'g] z}lIfs ;fdu|L dWo] Ps xf] . lzIf0f l;sfO ug{sf]
nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf kf7\ok':tssf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kf7\ok':ts lagf
lzIf0f l;sfO ;Dej x'Fb}g . kf7\ok':tssf] cwf/df dfq z}lIfs ;fdfu|L
lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f lj:tf/ ul/g] ul/G5 . k':ts leq n]lvPsf / lbOPsf
s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ JofVof, ljZn]if0f, 5nkmn, n]vfO, ;'gfO,
af]nfO l;ksf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu klg ljz]if kf7\ok':tsnfO{ g} cfwf/
dfGg] ub{5 . kf7\ok':ts efiff lzIf0f ug]{ Ps dfWod xf] .
afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{sf nflu kf7\ok':tsnfO{ g} 7"nf]
cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljBfly{x?nfO{ cg'R5]b n]vg, sljtf,
syf, ljleGg ljwfx¿sf] n]vg Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ klg kf7\ok':tsnfO{ g}
cfwf/ dfg]/ oL ljwfx? lzIf0f ug{ k':tssf] ;xfotf lnPsf] kfOG5 . ;fgf
b]lv 7'nf s'/f ;Dd klg kf7\ok':tsnfO{ g} lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . kf7\
ok':tssf] cWoog ubf{ kf7\ok':tssf] cfGtl/s / afXo u/L b'O{ ljz]iftf
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
efiffsf] lzIf0f dfgjsf] ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g .
efiffsf] cfjZostf w]/} /x]sf] kfOG5 . 1fg lj1fgsf] If]qdf ePsf
cg';Gwfg / ltgaf6 k|fKt pknAwLsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ efiff lzIf0f
cfjZostf k5{ .

7
 afnaflnsfx¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf lgldQ efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cTog
ug{' h?/L 5 . efiff lzIf0f ug{ u/fpgsf nflu kf7\ok':ts pkof]uL /
kf7\ok':tsdf kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo cg's"n / :t/cg'?k kf7\ok':tssf] If]q,
ljwfut ljljwtf / ljj/0f, kf7sf] cfsf/k|sf/ / k|:t'tL, kf7ssf] k7gzLntf
ePsf] kfOG5 .
lzIffnfO{ p2]Zod"ns Jojxfl/s, ;fdflhs / /f]huf/d"ns agfpg
ljleGg ;dodf kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{df /fi6«, /fli6«o Pstf /
nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ g}ltstf cg'zf;g / :jfjnDag
l;h{glzntf h:tf ;dflhs Pj+ rfl/lqs u'0f tyf cfwf/e"t eflifs tyf ul0ftLo
;Lksf ;fy} lj1fg, k];f Joj;fo, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw,
jftfj/0f / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL cfwf/e't 1fg / hLjg pkof]uL ;Lksf] ljsf;
u/fpg' h?/L 5 . pgLx?df snf / ;f}Gb{o, dfgjLo d"No dfGotf,
cfbz{ / j}lzi6\ox¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;DaGwg k|ltsf] efj hufpg cfjZos 5
. ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'of{pg pgLx¿sf ljleGg hfthflt
lnË, ck+utf, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / If]qk|lt ;defj hufpg / dfgj clwsf/
tyf ;fdflhs d'No dfGotfk|lt ;r]t eO{ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ cfr/0f ljsf;
u/fpg' klg cfhsf] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd @)^%
nfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfgL lzIff ;DalGwt ljleGg cfof]hgfsf ;'emfj, lzIfs
ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjs nufot lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg JolQm ;lDdlnt
uf]i7L / cGt/lqmofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt
k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of] kf7\ok':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
ljBfyL{n] ljsf; u/]sf ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO ;LknfO{ :yfloTj
lbg ;s]df efiff l;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;nfO{ b[li6ut u/L o;df
aflifs ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt cEof; /flvPsf 5g\ . To;}n] lzIf0f
l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ ;s];Dd efiffsf rf/ cf]6} l;ksf] ljsf; ug]
{ ljBfyL{ s]+l›t lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg cfjZos x'G5 . lj=;+=@)%# df
piff bLlIftn] n]Vg'ePsf] / lbjfs/ 9'+ufgfn] ;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf] kf7\
8
ok':tsnfO{ k|f=8f= s]bf/ zdf{, b|f]0f bfxfn, /d]z k|;fb e§/fO,
{ u0f]z k|;fb e§/fO{ / lai0f'k|;fb clwsf/L åf/f n]vg kl/dfh{g
tyf ;Dkfbg ul/ o; ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
o;sf] yk kl/dfh{g sfo{df o; s]G›sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs xl/af]n vgfn,
k|f=8f= x]dfË /fh clwsf/L, bof/fd >]i7, wfg~ho zdf{ / lutf v/]nsf]
ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg ›f]0f bfxfn / u0f]z
k|;fb e6\6/fO{af6,efiff ;Dkfbg zDe'k|;fb bfxfn / lji0f'k|;fb
clwsf/Ln] ug{'ePsf] xf] . o; k':tsnfO{ rf/ /+udf ljsf; ug{ / o;sf] ?k
ljGof; Pj+d snf ;Dkfbg sfo{ >L >]i7n] ug{' ePsf] xf] .
kf7\ok':tsnfO{ lzIf0f ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ?kdf lnOG5 .
o;af6 ljBfyL{n] kf7\oqmdåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ d2t k'Ug]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\ok':tsnfO{ ;s];Dd lqmofsnfkd'vL / ?lrs/
agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cem} kl/is[t kfg{sf nflu
lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pj+d ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t
e"ldsf /xG5 . of] kf7\ok':tsdf @@ j6f kf7 / !@* j6f k]h /x]sf] 5 .

;d:ofsf] syg
g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df dfWod efiffsf] lzIf0f
xf] . k7gkf7gdf kg]{ ;d:of eg]sf ljBfyL{ / lzIf0f b'j}df cfO{kg]
{ jf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? x'g\ . g]kfnsf ;a} 7fpFdf dfWolds txdf g]kfnL
efiff lzIf0fdf ;xefuL x'g] ljBfyL,{ lzIfs / jftfj/0f cflbdf ;dfg cj:yf
pknAw x'g ;Sb}g . efiff kf7\oqmd / efiff kf7\ok':tsaLr plrt ;DjGo
klg gePsf] l:ylt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . log} s'/fx?n] ubf{ ljleGg txdf
g]kfnL efiff k9\g, k9fpgsf If]qdf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ b]lvG5g\ .
g]kfnL efiff s] s:tf] k|of]hgsf lglDt lzIf0f ug{'kg]{ eGg]
ljifodf :ki6 eP/ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ / kf7\oqmdsf
nIox¿ k"/f ug{ kf7\ok':ts tof/ ul/g'k5{ . s'g}–s'g} txdf kf7\oqmd #
9
kf7\ok':ts ;DalGw ;d:of klg xfn ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . ev{/} nfu"
ePsf ljleGg kf7\ok':tsdf kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo cg'?ksf] k|:t'lt
x'g' ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . o;/L kf7\oqmd / kf7\
ok':tsnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] :t/ / ;do cg's'n agfpg ;lsPg eg] g]kfnL efiff
lzIf0fsf] l:ylt v:sb} hfg ;S5 .
o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts of]hgfa4 lsl;dn]
tof/ ul/g'k5{ . ;DalGwt ljifodf lzIf0f ul/Psf lzIfsx?nfO{ k|
ltlglwTj u/fO{ kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .
kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts agfpg]n] afndgf]lj1fg a'em]sf] x'g' cfjZos 5
. sIff kfFrsf] g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':ts cfGtl/s / afXo ljz]iftfsf
cfwf/df s:tf] 5 <

10
cWoogsf] p2]Zo
s'g} klg ljifosf] cWoog ug{'sf] k|d'v p2]Zo sfo{ lagfsf] p2]Zo
ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . cWoog kqsf] k|d'v cË g} p2]Zo xf] .
k|:t't ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lgDg p2]Zox? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
s_ cfGtl/s ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df sIff kfFrsf] efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog
ug{' .
v_ afXo ljz]iftfsf] cWoogdf sIff kfFrsf] efiff kf7\ok':ts sf] cWog
ug{' .

cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / dxTj

kf7\ok':tssf] cWoogsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . kf7\ok':ts
eg]sf] kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf]
cfwf/ ;fdu|L xf] . k|:t't cTog kq efiff kf7\oqmdsf] bfo/f leq /xL
lgwf{/Lt efiffsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljBfyL{ cg's"n jfSodf 7fn]/ qmdaå /
Jojl:yt 9+un] eflifs ;Lksf] ;+1fg l;sfpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg eflifs
laifoa:t'nfO{ ;+ul7t u/L cWoog, cWofkg / cEof;df ;xof]u
k'of{pg] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf] pko'Qm kf7\o;fdu|L g} efiff k':ts
xf] . eflifs kf7\ok':tsaf6 ljBfyL{x¿df :t/ cgs'n jftfj/0f ljsf; ug{sf
nflu ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ pkef]u u/L ljleGg ljwfdf JolQmsf
kf7\o ;fdfu|Lx? k|fKt ul/G5 . efiff l;sfOsf qmddf lzIffyL{x?sf
nflu j}olQs 1fgsf] ;d]t cfjZostf kb{5 . kf7\ok':tssf] dfWodaf6
ljBfyL{sf] ljleGg lsl;dsf] 1fg, ;Lksf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/G5 . kf7\
ok':tsd} ePsf cEof;fTds lqmofsnfknfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ sIffsf]7fdf
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf] cEof;fTds
lqmofsnfk, ;d"xsfo{ ,sIff / ljwf sfo{df ;fd]n u/]/ ljBfyL{ clej[lQ
Ifdtfsf] ;Lksf] ljsf; ul/G5 . olb efiff kf7\ok':tsdf ;dflji6 efiff kf7\
ok':ts sf cfGtl/s / afXo ljz]iftfn] ;f] sIffsf] :t/ cg'¿k ePg eg] ;f]
11
kf7\ok':tssf] dfWodaf6 efiff kf7\oqmdsf] nIo,p2]Zo xfl;n ug{
u/fpg ;lsFb}g . of] sIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/ cg'¿k 5 ls 5}g,
?lr cg'?k 5 ls 5}g, pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf cg'?k 5 ls 5}g, ;f] ljBfyL{
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s :t/ cg'¿k 5 ls 5}g eg]/ yfxf kfpgsf nflu kf7\ok':ts
cWoogsf] dxTj /xG5 .‌‍

12
cWoogsf] ;Ldf+sg
cWoog If]qsf] kl/j]z tyf ;fdu|Lsf] ;Dkfbg lj:t[t /x]sf] x'G5 . ljljw
kl/l:ylt / afWotfn] pQm sfo{nfO{ ;Lldt agfpg' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf]
x'G5 . cg';Gwfgdf cfˆg} lsl;dsf] lgod / ;Ldf x'G5g\ . s'g} klg
s'/fsf] l;df gx'Fbf clgolGqt eO{ aflx/ hfg] x'gfn] ;Ldf+sg ug{'
clgafo{ 5 . k|:t't cWoog kq klg lgDglnlvt ;Ldf leq s]lG›t agfP/
ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ g]kfn ;/sf/ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]G›af6 k|sflzt ul/Psf] sIff kfFrsf]
g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tsdf dfq ;Lldt 5 .
@_ kf7\ok':tssf cfGtl/s ljz]iftf kf7\oj:t', zAbe08f/ efiff, cEof;,
l6Kk0fL / ;+s]t, lrq / afXo ljz]iftf agf]6, cIf/, cfsf/ / cGt/fn, 5kfO
/ awfO{ sfuhsf] :t/, d"No, ljifo;"rL, zAb;"rLsf cfwf/df dfq
cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
#_ of] cWoog kqdf kf7\oqmd cg'?ktf / :t/o'Qmsf ;fy} :ki6tf,
pko'Qmtf, ;fGble{stf b[li6n] kf7\ok':tsdf dfq l;ldt 5 .

cWoogsf] lalw / k|lqmof

k|:t't cWoog kq kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]G›n] tof/ kf/]sf] sIff kfFrsf]
g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cWoognfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ lgDglnlvt
ljlwdf cfwfl/t eO{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ ;j]{If0f ljlw M ljleGg klt k':tsaf6 pbfx/0f vf]hL u/L tof/
ul/Psf] xf] .
@_ j0f{gfTds ljlw
13
#_ cjnf]sg ljlw M tfls k':ts gePsf syf, sljtf, hLjgL, gf6s, PsfÍLx?
nfO{ cjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 .
$_ k':tsfno ljlw M ljleGg u|Gyx¿sf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

k|:t't cWoog kq
tYofÍ ;+sngsf ;|f]tx? k|fylds / l4QLo ;|f]tsf] k|of]u u/L tYofÍ ;Íng
ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ k|fylds ;|f]t
o;cGtu{t kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]G›n] tof/ kf/]sf] sIff kfFrsf]
g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tsdf /x]sf] syf, sljtf, lhjgL, lrÝL, ;+jfbsf]
cjnf]sg u/L tYof+ssf] ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .

v_ l4QLo ;|f]t
o; cGtu{t ljifo lzIfs / ljleGg ljifosf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg tyf
cWofkg kqsf] cWog ul/ ;fyLx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

14
 cWofo –b'O{
;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfno kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]G›af6 k|sflzt sIff
kfFrsf] g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tsnfO{ p2]Zod"ns,
Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos / /f]huf/d"ns agfpg ljleGg ;dodf kl/dfh{g
ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿df /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ g}ltsjfg
zfl;t, :jfnDjL / l;h{gzLn ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg]
eflifs ;Lk / hLjg pkof]uL ;Lk ljsf; u/fpFb} pgLx? dfgjLo dfGotf
cfbz{ / ljz]iftfx?;Fu ;+/If0fdf efj hufpg cfjZos
5 . ;dfgtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ pgLx?df hfthflt, efiff, wd{, ;
+:s[lt / If]qk|lt ;b\efj hufO dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfdf
lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ cfr/0fsf] lasf; u/fpg' klg cfhsf] cjZostf xf] ‌. jt{dfg
cfwf/e"t g]kfnL kf7\ok':tssf ?kdf sIff kfFrsf] k':tsx? b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
sIff 5 sf] kf7\ok':tsx? @)&$ df k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
k|:t't cWoog k|ltj]bg lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIffzf:q ;+sfo :gfts tx
rf}yf] jif{sf] kf7\oqmd cg';Gwfg ljlw ljifosf] cfGtl/s
d"Nof+sgsf] nflu sIff 5 sf] g]kfnL efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog u/L
tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . efiff kf7\ok':ts h'g ;'s} kf7\oqmddf klg lgwf{l/t
p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu kf7\ok':tssf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kf7\ok':ts kf7\
oqmdsf] Pp6f cFg'k"/s cË xf] . kf7\oqmddf ;Dk"0f{ z}Ifl0fs
of]hgfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] kf7\ok':tsn] s'g} lgwf{l/t
of]hgfx?nfO{ k"/f ug{sf nflu dfWodsf] sfo{ ub{5 . s'g sIffdf s]
slt k9fpg]k eGg] s'/f kf7\ok':tsn] tf]s] klg ltgsf] :ki6 ls6fg rfFlx
kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf] x'G5 .
of] Ps lsl;dsf] cflËs dfWod xf] . h;n] Jofjxfl/s 9Ëaf6 cyjf k|
of]u kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ s]–s] / slt l;sfpg] eGg] s'/fdf
cfwfl/t ljifo xf] . To;}n] kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmd eGbf cln a9L
15
Jojxfl/s Pj+ k|of]lus k|lsofsf] x'G5 . h;cGtu{t eflifs ;Lksf cltl/Qm
efiff tTj tyf ;flxlTos ljBfnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] x'G5 . ;flxlTos ljwfsf
?kdf syf, sljtf, lgaGw, gf6s, hLjgL, lr7L, jfbljjfb cflb lkBfx?
nfO{ 5gf]6 ul/G5 / ltgs} dfWodaf6 eflifs ;Lk Pj+d tTjsf] ljsf;df
cu|;/ u/fOG5 . efiff kf7\ok':tsn] d"ntM efiff lzIf0fsf]
dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ tof/ kfb{5 / ljifout ljljwtfsf] hfgsf/L lbFb} efiff
Jofs/0f tyf ljBfyL{sf] ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x
u/]sf] x'G5 .
efiff kf7\ok':ts leq vf;u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf ljz]iftfx? /x]sf
x'G5g\ . ltgsf afXo jf kl/lwo ljz]iftfsf ?kdf kf7\ok':tssf] agf]6,
cIf/sf] cfsf/, 5kfO{ Pj+d aFwfO{, sfuhsf] :t/, d"No ;'Gb/tfsf
nufotsf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . To;}u/L cGtl/s Pj+ k|fs[lts ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf
o;leq kf7\oj:t', eflifs dfWod zAbe08f/, lrq, gd'gf, cEof;, e"ldsf tyf
lgb]{zg cflb /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] kf7\ok':tssf] lzIf0fsf
qmddf s]lx lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] klg cfjZostf cf}NofOG5 . h;leq
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf, cEof; k'l:tsf cg'k"/s kf7\ok':ts nufotsf ljifox?
kb{5g\ . ha;Dd kf7\ok':ts leq ljifo j:t', ljwf, kf7\oj:t'sf] ljt/0f
kf7sf] cfsf/ k|sf/ / k|:t'ltqmd cflbnfO{ Wofgdf /flvFb}g ta ;Dd
efiff sIff k':tssf] k|efjsfl/tf /xFb}g . t;y{ kf7\ok':tsn] tt\,
If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'g' h?/L 5 . kf7\ok':ts s:tf] 5 eGg] d"NofÍgsf
nflu ;fdfGo / ljz]if lsl;dsf] k|lqmof ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . kf7\
ok':tsx¿ ljBfnosf k|f/lDes sIff b]lv ljZjljBfnosf pkNnf tx ;Dd tof/
eO;s]sf] 5g\ . ltgdf klg vf; u/L cfwf/e't txdf x]g]{ xf] eg]
ltgdf ;fdfGotof pko'Qm ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 +.

16
tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f
kf7\ok':ts eGgfn] ljBfyL{x?n] uxg ?kdf cWoog ug]{ k':ts xf] .
kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ kfl/g] k':tss} kf7\ok':ts xf] kf7\ok':ts
lzIfs ljBfyL{ b'a}sf lglDt sIffdf k|:t't x'g] clwsfl/s ;fdu|L dflgG5 .
efiff kf7\ok':tsdf t p;n] k|To]s zAbx?nfO{ g} Åboªud ug{'kg]
{ x'G5 . efiff kf7\ok':ts cGo kf7\ok':ts ;Fu laBfut k|:t'lt
cleJolQmut k|:t'lt -j:t'k/s / efjk/s_ ljzout k|:t'lt / cEof;sf] k|:t'lt
cflbsf b[li6n] lgDg k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . ljBfyL{x? lzIfs / k|zf;g ltg}
PsfOsf lglDt k':ts pkof]uL x'G5 . zAbe08f/ tyf ;+/rgfTds If]qsf
cg'ej clej[l4 ug{ eflifs af]w tyf cleJolQm Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ /
JolQmtj ljsf; ug{ efiff kf7\ok':ts ;xof]uL x'G5 . efiff k':ts
kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ u[xsfo{ ug{, eflifs d"NofÍg ug{, kf7\oqmd
lgwf{/0f ug{sf ;fy} kf7\oqmd ;+zf]wg k/LIffsf] tof/L / Pp6} klg
pkof]uL x'G5 . k/Dk/fut efiff kf7\o k':ts / cfw'lgs kf7\ok':tsdf
d'VotM n]vg k|0ffnL kf7\oa:t' 5gf]6 k|lqmof / ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt
cflbsf cfwf/df k|z:t} cGt/x? kfO{G5 . kf7\oqmddf l;Sg], l;sfpg]
ljlw cfjZos ;fdu|L tyf d"NofÍg k|ljlw ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] x'G5 . kf7\
ok':tssf kl/efiffsf qmddf ljleGg dtx? cleJoQm ul/Psf kfOG5g\ .
s]xL ljåfgx¿sf] cleJoQm lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
 u'8 -!($(, k[=^&–^*_ sf cg';f/ s'g} kf7\of+zsf nflu
cfwf/e"t ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf kf7\ok':ts /x]sf] x'G5 o;df lglZrt
ljifoj:t'nfO{ lglZrt txdf lzIf0f ug]{ lsl;dn] Jojl:yt
9+un] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
 qmf]gjfs -!($(, –k[=–!*_ cg';f/ ;fdfGotM kf7\ok':ts k|f/lDes
txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu n]lvG5 s'g} kf7\of+zsf ljleGg PsfOx?
sf] lzIf0f l;sfO qmda4 ¿kdf x'g ;lsg eg] Wo]on] kf7\ok':ts
/rgf ul/G5 .

17
  g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z @)%@ sf] k[i7 ;+Vof *!) df kf7\
ok':tsnfO{ ljBfno Pj+ ljwfkL7 x?df ljBfyL{x?
nfO{ cf}krfl/s tj/n] k9fpg] k':ts klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L dflysf kl/jt{gnfO{ s]nfpFb} hfFbf kf7\ok':ts eg]sf] s'g}
klg ljifodf lzIfs n] lgb]{zg tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ Pj+
ljBfyL{nfO{ k'g/fa[lQ / cEof;sf ;Gbe{df pkof]u ug{ kf7\
oqmd åf/f lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k"/f ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L xf].
efiff kf7\ok':ts leq vf;} b'O{ lsl;dsf ljz]iftfx? /x]sf
x'G5g\ . ltgsf afXo jf kl/lwo ljz]iftf / cfGtl/s jf k|fl1s
ljz]iftf /x]sf 5g\ . afXo jf kl/lwo ljz]iftf x?sf af/]df ;fdfGo
rrf{ tn ul/Psf] 5 .
efiff kf7\ok':ts sf cGtl/s ljz]iftf cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ M
s_ kf7\oj:t' M
kf7\oj:t' eg]sf] kf7\ok':ts df ;Dd kf7\ok':tsdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifoj:t'
xf] . kf7\ok':tsdf /flvPsf kf7\oj:t'x? ljBfyL{sf] pd]/sf ljBfyL{ sf]
k|s[lt cfjZoQmf / cg'k cg'ej cflbnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL eflifs ;Lk ljsf;
ug]{ p2]Zon] ljleGg ljwf ljifo / z}nLut gljgtfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
v_ efiff M
efiff kf7\ok':tssf] csf]{ cfGtl/s ljz]iftf ag]sf] kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'lt ug]
{ dfWod efiff xf] . efiffs} dfWodaf6 kf7\o j:t'x¿sf] pNn]v ;Dej
x'G5 . efiffsf] :j?k jfSosf dfWodaf6 k|i6 x'g] ePsf]n] JofVofTds
9fFrfx? g} efiffsf] ?kdf lrlgG5g\ . jf:tjdf ljBfyL{sf] :t/ Pj+ Ifdtf
cg';f/ pko'Qm kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo cg's"n efiff g} kf7\ok':tssf]
cfGtl/s ljz]iftf dflgG5 .

18
u_zAbe08f/ M
efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cfGtl/s ljz]iftfsf ?kdf zAbe08f/ nfO{ klg
lnOG5 . zAbe08f/ sf] k|:t'tL rflxF ljBfyL{sf] :t/ Pj+
k"0f{ z}Ifl0fs cg'ejsf cfwf/df ug]{ ul/G5 / o; qmddf ljljw ;|f]taf6
cfPsf kl/eflifs k|fljlws kof{ojfrL zAbx? >'lt;dlegfy{s Pj+
cg]sfyL{ cflb zAbx¿sf] k|of]udf Wofg lbG5 .
3_ lrqM
efiff kf7\ok':tsdf cfjZostfcg';f/ pko'Qm lsl;dsf lrqx?
nfO{ eflifs ;Lk ;Demg / wf/0ff ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'of{pg eGg]
p2]Zon] sltko :yfgx?df /flvPsf] x'G5 . o:tf lrqx¿ sltko dflyNnf
sIffx¿df eGbf tNnf sIffx?df a9L afWo df pkof]uL x'g] ub{5g\ .
tNnf sIffx?df ;;fgf ljBfyL{sf nflu /flvPsf lrqx¿ ck]Iffs[t 7"nf
cfsif{s / /dfOnf lsl;dsf x'g] ub{5g\ .
ª_ gd'gf cEof; M
efiff kf7\ok':tsdf kIf j:t'x¿sf] ;anLs/0fsf nflu cyjf eflifs ;Lksf]
ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyL{n] ug]{ lsl;dsf] gd'gf cEof; khanda /flvPsf]
x'G5 . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] sl7gfO{ If]q kQf nufpgsf nflu aflifs
Ifdtf ePsf] ljsf;sf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf cEof;x? d"n kf7 ;Fu
a9L ;DalGwt x'g] ub{5g\ / d"n kf7sf] p2]Zo adf]lhd
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo t'Nofpgsf nflu ;xof]uL x'g] ub{5g\ .
r_ e"ld sf/0f lgb]{zg M
efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cfGtl/s ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf e"ldsf / lgb]{zg
cflbnfO{ klg lnOG5 . o;n] kf7\ok':tsnfO{ k|efjk"0f{ 9Ëaf6
lzIf0fLo agfpg ;xof]u k'of{pF5 . k':tsleq s'gs'g kf7nfO{ s;/L

19
k9fpFbf ;lhnf] x'G5 / z}lIfs p2]Zo ;lhn} k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] :tDe cToGt dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
5_ agf]6 M
kf7\ok':tssf] aflx/L e7 sajja a9f] kg{' nfUg] x'g'k5{ . efiff kf7\
ok':tssf] aflx/L k[i7 kf7\ok':tsnfO{ ;+s]t ug]{ / sf/sf] x'g'sf ;fy}
cfsif{s /Ë / afSnf] sfuhdf x'g'k5{ . o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':ts
Tolt s]lG›t ug{ ;xof]u k'of{pF5 . kf7\ok':tssf] ckx/0f k[i7 kf7\
ok':tssf] ljifoj:t' / o;sf] p2]Zo emNsg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . c;DalGwt
k|s[ltsf] cfj/0f k[i7 /flvg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . To;}n] efiff kf7\
ok':tssf] cfsf/ ;fgf] ljBfyL{x?sf nflu 7"nf] / 7"nf cIf/sf] nflu
l8dfO cfsf/sf] x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 .

cIf/sf] cfsf/ 7fpF 5f]8] / cGt/fn

ljleGg tx / pd]l/sf afnaflnsf sf lglDt tof/ ul/g] kf7\ok':tsdf k|
of]ux'g] cIf/sf] cfsf/ / 7fpF 5'§} ;d]t leGgtf x'G5 . k|fylds txsf
kf7\ok':tssf] cIf/ cfsf/ sIff !,@ / # df qmdzM ^) KjfOG6, @$–#^
KjfOG6sf cIf/x¿ x'g'k5{ eg] sIff $ / kfFr df !$ KjfOG6sf
cIf/x¿ x'g' pko'Qm 7flgG5 . dflyNnf sIffx¿df ;fdfGotof ef/tsf]
cIf/ /flvg' pko'Qm x'G5 . efiff kf7\ok':ts df x'g] klÍ\t aLrsf]
cGt/ ;fdfGotof ;'? klxnf] sIffdf cfwf OGr / dflyNnf] sIffsf nflu !
÷$ OGr cfjZos b]lvG5 .

5kfO / aFwfO
efiffkf7\ok':tsdf 5kfOPsf] xf] dxTj lgs} 7"nf] 5 . 5kfOdf k|of]u
x'g] dl;, lzif{s ,pkzLif{s, kf7 tyf cEof;df k|of]u k|of]u x'g] cIf/sf
cfsf/n] kf7\ok':tssf] lgdf{0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5g\, To;}u/L
kof{Kt lsgf/f 5f8]/ kf7ssf] 5kfO ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fgf sIffx?df
20
b'j}lt/ lsgf/f a9L hf]l8g' kg]{ x'G5 eg] 7"nf sIffx?df Tolt a9L
lsgf/f 5f]8\g' gk/] klg l;nfO{ jf aFwfO ubf{ cIf/ g5f]lkg] u/L eg]
lsgf/f 5f]8\g} kg]{ x'G5 . 5kfO{df z'4tf x'g' clgjfo{ 5 efiff kf7\
ok':tsdf cz'l4 ePdf cy{sf] cgy{ x'g ;S5 . To;}u/L ljBfyL{x¿df
kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf] cz'4 lxHh] n] kf/]sf] 5 ld6/ lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 .
k':tssf] aFwfO alnof] wfuf] t/ x'g'k5{ aFwfO ubf{ kfgfx? k'/f k6\
ofpg ;lsg] x'g' cfjZos 5 . k|fylds sIfsf] aFwfOdf s8f sfuhsf] k|of]u
cfjZos 5 eg] kl5Nnf] sIffsf] nfuL kftnf] sfuh eP klg k'Ub5 .

21
 cWofo – rf/
lgisif{ / ;'emfj
kf7\ok':tssf] cWog ug{' Ps dxTjk'0f /x]sf] x'gfn] sIff 5 sf] w]/}
k6ssf] cWoogn] dfq ;fy{stf kfPsf] xf] . o;df kf7\o k':ts sf] leqL /
aflx/L cfj/0fsf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tjdf eGg'{ kbf{ ;a} kf7\
ok':tssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ TotL /fd|f] sfuhdf 5flkPsf] b]lvFb}g
sfuhsf] :t/ sd;n vfnsf] b]lvPsf] 5 / ljBfyLx?sf] k|
utLnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL eljZodf Jofaxfl/s k|of]usf] nfuL pko'Qm
x'g] vfnsf] kf7]oqmd lgdf0f{ x'g' h?/ b]lvPsf] 5 . h;df sIff ^ sf]
kf7\ok':tsnfO{ lgofNbf ;'gfO af]w kf7n] ljBfyL{nfO{ cndnfPsf]
b]lvG5 . cuf8L ;'gfO kf7 /flvP klg ;'gfO kf7\o;fdfu|L k5f8L
/flvPsf]n] cndn u/fPsf] 5 .
k|:t't sIff ^ sf] g]kfnL kf7\os|ddf ;dfa]; ul/Psf laifoj:t' ;/n ;xh x'g
cfj:os x'g h?/L 5 .

22