10

Research II
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Using Research Instruments
Research II – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Using Research Instruments
First Edition, 2020

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 10

Research
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Using Research Instruments
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Research II – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Using Research Instruments!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Research II – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Using Research Instruments!

This module isn't life-saver, but it might just save your confidence and sanity.
Whether you are enrolled as STEM student on a research method subject, or if you
find yourself having to conduct a modest piece of research as part of your study
program, learning about research methods is not easy. If you're in this situation this
is the module for you.

Independent thinking is important for informed decision-making, because you

are expected to examine problems, assess your work, make decisions and take
effective action. To order to take responsibility for your life to a time of rapid social
change, you need to know for a lifetime.

It is time to become an independent learner as you are responsible for your

own learning. Through encouragement, you will make a positive contribution to your
school and community!

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

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 What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was aimed at giving you enjoyable and meaningful learning
experiences at your own pace and time for guided and independent learning. You'll
be able to access the learning tool material when you're an involved learner.

After this module, you are expected to use appropriate tools/instrument for gathering
and collecting data.
Specifically, you should be able to:

1. categorize gathered information as qualitative or quantitative data; and

2. utilize the research tools and instruments in research study;

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 What I Know

Multiple choice. Choose the best answer to make the statements

complete. Write the answer of your choice on your answer sheet.

1. The majority of surveys are structured, this means that ___________.

a. relationship between the researcher and the respondent is one-on-
one
b. they select respondents by random selection.
c. the interviewer decides when and where to ask the questions.
d. the same questions shall be given to all respondents in the same
order.
2. Surveys are generally _________ compared to experiment.
a. costly
b. less prone to impacts of reactive measurement
c. reduced effectivity in testing causal relationships
d. not generalizable
3. Qualitative research measures __________.
a feelings and opinions
b numbers and figures
c numbers and feelings
d. emotions and attitudes
4. __________is ideal for in-depth interviews and focus group interviews.
a. Structured-undisguised
b. Unstructured-undisguised
c. Structured-disguised
d. Unstructured-disguised
5. On the basis of this study, Mr. Dela Cruz performed an exhaustive
analysis of the literature and deductively reasoned a hypothesis about
his question. The kind of research program Mr. Dela Cruz possibly
suggesting is ________________.
a. quantitative
b. qualitative
c. ethical
d. none of the above
6. Construct validity was denoted as _________.
a. statistical procedures that determine the contribution of each
important factor

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 b. the logical link between the research instrument and the
objective
c. how well the instrument compares with the second assessment
at the same time
d. the degree to which the instrument can determine the outcome
7. A factor affecting reliability of a research instrument is __________.
a. phrasing of the questions
b. physical settings
c. the mood of the respondent
d. all of the above
8. All the following statements were advantages of focus groups EXCEPT
__________.
a. they provide access to a wide range of respondents
b. discussion allows ideas and opinions to be validated
c. they could generate a unified point of view
d. they help preserve confidentiality
9. A main method of data collection involving behavior analysis over a
period of time is ____________.
a. testing
b. observation
c. sampling
d. browsing
10. The type of research instrument used in studying 1000 people
interviewed face to face in shopping centers is __________.
a. questionnaire
b. observation
c. focus group
d. experimentation

II. True or False. Analyze the sentences comprehensively. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if not.

____1. Validity is a measure of the research instrument in measuring

what it is intended to examine.
____2. The research tool is 100 % accurate if factors such as the
wording of the questions, moods and interactions between interviewer
and interviewee are controlled.
____3. Data collection means the collection of information to resolve
the important assessment issues found earlier by the author during
the evaluation process.

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 Lesson

1 Data Collection

Data collection means the gathering of information to address the critical

evaluation issues identified earlier by the author during the evaluation process. This
is an important feature of every form of research work (Baride et al. 2003). While
according to (Kabir 2018), data collection is a process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest in a systematic manner that allows one to answer
identified research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate results.

Both definitions indicate that data collection is one of the most critical stages
of the study. Data collection is a critical part of the research process in which
meticulous planning, hard work, patience, and perseverance are required to
objectively and systematically interpret the findings of the research being carried out.
Data collection begins with determining what kind of data is needed, followed by
selecting a sample from a particular population. After that, you must use a certain
instrument to collect the data from the sample selected (Kabir 2018).

(Winkinson, David & Birmingham 2003) suggest that all data collection aims
to capture the quality of the evidence that is then translated into rich data analysis
and to provide a convincing and credible answer to the questions that have been
raised. Irrespective of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative,
qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintaining the integrity of the
research. This part of the module deals with the types of data collected.

This module will help you have a better understanding of the Use of Research
Instruments and be able to write a systematic research.

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 What’s In

Described below are the characteristics of IMRad in writing a research.

Indicate if they were found in the INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY, OR
RESULTS and DISCUSSION. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

1. ________________________________ Research Design

2. ________________________________ Analysis and statistical methods

3. ________________________________ Background information of the

study and provides rationale of the
current study

4. _________________________________ Implications of the finding

5. _________________________________ Contains the findings of the study

and outcome of the experiment plus
the interpretation of data gathered.

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 What’s New
Data is classified into two different categories: qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitative data

Qualitative data are often non-numeric and typically descriptive or nominal.

This means that the data collected is in the form of words and phrases. Often (not
always) such data capture feelings, emotions, or subjective perception of something.
Qualitative approaches seek to answer the 'how' and 'why' of a system and tend to
use unstructured data collection methods to completely explore the issue.
Qualitative problems are open-ended. Performance approaches include focus groups,
group meetings, and interviews. Qualitative approaches are good for further
exploring the effects and unintended consequences of the program.

As a research, there is a definition of qualitative research, i.e., a method used

to obtain an understanding of the underlying causes, views and motives. It offers
insight into the issue or helps to generate ideas or theories for future quantitative
analysis (Wyse, 2011).

Quantitative data

Quantitative data are numerical in nature and can be mathematically

computed. Quantitative data analysis uses various scales, which can be categorized
as nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale, and ratio scale. Sometimes (not
always) such data requires the calculation of something. Quantitative approaches
address the 'what' of the program. They use a systematic standardized approach,
employ methods such as surveys and ask questions. Quantitative approaches have
the advantage that they are cheaper to implement, are standardized so that
comparisons can be made easily and the size of the effect can usually be measured.

Quantitative approaches, however, are limited in their ability to investigate

and explain similarities and unexpected differences. It is important to note that
quantitative data collection approaches for peer-based programs are often difficult
for agencies to implement, as lack of the necessary resources to ensure the rigorous
implementation of surveys and often experienced low participation and loss of follow-
up rates are commonly experienced factors.

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Activity #1: Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data
I. Read the following examples and then decide if the example is qualitative or
quantitative. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
__________1. Light green color
__________2. 9 cm. long
__________3. Sour taste
__________4. Deafening sound
__________5. 15 kg mass
__________6. 8°C temperature
__________7. Dark room
__________8. 3mm wide
__________9. Stiff board
__________10. 3 flower cluster

II. Write at least three (3) other examples of:

a. Qualitative Data
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________
b. Quantitative Data
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________
III. Guide Question
What type of data do you think is more scientific and why?

________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.

Notes to the Teacher

This module prepares students to choose and utilize the
appropriate research tools/instruments as they conduct research
study.

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 Lesson

2 Research Instruments

In data gathering, appropriate research instruments is needed to capture the

exact information required by the study. Research instruments as (Winkinson,
David & Birmingham 2003) specified are simply methods/tools for collecting data
about your research project.

There is no single study approach or instrument of excellence. Research is not

a 'one-size-fits-all' undertaking. No single research tool is necessarily superior to any
other. They can all be used effectively or poorly. Each has its own strengths and
weaknesses. Each of them is more or less appropriate for use in any single research
exercise. Whatever your circumstances, high-quality research projects are always
those that employ the most appropriate methods and tools in the most thoughtful
and careful manner (Winkinson, David & Birmingham 2003) added.

For data collection and interpretation, several different methodologies may be

used. The tools listed below may be used on their own or may be used as part of
broader methodologies. (Baggini and Fosl 2010) posits that there are many methods
used to collect information and a wide range of sources of knowledge. The following
are the tools of collecting information for research projects:

DESCRIPTION
INSTRUMENT

A questionnaire is a research tool

consisting of a series of questions for the
collection of information from respondents. It
may be a written form or one meant to be filled
in digitally.

A survey, on the other hand, is usually a

large, formal exercise. It typically consists of
Surveys and Questionnaires
three different aspects:

1. an approved sampling method designed

to ensure that the survey is
representative of the wider population;

2. a standard questionnaire that ensures

that information is collected and
recorded consistently; and

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 3. a set of analytical methods that allow
results and findings to be generated.

Online Examples are:

SoGoSurvey
Survey Monkey
Typeform
Google Forms
Client Heartbeat

Interviewing is a perfect way to obtain

accurate knowledge from a single person or a
small number of people. It is the primary
method of data collection used in studies. It is
Interviews
really helpful when someone needs to receive
expert feedback on the topic or to speak to
someone who is knowledgeable about the
subject.

Observation is a method of data

collection by which knowledge about a
phenomenon is obtained through observation.
The essence of the study may be done either
as a total observer, as a participant, as an
observer, or as a full participant. This
approach is a crucial foundation on which to
formulate a hypothesis.

There are various types of observations.

Structured or direct observation is a

process in which findings are reported against
the accepted checklist.
Direct
observations/experiments
Expert observation is usually carried out by
a person with specific expertise in the field of
work and involves expert observation and
recording of information on the subject.

Observation can also be carried out as a

participatory exercise. Where that is the case,
the intended beneficiaries of the initiative or
program shall be included in the preparation,
evaluation, and review of the results.

An experiment is a kind of instrument for

data collection that exists in pure and applied
science research. Here the researchers carry
out several experiments in the laboratory

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 setting to check such reactions that can occur
in the research sample.

The advantage of this approach is that it

provides immediate results, its tests are
feasible and error-free if it is carried out well
under normal circumstances or conditions.
While, its problems include: it is too expensive
to undertake and if handled carelessly, those
chemicals used can cause permanent damage
to the researcher.

A focus group is a carefully planned and

moderated informal discussion in which one
person's ideas bounce off another's chain
reaction to informative dialogue. It aims to
address a specific issue in-depth, in a
comfortable environment, to generate a wide
Focus group
range of opinions, attitudes, feelings, or
interviews/discussion
perceptions from a group of individuals who
share some common experiences concerning
the dimension under study. The product of a
focus group is a specific source of qualitative
knowledge that offers insight into how people
respond to an event or object.
A case study is a research approach that
includes a recorded history and a detailed
examination of the situation of subjects such
as sectors, organizations, and markets. The
Case-studies distinguishing feature of the case-study
approach is that it tries to recognize particular
features and important variations in the
situation under observation

The content analysis can be used as a

valuable research tool to establish sound
inferences regarding the speaker's or writer's
attitude from the text of a document. It has
Content Analysis been usefully used as a descriptor of various
research techniques used to systematically
gather, analyze and make inferences from
messages.

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Activity #2:

Refer to the descriptions of research instruments. Compose a three (3) to

four (4) lines of any of the following creative expressions given below to
describe/discuss the instruments using your own way of understanding:
a. poem
b. hip-hop rap
c. fliptop
Choose one (1) research instrument which you learned BEST for your composition.
Research Composition
Instrument
1. Surveys and
Questionnaires

2. Interviews

3. Direct observations
experiments

4. Focus group
interviews/discussion

5. Case-studies

6. Content Analysis

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 What is It

Activity #3

With your previous knowledge on types of research in mind, suggest at least

three (3) data collection instruments that are appropriate with the types of research.
Regardless of research type.

Types of Research Data Collection Instruments

1. a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
Applied c. __________________________________

2. a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
Survey c. __________________________________

3. a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
Case study c. __________________________________

4. a. __________________________________
Ethnographic e.g. b. __________________________________
correlational c. __________________________________
research

5. a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
Historical c. __________________________________

6. a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
Evaluation c. __________________________________

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 What’s More

The questionnaire is the preferred method for many researchers and can also
provide a cheap and effective way to collect data in an organized and manageable
manner. It basically answers the question: How can you get personal information
about their opinions on particular subjects or issues?

Task #1: Decide whatever project (example: effectiveness of a product, etc.)

you were up to then construct a simple questionnaire to gather the most relevant
data you need in your study. You may adopt a table similar to the one provided
below.

Sample Questionnaire

Title

Introductory Statements

Question Answer

Open-Ended Questions:

Closing Statements:

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 The interview is "a conversation that seeks to gather descriptions of the [life-
world] of the interviewee" about the interpretation of the meanings of the 'described
phenomena.' Interviews are not an easy option to do. The researcher needs to
orchestrate, direct, and control to varying degrees. Interviews 'involve a set of
situational assumptions and understandings which are not normally associated with
a casual conversation' (Alshenqeeti 2014).

Task #2: Imagine that you are on a project on a tectonic plate monitoring
device and you are about to interview a PHIVOLCS representative. Make an interview
sheet that determines the flow of your conversations. Refer to the example below for
your reference.

Research in _____________________________________________________________________

PHILVOLCS INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Name of Interviewee: ______________________________________________________

Name of Office:____________________________________________________________

Date of interview:__________________________________________________________

Introduction: My name is _________________. I work for Research in

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.

Questions: (number of questions depends on you, as long as all the

information needed were exhausted).

Q1.________________________________________________________________________

Q2. _______________________________________________________________________

Additional information:____________________________________________________

OUTRO:___________________________________________________________________

Is there anything you would like to add?

___________________________________________________________________________

Thank you very much for your help with this research.

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 A focus group is an informal conversation that is carefully organized and
moderated where one person's ideas bounce off another generating a chain reaction
of insightful discourse. It aims to discuss a particular subject in-depth, in a
comfortable setting, to generate a wide range of views, behaviors, feelings, or
experiences from a group of individuals who share some shared experience about the
aspect being studied. A focus group product is a specific source of qualitative
knowledge that provides insight into how people respond to an event or product.

Task #3: Draw on illustrative (concept map, etc.) examples from your
understanding of conducting research using focus groups as a means of data
collection tool.

Concept Map of Focus Group as Data Collection Tool

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 Observation is a data collection process in which researchers study a specific
area of research.

Task #4:

Look closely at the image below. Define settings on the lines given: where and
when (approximate time and place); Characterize the characters: people there or who
may be there. Write an intensive observation checklist.

Setting( where and when):

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Characterization of the 3 Characters in the illustration
Character 1:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Character 2
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Character 3:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Observation/s:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

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Task #5: Using Scientific Method, design an experiment (with the procedure) to
determine the number of holes in a sky flakes cracker without actually counting each
hole. The sample steps were presented below. You can use other steps in solving
the problem that you deemed applicable.

Sample Scientific Method of Solving a Problem

Step 1 Problem

Step 2 Others point of view

Step 3 Options

Pros
Step 4 Evaluate Options
Cons

Step 5 Solution

Step 6 Documentation and

steps to
implementation

Step 6 Evaluation

If you haven't completely achieved your goal – make changes to your chosen solution,
or go back to Steps 3 and 4 and select another potential solution.

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 What I Have Learned

Did you learn something?

Given are the basic Research Instruments used in scientific study. Make a
brief description of each research instruments

INSTRUMENT
DESCRIPTION

Surveys and Questionnaires

Interviews

Direct
observations/experiments

Focus group
interviews/discussion

Case-studies

Content Analysis

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 What I Can Do

Determine what data collection tool is appropriate to be used in the following

situations. Then, explain why is this suitable for such a study.

Situation #1:

Lance Nathan stood outside a department store and ask many of the shoppers
if the product they bought was good.

Type of Data Collection: _______________________________________________.

Explain your answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Situation #2

Linus gave each of his classmates a random cookie. Some from a secret recipe
A and others were from secret recipe B. Then he observes which among his
classmate returned for another cookie.

Type of Data Collection: _______________________________________________.

Explain your answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Situation #3

Determining gross household income for households in Balanga City.

Type of Data Collection: _______________________________________________.

Explain your answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Done with all the activities? Let’s try your learning!

I. Categorize the following descriptions/words below if they were for
quantitative or qualitative data. Copy the table in your answer sheet

It answers how and why Usually nominal and descriptive

Usually requires calculation Numerical in nature
Captures emotion or opinion
Qualitative Quantitative

II. Indicate what type of Research Instrument is described/defined by the

following statements. Write your answer on the blank provided before each number.
Choices are provided below.
_______________1. a form containing a question which may be a written form or one
meant to be filled in digitally.
_______________2. a perfect way to obtain accurate knowledge from a single person
or a small number of people.
_______________3. is the primary method of data collection used in studies that is
really helpful when someone needs to receive expert feedback on the topic or to speak
to someone knowledgeable about the subject.
_______________4. is a method of data collection by which knowledge about a
phenomenon is obtained through examination and inspection.
_______________5. is usually a large, formal exercise that typically consists of three
different aspects sampling method standard questionnaire and set of analytical
methods that allow results and findings to be generated.

Choices:
Questionnaire Interview Observation/Experimentation Survey

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III. Think of a situation where the following data collection instruments is applicable.
The first one is done for your reference. Write your answers in your answer sheets.

Data Collection Instrument Situation

Experiment Determine if people who take vitamin C every day are
less likely to get colds.

Survey
Interview
Content Analysis
Focus Group
Case Studies

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 Additional Activities

Direction: Using a fishbone diagram, (instead of cause-and-effect) give the

advantages and disadvantages of using the introduced research instruments in
this module. These are as follows: Surveys and Questionnaires, Interviews, Direct
observations, experiments, Focus group interviews/discussion, Case-studies, and
Content Analysis.

Make a brief discussion of your Diagram.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

22
 23
What is It:
Instruments - Types of Research Data Collection
What’s More:
1. Applied - Questionnaire, Interview and
observation. It depends on the student’s answer
Responses can be check by the research teacher.
2. Survey - Questionnaire, focus group
discussion, interview and observation.
3. Case study - Questionnaire, interview, focus
group discussion and observation.
4. Ethnographic e.g. correlational research -
Observation, questionnaire, focus group
discussion and interview Assessment:
5. Historical - Observation, focus group discussion I. Qualitative
and interview It answers How and Why? Additional
Captures emotion and opinion Activities:
6. Evaluation-Focus group discussion, interview Usually Nominal and Descriptive
and observation Quantitative - it depends
Usually requires calculations on the
7. Pure science - Experiment and observation
Numeric in nature answer of
8. Action - Questionnaire and interview II. the student
1. Survey
9. Longitudinal - Questionnaire, observation, focus 2. Interview
group discussion, interview and experiment in case 3. Interview
of pure science research. 4. Observation/experiment
5. Questionnaire
10. Exploratory - Questionnaire, observation and
III. Answer may vary
interview.
What’s In: What I
What I Can Do: Know:
I.
1. Survey, he did not assign What’s In: 1. Qualitative 1. D
shoppers to buy specific 2. Quantitative 2. C
item. Must ask question to I. 3. Qualitative 3. B
gather information needed. 1. Methodology 4. Qualitative 4. B
2. Experiment, randomly 2. Methodology 5. Quantitative 5. A
assigning who will receive 3. Introduction 6. Quantitative 6. B
different treatment (cookie 4. Results and 7. Qualitative 7. D
recipe) discussion 8. Quantitative 8. B
3. Survey, because of the huge 5. Results and 9. Quantitative 9. B
number of participants. discussion 10. Quantitative 10. A
II. Answer may Vary 11. True
III. Answer depends on 12. False
learners’ responses 13. True
Answer Key
References

DepEd (2019). K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies. Curriculum

Implementation and Learning Management Matrix.

Alshenqeeti, Hamza. 2014. “Interviewing as a Data Collection Method: A Critical

Review.” English Linguistics Research 3 (1).
https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v3n1p39.

Baggini, Julian, and Peter S Fosl. 2010. “Basic Tools for Argument.” The
Philosopher’s Toolkit, 1–41.

Baride, JP, AP Kulkarni, RD Muzumdar, and JP Baride. 2003. “Chapter-04 Data

Collection.” Manual of Biostatistics, 6–8.
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10462_4.

Kabir, Syed Muhammad. 2018. “Methods of Data Collection.” Basic Guidelines for
Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines 14 (2): 109–10.
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/13075_10.

Winkinson, David & Birmingham, Peter. 2003. Using Research Instruments: A

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