VIA University College

03/09/2022
Course: CE-ELM1-S22: Element Building - Concrete Statics
Assignment: Strut and Tie 1 - Deep beam with hole
Student: Phealy Thourk (293272) Page 1 of 6

Introduction:

A deep beam which is simply supported and is loaded by two point loads from the
shear walls.

The beam is fixed out of its own plane at the top and the bottom.
The forces are transferred by the bearings with the width of 300 mm.

The self-weight of the deep beam is disregarded in the calculation.

The instability problem is disregarded.

Inspection level: Normal γ3 ≔ 1.0

In-situ casted concrete fck ≔ 30 MPa γc ≔ 1.45 ⋅ γ3 = 1.45

fck
fcd ≔ ―― = 20.69 MPa
γc

Reinforcing steel fyk ≔ 550 MPa γs ≔ 1.2 ⋅ γ3 = 1.2

fyk
fyd ≔ ―― = 458.333 MPa
γs
Choose diameter of the tie ϕ ≔ 20 mm

Choose diameter of the mesh ϕt ≔ 12 mm

Environmental class: Passive Δcdev ≔ 10 mm (Betonkontruktioner,

table 1.7)
Minimum concrete cover: cmin ≔ 10 mm + Δcdev

cmin = 20 mm choose: c ≔ 70 mm

Assume maximum dg ≔ 32 mm (Teknisk Ståbi (5.25))

aggregate size
amin ≔ max ⎛⎝ϕ , dg + 5 mm , 20 mm ⎞⎠ = 37 mm

c1.min ≔ max ⎛⎝ϕ + Δcdev , cmin + ϕt⎞⎠ = 32 mm

Choose a ≔ 60 mm c1 ≔ 60 mm

Non-Commercial Use Only

VIA University College
03/09/2022
Course: CE-ELM1-S22: Element Building - Concrete Statics
Assignment: Strut and Tie 1 - Deep beam with hole
Student: Phealy Thourk (293272) Page 2 of 6

Point load from the shear walls: QEd ≔ 800 kN

⎛ fck ⎞
Efficiency factor νν1 ≔ max ⎜0.45 , 0.7 - ―――― ⎟ = 0.55 (To resist shear)
⎝ 200 MPa ⎠
νν2 ≔ 1 (For pure compression at the node)

Reduced plastic strength σc.plastic1 ≔ νν1 ⋅ fcd = 11.379 MPa

for compressive strut
σc.plastic2 ≔ νν2 ⋅ fcd = 20.69 MPa

Thickness of the deep beam t ≔ 300 mm

Calculation of forces in strut and tie

Consider the strut and tie model with centerline as shown below by assuming the tie
diameter of 20 mm which has two lines at the bottom of the deep beam, hence the
centerline of the tie lies on the centroid of the tie.

1
Gives: cs1 ≔ c + ―⋅ ϕ = 80 mm cs2 ≔ cs1 + ϕ + a = 160 mm
2
1
cs ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝cs1 + cs2⎞⎠ = 120 mm
2

The height of the truss model htruss ≔ 0.75 m + 2 m + ⎛⎝1 m - cs⎞⎠ = 3.63 m

Non-Commercial Use Only

VIA University College
03/09/2022
Course: CE-ELM1-S22: Element Building - Concrete Statics
Assignment: Strut and Tie 1 - Deep beam with hole
Student: Phealy Thourk (293272) htruss ≔ 0.75 m + 2 m + ⎛⎝1 m - cs⎞⎠ = 3.63 m Page 3 of 6

⎛ htruss ⎞
From geometry α ≔ atan ⎜――― ⎟ = 46.045 deg cot ((α)) = 0.964
⎝ 3.5 m ⎠

From equilibrium RA ≔ QEd = 800 kN RD ≔ QEd = 800 kN

Node B

QEd
CAB ≔ ――― = ⎛⎝1.111 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kN CBC ≔ QEd ⋅ cot ((α)) = 771.35 kN
( )
sin (α)

Node A

TAD ≔ RA ⋅ cot ((α)) = 771.35 kN

CAB ⋅ sin ((α)) = 800 kN

RA = 800 kN

CAB ⋅ cos ((α)) = 771.35 kN

By symmetry CCD ≔ CAB = ⎛⎝1.111 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kN

Efficiency factors at the nodes Deep beam has minimum reinforcement mesh

Efficiency factors at node B and C are the same (from symmetry of the truss system)

Strut AB is used to resist the shear force in concrete, hence

νν1 = 0.55 is used for node B and C

σc.plastic1 = 11.379 MPa

Efficiency factors at node A and D are the same (from symmetry of the truss system)

Non-Commercial Use Only

VIA University College
03/09/2022
Course: CE-ELM1-S22: Element Building - Concrete Statics
Assignment: Strut and Tie 1 - Deep beam with hole
Student: Phealy Thourk (293272) Page 4 of 6

Efficiency factors at node A and D are the same (from symmetry of the truss system)

Strut AB is used to resist the shear force in concrete, hence

νν1 = 0.55 is used for node A and D

σc.plastic1 = 11.379 MPa

The widths of the struts

CBC
bBC ≔ ―――― = 225.951 mm
σc.plastic1 ⋅ t

QEd
bQEd ≔ ―――― = 234.343 mm bQEd ≤ 300 mm = 1 Ok
σc.plastic1 ⋅ t
(300 mm is the width of the bearing)
CAB
bAB ≔ ―――― = 325.531 mm (Diagonal concrete strut
σc.plastic1 ⋅ t used to resist shear crack)
RA
bRA ≔ ―――― = 234.343 mm (Choose bearing of 300 mm)
t ⋅ σc.plastic1

bAD ≔ bRA ⋅ cot ((α)) = 225.951 mm 0.5 ⋅ bAD = 112.975 mm

0.5 ⋅ bAD ≤ cs = 1 OK

Below shows the truss model with the widths of the struts: it is shown that the truss system is
inside the concrete. Hence, the chosen truss model is okay to use.

Design the tie

Non-Commercial Use Only

VIA University College
03/09/2022
Course: CE-ELM1-S22: Element Building - Concrete Statics
Assignment: Strut and Tie 1 - Deep beam with hole
Student: Phealy Thourk (293272) Page 5 of 6

Design the tie

TAD
Required tension reinforcement area As.min ≔ ―― = ⎛⎝1.683 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
fyd

Choose 6Y20 As ≔ 1880 mm 2

Required width of the deep beam breq ≔ 2 ⋅ c1 + 3 ⋅ ϕ + 2 a = 300 mm

breq ≤ t = 1 Ok

Minimum reinforcement mesh of the deep beam

⎛ mm 2 ⎞ mm 2
As.dbmin ≔ max ⎜0.1% ⋅ t , 150 ――⎟ = 300 ―― (DS/EN 1992-1-1, 9.7(1))
⎝ m ⎠ m

mm 2
As.dbmin = 300 ―― for both directions
m
smax ≔ min ((2 ⋅ t , 300 mm )) = 300 mm (DS/EN 1992-1-1, 9.7(2))
mm 2
Choose Y12/300 As.mesh ≔ 377 ――
m

Anchorage solution (DS/EN 1992-1-1, 9.7(3))

TAD
Tension stress in the tie σsd ≔ ―― = 410.292 MPa
As

σsd
Basis anchorage length lb.rqd ≔ 61 ⋅ ϕ ⋅ ―― = ⎛⎝1.092 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm
fyd

(61 comes from Teknisk Ståbi table 5.10, poor bond condition)

Effect of concrete cover

⎛a ⎞
Use straight bar cd ≔ min ⎜―, c1 , c⎟ = 30 mm (Teknisk Ståbi table 5.13)
as tie: ⎝2 ⎠
Thus α1 ≔ 1

⎛ ⎛ cd - ϕ ⎞⎞
α2 ≔ min ⎜1 , max ⎜0.7 , 1 - 0.15 ⋅ ――⎟⎟ = 0.925
⎝ ⎝ ϕ ⎠⎠

Transverse pressure at node A

Non-Commercial Use Only

VIA University College
03/09/2022
Course: CE-ELM1-S22: Element Building - Concrete Statics
Assignment: Strut and Tie 1 - Deep beam with hole
Student: Phealy Thourk (293272) Page 6 of 6

Transverse pressure at node A

RA p
p ≔ ――= 11.379 MPa α5 ≔ 1 - 0.04 ⋅ ――= 0.545
t ⋅ bRA MPa

Minimum transverse reinforcement at the anchorage zone 2Y12 (stirrup)

α3 ≔ 1 (Teknisk Ståbi table 5.12)

α' ≔ max ⎛⎝0.7 , α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α5⎞⎠ = 0.7 (Teknisk Ståbi (5.29))

Design anchorage length lbd ≔ α1 ⋅ α' ⋅ lb.rqd (Teknisk Ståbi (5.28))

lbd = 764.487 mm

lb.min ≔ max ⎛⎝100 mm , 10 ⋅ ϕ , 0.3 ⋅ lb.rqd⎞⎠ = 327.637 mm

lbd ≥ lb.min = 1 Ok

Hence, X ≔ lbd + cmin X = 784.487 mm (Distance from reaction

to the edge of the beam)

Column stability of the struts

The compressive struts are assumed to be non reinforced concrete columns which
are centrically loaded. The critical or buckling stress of the strut can then be
calculated using formula (7.13) in Betonkonstruktioner, and the buckling stress must
be higher than the design stress in the strut for the strut not to buckle before failure
from crushing of concrete.

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