Tune in To Grammar BK 8 Chs 1 3

Contents
1. The Sentence 1
2. Nouns 10
1
3. Pronouns 22
4. Adjectives 37
5. Adverbs 48
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td
6. Simple and Continuous Tenses 55
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t.
7. Perfect and Perfect Continuous Tenses 61
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8. Modals 67
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9. Non-Finite Verbs 73
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10. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 84
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11. Active and Passive Voice 89
12. Subject–Verb Agreement
Se 98
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13. Prepositions 105
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14. Conjunctions 115

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15. Interjections 122

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16. Punctuation 126

17. Direct and Indirect Speech 134
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18. Kinds of Phrases 144

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19. Kinds of Clauses 153

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20. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences 167

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21. Synthesis and Transformation of Sentences 173

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Comprehension 183
Composition 192
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Test Paper 1 193

Test Paper 2 196
Prelims_Tune in to Grammar_CB-8.indd 1 10/2/2016 1:16:03 PM

1 The Sentence
.
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Split into two teams—Teams A and B—for this task. For each round of the task,
t.
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the teams will choose a speaker. Your teacher will write a word on the board. The
speaker will come forward and say seven sentences about the word, without a pause.
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In order to make this task fun, make sure the sentences are funny.
ic
rv
Se
Know
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io
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You have learnt that:

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• a sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense.

Ed
• a sentence has at least one finite verb.

a
• a sentence ends with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).
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In
• a sentence is made up of two parts, a subject and a predicate.

n
In a sentence, the subject may be a person, an

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animal or a thing that does the action, or the

Notes
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one on whom the action is performed. For A finite verb is a verb that shows the
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example: person and the number of the subject.

For example:
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• The children jumped with joy. • Students study hard before an

• The children were given biscuits to eat. examination.
• The student studies hard to qualify
In the first sentence, the subject is the children for the interview.
who do the action; and in the second sentence, To identify the subject of the sentence,
we usually ask the question who or
the action is performed on the subject. what before the verb.
Tune in to Grammar_Book-8.indd 1 10/13/2016 12:10:09 PM

You have learnt that the subject usually comes at the beginning of the sentence and
is followed by the predicate. However, there are exceptions.
• In poetry or in creative writing, the subject might come after the predicate.
For example:
o Out flew the web, and floated wide
• In questions, the subject comes after the helping verb. For example:
o Could you drop me to the station, please?
.
• In imperative sentences, the subject is often understood. For example:
td
o (You) Pick up the books.
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t.
The subject of a sentence may be one or several words. The word that is the most
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important in such a phrase is called the subject-word.
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You have learnt that the object of a sentence is what the subject acts upon. It can be
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a word or a phrase. The object is mandatory when the sentence has a transitive verb.
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Se
Sometimes, the verb might take two objects—direct object and indirect object.
Read these sentences.

n
io
• Hannah bought a gift.

at
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• Hannah bought me a gift.

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In the second sentence, to the question what, the answer is a gift. This is the direct
object. To the question for whom, the answer is me. This is the indirect object.
a
di
Now, read these sentences.

In
• The crowd was making a lot of noise.

n
so
• The noisy crowd made it difficult to hear anything.

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• The noisy crowd, being chaotic, made it difficult for us to

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hear anything.
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In the second and the third sentences, the subject-words have been qualified by
an adjective (noisy), and a group of words that act as an adjective (being chaotic),
respectively.
The adjective or the adjective phrase that qualifies the subject-word in a sentence is called the
attribute. The article the—with the subject—is also an attribute.

The predicate of a sentence is usually made up of more than one word. Sometimes,
the verb in a sentence may be qualified by an adverb or a group of words that acts
as an adverb.
Read these sentences. Notes

• Monali paints well. (adverb) When the infinitive is used
to qualify a noun, a verb or
• The students ran towards the field. (adverb phrase) an adjective, it is called a
qualifying infinitive or a
• To be honest, I am unhappy with his work.
gerundial infinitive.
.
(gerundial infinitive)
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The highlighted word or group of words is the qualifying adverb, the adverb phrase
t.
or the gerundial infinitive. This is the adverbial qualification.
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Notes
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• Vibhuti is a dancer. Se
• Rema appears to be unhappy.
n
The highlighted words in these sentences make them complete and meaningful. They tell us
io
something more about the subjects of the verbs. This is the subjective complement.
at

uc
• The jury found him guilty.

Ed
• The board elected her Dean.

The words guilty and Dean tell us something about the object of the verbs him and her. Such a
a
word or a group of words required to complete the sense of the predicate is called the objective
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complement.
In
A complement can be:

n
• The day is warm. (an adjective)

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• His name is Ravi. (a noun)

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• The chocolates are kept here. (an adverb)

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• The church is in poor shape. (an adjectival phrase)

• He is swimming. (a participle)
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• The man appears depressed. (a participle)

• The young girl decided to leave.
• The large gorilla uprooted the huge tree with ease.

• I rushed into the room.
• Mr Sen’s efforts were commendable.
• The council elected him chairperson.
Study this table to understand the components of each sentence.
Attribute Subject- Verb Object Complement: Adverbial/

word Subjective/Objective
The young girl decided to leave.
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td
The large gorilla uprooted the huge tree with ease. (adverbial)
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I rushed into the room. (adverbial)
t.
Mr Sen’s efforts were commendable.
Pv
(subjective complement)
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The council elected him chairperson.
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(objective complement)
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Se
n
Learn
io
at
Identify the subjects and the predicates in these sentences.

uc
1. The big brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.

Ed
2. Blessed are those who share.

a
3. What a helpful friend he is!

di
In
4. Baking is his passion.

n
5. I was truly disappointed with his behaviour.

so
6. A very strong man, carrying a rucksack, stepped forward to help.

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7. Cheer up!
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8. The tiger pounced upon its weak and tired victim.

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9. The Mughal Emperor Akbar was a man with a vision.

10. Can he help us?
11. The hibiscus is a beautiful flower!
12. Men and women in varied attire marched on merrily in the celebration parade.

Practise
A. Read these sentences and identify the subject and the attribute. Some
sentences may not have both.
1. The quiet mouse ate some cheese.
2. Cynthia, the sweet girl, sang a carol.
3. The broken boat with a tattered sail dashed against
.
td
the rocks.
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4. Mr Guha, the Principal of our school, is a man of few words.
t.
Pv
5. The prince gave the princess a large diamond ring.
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6. Ali, the sailor, rescued the children.
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7. The boys cooked a hearty meal.
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8. The swimmers gave their trainer a surprise gift.
9. My views on the subject were discussed. Se
n
10. The enormous giant uprooted the tree effortlessly.
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11. Venomous snakes often build nests underground.

at
uc
12. The intrepid trekkers attempted to scale Mt Everest.

Ed
13. The excited students read through the book very quickly.
14. The tired and vexed passengers waited for a long time at the airport.
a
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15. I would like someone to call the restaurant and order lunch.
In
B. Encircle the objects in these sentences. Say which one is the direct object and
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which is the indirect object.

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1. Jane has bought a vase for her mother.

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2. I had to write a long essay for the entrance test.

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3. Why don't you sing a song for the audience?

4. Bhanu served dinner for the family last evening.
5. The girl went swimming in the pool with her dog.
6. The students sent him a postcard.
7. I painted the other side of the wall.

8. We invited Mary to the party.
9. The children built a sandcastle on the beach.
10. My mother built a tree house for me in the garden.
11. The teachers distributed sweets among the children.
12. I had to pay the plumber a lot of money to repair the pipes.
C. Identify the complement in each of these sentences and state its kind.
1. The car nearly hit the lamp post.
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td
2. The weather in the tropical town got hotter and hotter.
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3. I found the music soulful.
t.
Pv
4. The cyclist is pedalling fast.
5. The cake has not been baked.
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6. He teaches flying at the camp.
ic
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7. They have said that they study every night.
8. My uncle is a Hindi teacher. Se
n
9. The situation is complicated.
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10. The building was constructed overnight.

at
uc
11. I feel confident about the presentation.

Ed
12. The houses are in a state of disrepair.

a
di
In
Know
n
so
You have learnt that a sentence can be a statement, a question, a request,

a command, a denial or a response. For example:
ar
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• We ordered rice and chicken for dinner. (assertive sentence / affirmative)

• Tanvi does not like to watch films. (assertive sentence / negative)
©
• Can you play the piano? (interrogative sentence / yes or no question)

• Where have you kept my phone? (interrogative sentence / wh- question)
• Please be silent. (imperative sentence / request)
• Be quiet. (imperative sentence / command)
• What beautiful flowers! (exclamatory sentence)

Remember!
• An assertive or a declarative sentence makes a statement and can be of two kinds—
affirmative and negative sentences. A negative sentence usually contains no or not.
• An interrogative sentence asks a question. When the answer to the question is yes or no,
it is a yes or no question. Questions that begin with why, what, when, which, who, when,
where, whom and how are called wh- questions.
• A sentence that gives a command, or an order, makes a request or gives advice is called an
imperative sentence.
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td
• A sentence that expresses a strong feeling is an exclamatory sentence. It always ends with
an exclamation mark (!).
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t.
Pv
Transformation of Sentences
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You have learnt that the form of a sentence can be changed without changing the
ic
meaning of the sentence. This is called transformation. For example:
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• How hot it is! (exclamatory)
It is very hot. (assertive)
Se
n
• Haven’t you shut the door? (interrogative)
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at
You have shut the door. (assertive)

uc
• Maya did the work. (affirmative)

Ed
Maya did not fail to do the work. (negative)

a
di
In
Learn
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Identify these sentences as declarative [D], interrogative [In], imperative [Im] or

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exclamatory [E] sentences.

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1. The soldier marched proudly to receive his medal.

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2. Is Umesh wearing a red shirt?

3. Do not take coffee from the vending machine.
4. Help me paint the fence, please.
5. What a funny expression that was!
6. How disturbing this documentary is!

7. What is the name of that gentleman?
8. Siddharth does not like to watch horror films.
9. They heard strange sounds coming from the house next door.
10. Did the two boys fight over a bar of chocolate?
11. Stop arguing and come here.
12. Work hard and do well.
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td
Practise
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t.
A. Rearrange these words and phrases to form sentences as directed. Use capital
Pv
letters and the correct punctuation marks.
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1. for the / biscuits / cake / Shobhit / and / office party / has ordered (assertive)
ic
2. the / printing press / editors / took / to see / they / the (assertive)
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3. today / it / is / how / cloudy (exclamatory)
Se
4. about / you / read / who / the man / did / a little girl /
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adopted (interrogative)
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at
5. the / window / close (imperative)

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6. the old one / after / Sharmas / television set / bought /

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stopped / working / a new / the (assertive)

7. Kavita / does / where / live (interrogative)
a
di
8. got sick / the café / had / food / from / Apoorv / and (assertive)
In
9. people / who / neighbours / loudly / our / like / do not / speak (negative)

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so
10. the / beautiful / rain / is/ oh / how (exclamatory)

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11. it / up / pick / now / right (imperative)

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12. run / shout / in the / corridor / or / do not (imperative)

©
B. Transform each of these sentences as directed.

1. She drinks at least ten glasses of water every day. (negative)
2. Vijaita looks stunning in her gown. (exclamatory)
3. Jacob took his friends out for a treat. (interrogative)
4. Could you please pass me the table salt? (imperative)

5. This is an expensive watch. (exclamatory)
6. I have no money in my wallet. (interrogative)
7. How sunny it is today! (assertive)
8. I may get late as it is foggy. (interrogative)
9. Will you please be silent? (imperative)
10. Blue is not as dark as black. (positive)
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t.
Pv
Activity
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Play this game with your classmates. Sit in a circle. Make the longest
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sentence you can. Start with a word or a phrase that will be the subject.
Se
Each of you will add a word or a phrase to keep the sentence going.
Remember to ensure it is grammatically correct. When the sentence ends,
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the next student will begin a new sentence with a new subject.
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uc
Ed
a
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In
n
so
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©

2 Nouns
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t.
Pick a sport that you enjoy playing. Then, write a list of nouns that are related
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to that sport. For example:
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For cricket, you might write the nouns ball, bat, wicket, pitch and umpire.
ic
Now, let the others guess which sport the nouns refer to.
rv
Se
n
io
at
Know
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You have learnt that a noun is a word that names a person, place, animal, thing,
Ed
quality or feeling.
a
di
Read these sentences. Do You know?

In
• Sarita is wearing a yellow dress.

A proper noun denotes a particular person,
n
so
• The girls are sitting on the bench in place, day or thing. For example:
the park. • Rita, Paris, Sunday, the Taj Mahal, etc.
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A common noun denotes a person, place,

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• We went to Paris during our summer activity or thing in general. For example:
holidays.
• dress, bench, park, badminton, etc.
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• We played badminton on Sunday. A collective noun denotes a collection of

people, animals or things. For example:
• A swarm of flies flew into the room
• army, swarm, bunch, etc.
when I opened the window.
An abstract noun denotes a quality, or a
• Swami Vivekananda propagated state of being. For example:
spirituality through his philosophy. • spirituality, philosophy, wickedness, etc.
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The highlighted words in these sentences are nouns. Can you say what each of them
describes?
Nouns are classified mainly into Notes

four kinds—proper, common, A collective noun is used to refer to several persons,
collective and abstract. animals or things collectively as a unit. Sometimes,
collective nouns can be taken as singular or plural,
There is a fifth kind of noun depending on the context. For example:
which names the material of • The jury agrees that he committed the crime.
which things are made. This • The jury disagree on the type of punishment.
.
td
In the first sentence, the jury acts as a unit. In the
is called a material noun. For
L
second, the members of the jury act as individuals.
example:
t.
Pv
• paper, steel, cotton, etc.
es
ic
• Aloka is a sweet person. Everyone is charmed by her sweetness.
rv
Se
• Don’t move! Your movement will disturb the butterfly.
• When I see this child, I remember my childhood.
n
io
• The swimming pool is deep. Its depth frightens me.

at
uc
The highlighted words in these sentences

are abstract nouns. These have been formed
Remember!
Ed
from the words sweet, move, child and Proper nouns, collective nouns,
a
deep. abstract nouns and material nouns can

di
also be used as common nouns. They

In
Abstract nouns can be formed from are used in the plural number or have
n
adjectives, verbs as well as from common an article placed before them.

so
For example:
nouns by adding suffixes (-ness, -ment,
• Mother Teresa dedicated herself
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-hood and -th). to the service of the poor.

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• She is the Mother Teresa of my

country.
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Learn
Underline the nouns in these sentences. Arrange them in the table.
1. The herd of buffaloes ran as fast as they could from the lionesses.
2. Rinita tried making pasta, but she burnt the butter in the pan.
11

3. Will she be going to Shimla?
4. Grandpa goes for a walk to the park every morning.
There, he admires the flowers and the trees.
5. Will you give these shoes to the cobbler to mend?
6. Amar was rewarded for his diligence and dedication
towards his work.
7. The team of cricket players celebrated its victory at the club.
8. The school took the children to the science museum in Delhi.
.
td
9. Can you spot the leopard on the tree?
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t.
10. Anushka wore a large hat.
Pv
11. The night watchman stood with a stick in one hand and a torch in the other.
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12. Honesty is the best policy.
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Common Proper Collective Abstract
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Se
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Ed
a
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In
Practise
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A. Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns from the box.
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©
school sheaf clump chain constellation pack

choir band litter murder block bunch
1. a _________________ of wolves
2. a _________________ of musicians
3. a _________________ of dolphins
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4. a _________________ of puppies
5. a _________________ of trees
6. a _________________ of singers
7. a _________________ of stars
8. a _________________ of papers
9. a _________________ of grass
10. a _________________ of flats
.
11. a _________________ of crows
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12. a _________________ of islands
t.
Pv
B. Fill in the blanks with abstract nouns. Use the words in the brackets to make
the abstract nouns.
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ic
1. _________________ is only skin deep. (beautiful)
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2. Every year, the Sharmas go on a _________________ to Tirupathi. (pilgrim)
Se
3. _________________ is necessary for _________________. (meditate; relax)
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4. The woman trembled with _________________ when _________________

at
covered the village. (fearful; dark)

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5. The student was filled with unshaken _________________ to do well in the

Ed
examination. (determined)
a
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6. One must show some _________________ and _________________ towards

In
poor children. (compassionate; kind)

n
7. The tailor took the _________________ for the

so
garments very carefully. (measure)

ar
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8. Christmas is a season of _________________ and

_________________. (joyous; prosperous)
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9. The audience got bored because the play provided them with no
_________________. (entertaining)
10. Many freedom fighters sacrificed their lives for _________________.

(independent)
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11. _________________ of food should be avoided at any cost. There are many
who die of _________________ due to _________________ of food. (waste;
hungry; short)
12. _________________ is a good quality. (clean)
C. Form abstract nouns from these words.

1. captain 2. deep 3. bore 4. high
5. hate 6. child 7. king 8. decide
.
td
9. cheap 10. friend 11. true 12. deceive
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t.
D. What do these collective nouns describe?
Pv
1. shoal 2. fleet 3. gang 4. congregation
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5. den 6. stack 7. colony 8. army
ic
9. tuft 10. deck 11. staff 12. galaxy
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Se
n
Know
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Gender
uc
Ed
Nouns may be in the masculine, feminine, Remember!

neuter or common gender. For example:
a
If a noun refers to a male, it is said

di
• man, tiger, father, etc. (masculine) to be in the masculine gender.

In
• woman, tigress, mother, etc. (feminine) If a noun refers to a female, it is said

n
to be in the feminine gender.

so
• grass, wood, sand, etc. (neuter) If a noun refers to things that are
ar
• student, baby, teacher, etc. (common) neither male nor female, usually
non-living things, it is said to be in
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the neuter gender.

Number
A noun is in the common gender if it
©
refers to what can be male or female.

A noun may either be singular or plural in
number.
• boy, lion, box, etc. (singular)
• boys, lions, boxes, etc. (plural)
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When we talk about one person, animal or thing, we use the noun in the singular
form. When we speak about two or more people, animals or things, we use the noun
in the plural form.
Singular nouns can be changed to plural in many ways. Look at the table and
observe the rules of changing singular into plural.
Rule Singular Plural

by adding -s to the • garden • gardens
singular form • stone • stones
.
td
by adding -es to nouns • tax • taxes
L
ending in -x, -ch, -s and • watch • watches
t.
Pv
-sh • gas • gases
• dish • dishes
es
by changing -y into -i • duty • duties
ic
and adding -es in nouns • story • stories
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ending in -y
by adding -s to nouns • day
Se • days
n
ending in -y but preceded • monkey • monkeys
io
by a vowel
at
by adding -es to nouns • mosquito • mosquitoes

uc
ending in -o preceded by • volcano • volcanoes

Ed
a consonant • hero • heroes

a
• buffalo • buffaloes
di
by adding -s to nouns • tie • ties

In
ending in -ie, -oo or • cuckoo • cuckoos

n
-eo and in some words • video • videos

so
ending in -o preceded by • halo • halos

ar
a consonant
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by adding -es to nouns • knife • knives

©
ending in -f or -fe, by • calf • calves

changing them to -v
by adding -s to some • roof • roofs
nouns ending in -f • cliff • cliffs
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Look at these examples.
• swimming pool Remember!
• washing machine • ome nouns ending in -f and -fe
S
can have two forms of plurals.
• newspaper For example: hoofs/hooves,
• passer-by dwarfs/dwarves
• Some nouns do not follow any
• passbook rule. For example: children, mice
• Some nouns have the same
These proper and common nouns are made
.
singular and plural forms.
td
up of more than one word. They are known For example: deer, aircraft
L
as compound nouns.
t.
Pv
Compound nouns usually form plurals by adding -s to the main noun.
es
• father-in-law fathers-in-law
ic
• stepdaughter stepdaughters
rv
Se
Read these rules for singular and plural nouns with examples.
• Some words are generally used only in the singular form.
n
io
For example:
at
o poetry, information, furniture, advice, innings, alms, etc.

uc
• Nouns that have two similar parts that are taken together are
Ed
considered to be plural nouns. For example:

a
o trousers, tongs, scissors, socks, etc.

di
• Nouns denoting a specific quantity or amount are considered to be singular.

In
For example:
n
so
o thirty-one rupees, one dozen apples, five kilometres, etc.

ar
There are words in the English language that have been borrowed from Latin. Some
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nouns of Latin origin that end in -us form their plurals by adding an -es.
For example:
©
• circus – circuses
• campus – campuses
• virus – viruses
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Look at the table to see some more Latin words that are used in the English
language. They follow a pattern when changed from singular to plural.
Singular Plural
larva larvae
bacterium bacteria
axis axes
curriculum curricula
criterion criteria
.
td
basis bases
L
alumnus alumni
t.
phenomenon phenomena
Pv
stimulus stimuli
es
ic
Some Latin nouns have two plural forms, one English and one Latin.
rv
Study this table to see some examples.
Singular
Se
English Plural Latin Plural
n
cactus cactuses cacti
io
radius radiuses radii

at
uc
hippopotamus hippopotamuses hippopotami

stadium stadiums stadia
Ed
syllabus syllabuses syllabi

a
index indexes indices

di
antenna antennas antennae

In
millennium millenniums millennia

n
so
gymnasium gymnasiums gymnasia

ar
Some French nouns have two plural forms, one English and one French.
Pe
Study the table to see some examples.

©
Singular English Plural French Plural

bureau bureaus bureaux
plateau plateaus plateaux
chateau chateaus chateaux
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Practise
A. Identify the gender of the highlighted nouns.
1. The jury declared its verdict and the prisoner was proved guilty.
2. The hunter felt sorry for the injured deer and gave it water to drink.
3. The businessman asked his lawyer to speak to the eyewitness.
.
4. The emperor told the shepherd to shoot an arrow
td
into the air.
L
t.
5. The mare hurt its hooves while running through
Pv
the stony path in the woods.
es
6. The wicked duchess captured the princess and
locked her in the dungeon.
ic
rv
7. My grandfather and my cousin used to take me out on Sundays to pick
Se
berries from the tree near the magician’s house.
8. This author is an orphan who was raised by his teacher.
n
io
9. This actor is quite popular.

at
10. I fell off the bull onto the soft mud.

uc
Ed
B. Rewrite the sentences by changing the gender.

1. My aunt visits her niece every weekend.
a
di
2. The lady has several drakes on her farm.

In
3. The son is more talkative than his father.

n
so
4. Her uncle is always very helpful.

ar
5. Our host is very efficient.

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6. Their king is a widower.

7. Her son is a steward.
©
8. The queen owns a mare.

9. The bridegroom spoke to the priest.
10. A policeman dragged him out of the crowd.
11. The waitress dropped the soup on the girl.
12. Tell your wife she should be here by 9 a.m.
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C. Fill in the blanks with the plural forms of the nouns in the brackets.
1. The _________________ were separated from the herd and were lost.
(buffalo)
2. We heard _________________ outside the door and
ran down the _________________. (footstep; stair)
3. The _________________ camping outside were bitten
by _________________. (trekker; mosquito)
4. All the _________________ were afraid of the
.
td
_________________ that came from the forest. They
L
were comforted by the _________________ from the
t.
nearby village. (child; noise; woman)
Pv
5. The _________________ swam in the pond. (goose)
es
6. The shoemaker asked the _________________ to make _________________ for
ic
him. (elf; shoe)
rv
7. We woke up early morning and heard the songs of _________________ and
_________________. (cuckoo; nightingale)
Se
n
8. The _________________ and the smoke from the _________________ caused
io
at
great destruction. (ash; volcano)

uc
9. There is a shop that sells _________________. (piano)

Ed
10. The Pied Piper led all the _________________ out of the town. (mouse)
a
D. Correct the errors in these sentences. Make the necessary changes.

di
In
1. The Earth rotates on its axes.

n
2. We saw a hippopotami at the zoo.

so
3. The old beggar followed the group of college

ar
student for alm.

Pe
4. A number of disasters crippled the working of the

©
nations.
5. Make sure the radii of the circle equals 5 centimetres.
6. We witnessed a wonderful phenomena a while back.
7. On what bases are you filing this complaint?
8. The teacher stated that this was one of the many criterion for selection into
the team.
19

9. Can you give me a scissor?
10. She gave me good advices on how to crack the examination.
E. Solve the crossword using compound nouns. The clues will help you.
1
B 2
F 3
K
T
4
G
5
.
6
F 7
N 8
B
tdL
t.
M W
9 10
A R
Pv
T
11
E
es
ic
N
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc
Across
Ed
5. a green insect that jumps very high and makes a chirping sound
6. a round object which is kicked about by two teams with an objective
a
di
to strike a goal
In
10. a place where aeroplanes take off from and land

n
so
11. a substance used to clean one’s teeth

ar
Down
Pe
1. a room where one sleeps

©
2. a small area in a room where fire is lit to keep the house warm
3. a device on which there are keys denoting the letters of the alphabet and
numbers from 1 to 0 along with many other symbols
4. a large spoon used for eating
7. something that one reads every morning to know what is happening around
the world
20

8. a piece of furniture which is used for holding books
9. a cascade of water falling from a height
.
td
Activity
L
t.
Pv
The names of objects can also be classified as masculine or feminine.
Do you know why?
es
ic
Can you make a list of such nouns? You may use the Internet or refer
rv
to books to look for this information.
Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
21

3 Pronouns
.
L td
Read this conversation.
t.
Pv
Latika: Whose dress is that? Does it belong to Seema?
Rimi: No it is mine. I gave it to her for a day.
es
Latika: Which shop did you buy it from?
ic
Rimi: From a shop near Gariahat. My father also buys his clothes from there.
rv
How are the highlighted words connected?
Se
n
io
at
Know
uc
Ed
You have learnt that words that replace nouns

in a sentence are called pronouns. For example:
a
di
• Hi, Mansi! How are you?

In
• I like children. They bring me a lot of joy.

n
so
• Raman has a field of pumpkins. What will he

ar
do with them?
Notes
Pe
• Look at that cat. It is hurt.

©
• Gautam, could you fetch Anand his lunch A pronoun is a word used instead
of a noun or a noun phrase.
box? It is a round box made of steel.
A pronoun is a useful and
functional word. It can stand in
The highlighted words in these sentences are
place of a noun, a noun phrase
pronouns. The nouns that are replaced by or a name. Pronouns thus refer
pronouns are known as the antecedents of the to a noun or a noun phrase
already mentioned.
pronouns.
22

You have learnt that pronouns are of different kinds. These are:
• personal pronouns • possessive pronouns
• demonstrative pronouns • interrogative pronouns
• emphasising or emphatic pronouns • reflexive pronouns
• distributive pronouns • relative pronouns
• indefinite pronouns • reciprocal pronouns
.
td
Personal Pronouns
L
The pronouns I, me, she,
t.
You have learnt that personal pronouns can be classified her, he, him, you, we, us,
Pv
it, they and them come
into the first person, the second person and the third in the place of people,
es
person pronouns. animals or things. They are
personal pronouns.
ic
rv
• You need to be more polite.
Se
• Is he the new teacher?
n
io
• I found the tin of biscuits. It was empty.

at
uc
In each of these sentences, the highlighted pronouns have been used as the subjects
of the verbs. These are also called pronouns of the nominative case.
Ed
Now, read these sentences and pay attention to the highlighted

a
di
pronouns.
In
• Lend me a helping hand.

n
• My uncle gave me this vase. I broke it.

so
ar
• I wanted to call you last weekend.

Pe
These pronouns have been used as objects of the verbs. Such pronouns are also
called pronouns of the objective case.
©
Rules for Using Personal Pronouns

• A personal pronoun must be of the same number, gender and
person as the noun it stands for. For example:
o Apoorv is my friend. He likes pizza.
o Madhumanti and Kranti are siblings. They live in a haunted house.
23

• A personal pronoun should be singular in number and of neuter gender when it
is used for a collective noun that is viewed as a whole. For example:
o The pack of wolves ran away when it saw the elephants approaching.
• A personal pronoun should be in the plural when it stands for
a collective noun where each of the individuals is considered
separately. For example:
o The committee did not change many of the clauses put
forward by them.
.
td
• A personal pronoun will be in the singular if it is used to
L
denote two singular nouns preceded by each or every that are joined by and.
t.
Pv
For example:
o Every child and every teacher should fulfil the duties assigned to him/her.
es
• If the two nouns are of different genders, the pronoun takes the gender of the
ic
noun closest to it. For example:
rv
Se
o Each man and each woman did justice to the role allotted to her.
• When two or more singular nouns are joined by and, the pronoun used is plural.
n
io
For example:
at
o The staff and the participants have made the

uc
programme a success. They deserve a wonderful

Ed
dinner.
a
• When two singular nouns joined by and refer to the same person or thing, the
di
pronoun used must be singular. For example:

In
o The singer and guitarist mesmerised everyone who heard him/her.

n
so
• A personal pronoun must be in the singular when it is used for two or more
ar
singular nouns of the same gender joined by or, nor, neither…

Pe
nor, either…or. For example:

o Either Vanshika or Dilshad has left that diary of hers.
©
• If two or more singular nouns joined by or, nor, neither…nor,

either…or are of different genders, the pronoun agrees to the one closest to it.
For example:
o The students are giving their names for the competition. Neither Meetesh nor
Deepti has given hers.
24

• If a singular noun and a plural noun are joined by
either…or, neither…nor, the pronoun must be plural and
the plural noun is placed next to the verb. For example:
o Neither the teacher nor his students have attended the
seminar that was held for them.
• If two or more pronouns of different persons are used in a
sentence, the second person pronoun is placed first and the
first person pronoun is placed last. For example:
.
td
o You, he and I should leave for Manali next week.
L
Possessive Pronouns
t.
Pv
You know that the pronouns mine, ours, his, hers, its, theirs Possessive pronouns
es
and yours are used to show possession. These are possessive are used to indicate
that something
ic
pronouns. For example: belongs to someone
rv
or is associated with
• Mamata lost her access card. I think this is hers.
• This souvenir is yours to keep.
Se them.
n
• These books are mine but those pens are theirs.
io
at
Read the table to see the different possessive pronouns.

uc
Person Singular Plural

Ed
First person mine ours

a
Second person yours yours

di
Third person his / hers / its theirs

In
n
so
Possessive pronouns are also used to compare two things of

the same kind or type which belong to, or are associated with,
ar
Pe
different people. For example:

• Mahi’s teeth are whiter than mine.
©
• Is that pen yours or mine?

• These bangles are either hers or mine.
It is easy to confuse possessive pronouns with possessive adjectives.

Study the table on the next page.
25

Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives
I mine my
He/She his/hers his/her
It its its
We ours our
You yours your
They theirs their
Read these sentences that show the difference between possessive adjectives and
.
td
possessive pronouns.
L
• That is my pen. (possessive adjective)
t.
Pv
• That pen is mine. (possessive pronoun)
es
• This is our carton of books. (possessive adjective)
ic
• This carton of books is ours. (possessive pronoun)
rv
A possessive adjective will always be followed by a noun.
Se
Possessive pronouns can be used in prepositional phrases beginning with of to
n
qualify a noun group. This structure indicates that we are referring to one of a group
io
at
of things. For example:

uc
• I have borrowed a jacket of his for a few hours.

Ed
This means the same as:

• I have borrowed his jacket for a few hours.
a
di
In the first sentence, we have used the possessive pronoun his in the prepositional
In
phrase of his to indicate one of many jackets. In the second sentence, we have used
n
the possessive adjective his to refer to a particular jacket.

so
ar
Notes
Pe
When a group of words is used together with the force of a single word, it is known as a
©
prepositional phrase. Here are some examples:

• according to • along with
• because of • by means of
• in accordance with • in addition to
• on behalf of • in case of
• in order to • in place of
• in spite of
26

Demonstrative Pronouns
Do You Know?
Pronouns such as this and that, which are
used to refer to objects and people are called A less commonly known
demonstrative pronouns. For example: demonstrative pronoun is yonder.
• This is my tumbler. That is yours.

• These are my earrings. Those are someone else’s.
The words this and that, in the first sentence, are pronouns. They are used for
.
td
singular nouns.
L
The pronouns these and those, similarly, are used to point out objects and people.
t.
Pv
They are used for plural nouns.
es
Interrogative Pronouns
ic
Read these sentences. Pay attention to the highlighted words.
rv
• Which of these handkerchiefs is yours?
Se
• Whom did you yell at?
n
io
• What is the reason for this chaos?

at
uc
These words are interrogative pronouns because they help

ask questions.
Ed
When framing questions, who or whom is used for a person or a group of people;
a
di
what is used for things; and which is used for a person or an object.
In
n
so
Learn
ar
Pe
Use personal pronouns to complete these sentences. One pronoun can be used
more than once.
©
1. My sister Anu loves food. This burger is for ____________.

2. The students loved the documentary on animals. The
documentary is for ____________.
3. Manjunath has many picture postcards. ____________
collects ____________.
27

4. The musicians have shot a new video. ____________ are releasing ____________
next week.
5. Vanshika and Deepti have decided to take a break from work. ____________
are going to Manali for a week.
6. My husband and I love sweets. On Sunday, ____________ went shopping for
extra sweets.
7. Nalini is thorough with her work. ____________ completes
all her assignments on time.
.
td
8. Arnab wants to go to Colombo next month. ____________ is
L
saving money for his vacation.
t.
Pv
9. The ox had hurt its leg. ____________ bellowed all night in pain.
10. Why don’t ____________ stop at the store on your way home? ____________
es
want some ice cream and a box of wafers.
ic
rv
Practise Se
n
io
A. Fill in the blanks with interrogative pronouns.

at
1. ____________ was the journey like?

uc
2. ____________ knows what will happen next?

Ed
3. ____________ would you rather be, an artist or a musician?

a
di
4. ____________ are your parents doing these days?

In
5. ____________ did you attend the meeting with?

n
so
6. ____________ received the award on my behalf?

ar
7. ____________ one of these bottles is yours?

Pe
8. ____________ of you is going to the fair?

©
9. ____________ are these smelly socks?

10. ____________ does Mahima report to at work?
B. Choose the correct option. Also state whether it is a pronoun or an adjective.

1. Do not touch that vase. It is my / mine.
2. Is this your / yours pen?
28

3. We took Jonita to the doctor. Her / Hers wound was bleeding.
4. The children who came for the workshop brought along their / theirs toys.
The toys are their / theirs.
5. I have brought lunch for all of us. The white lunch boxes are
our / ours.
6. I bought a new basket for my pet kitten. That basket is it / its.
7. Paul and Paula came to our / ours house last night. The house at the end
.
of the street is our / ours.
L td
8. Brinda was screaming as the doctors were putting antiseptic on
t.
her / hers wound. Those screams were her / hers.
Pv
9. My / Mine personal trainer makes me exercise for more than an
es
hour every day.
ic
rv
10. I have worked to improve the quality of my work. What have you
done to improve your / yours? Se
n
C. State whether the highlighted words are pronouns or adjectives.
io
at
1. Whose book have you brought with you?

uc
2. Who is that girl standing next to Nitin?

Ed
3. These mangoes are delicious.

a
4. Those are the most beautiful flowers I have ever seen.

di
In
5. I have decided to donate my pocket money. What will you do with yours?
n
6. His designs have won him many awards.

so
ar
7. Which team has qualified for the finals?

Pe
8. What do you want to do next?

©
9. Which of these cars needs to be repaired?

10. That is my pen.
11. People living in small towns are usually friendlier than those living in
metropolitan cities.
12. Won’t you return those books? Those belong to them.
29

Know
Reflexive Pronouns

• Shikha poured herself a glass of fresh juice.
• I am teaching myself to speak French.
.
td
In these sentences, the words herself and myself are pronouns that refer to the
L
subjects Shikha and I. Such pronouns are called reflexive pronouns.
t.
Pv
We use a reflexive pronoun as a direct object when the
es
object and the subject of the verb are the same. For example:
ic
• Lalit fell down and hurt himself.
rv
• Don’t play with the knife or you will cut yourself.
Se
Emphatic Pronouns
n
io

at
uc
• They themselves are to blame for the failure of the

Ed
machinery.
• He himself is not bothered about his examination
a
di
results.
In
• I myself completed the work.

n
• She herself is responsible for this awkward situation.

so
ar
In these sentences, the highlighted pronouns are used for emphasis. These are
Pe
emphatic or emphasising pronouns.

©
30

Distributive Pronouns
You have learnt about pronouns that show that people or things are taken singly or
in separate groups. These are distributive pronouns. They are always singular and
followed by a singular verb. For example:
• Each of the books was damaged.
• Either of them has to be present at the conference.
• Neither has any idea what happened at night.
.
td
Indefinite Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns
L
t.
Pv
• Everyone enjoyed the party.
es
• Will someone help me with this task?
ic
• Do you see anyone at the door?
rv
Se
In these sentences, the highlighted pronouns refer to nouns that are understood or
implied, rather than stated. These are indefinite pronouns.
n
io
Some of the most common indefinite pronouns are all, another, anyone, each,
at
everyone, few, many, nobody, one, several, both and someone.

uc
Ed
Notes
a
di
• Indefinite pronouns do not refer to specific persons, things or amounts. They are vague
In
and not definite.

• Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. Some of them can be singular in
n
so
one context and plural in another. For example:

o There is more in that container.
ar
o There are more coming.

Pe
©

• Raasha and Nitya always help one another.
• They shouted out to each other as the train started moving.
The highlighted pronouns indicate that two or more people carry

out an action and receive its effect at the same time. These are reciprocal pronouns.
31

Relative Pronouns

• The restaurant that you had recommended had fantastic food and staff.
• Payal is the girl who filed a complaint against the people ill-treating the puppy.
• The vase which John gave me is a tall one.
In each of these sentences, the highlighted pronoun relates a noun (restaurant, girl,
vase) to the italicised words. These are relative pronouns.
.
td
The most frequently used relative pronouns are who, whose, whom, which and
L
t.
that.
Pv
Notes
es
ic
A pronoun that relates a noun that comes before to a group of words that follows is a
rv
relative pronoun.
Se
A relative pronoun should always be placed close to its antecedent. For example:
• The boy who is sitting near the window is my friend. (correct)
n
• The boy is my friend who is sitting near the window. (incorrect)
io
Uses of Relative Pronouns

at
• The relative pronouns who and whom are used only for people, irrespective of gender
uc
or number. For example:

Ed
o People who have been shortlisted for the interview will have to be there by 9 a.m.
o The candidate whom you were to interview has not arrived.
a
• We use whose to refer to both people and non-living things. For example:
di
o The parents whose wards are participating in the annual function have been asked
In
to sign an undertaking.
n
o The door whose knob was broken is being repaired.

so
• We use which for non-living things. For example:

ar
o The letter which we received from the organisation had no digital signature.
Pe
o This is the house which belonged to my ancestors.

• The pronoun that usually refers to non-living things. For example:
©
o The house that my uncle built was set upon a rock.

• We use that after adjectives in the superlative degree. For example:
o Majid is the best batsman that this team has ever had.
• We use that after all, some, any, none and nothing.
o All that glitters is not gold.
o Nothing that you do can displease me.
32

Learn
Say which of these highlighted words is not a pronoun.
1. Whose mobile phone is lying on the table? Is it yours?
2. I feel these are superior to those.
3. Mr Cunningham asked us to do it in this manner.
.
4. Our teacher says that one must do one’s best.
L td
5. Do look into that matter.
t.
6. Which factory are you visiting this afternoon?
Pv
7. Few escaped unhurt that night.
es
8. Who took the book that I bought from that shop?
ic
9. This is the girl who lost her keys at the shopping mall.
rv
Se
10. Each of the sisters has worked hard to achieve this.
n
io
Practise
at
uc
A. Complete each sentence using an indefinite pronoun. One pronoun can be

Ed
used more than once.

a
________________ will believe me if I say that I have seen ghosts. A long time
di
ago, I had visited Nainital and stayed at a guesthouse that ________________

In
had never stayed in. When I was walking towards the gate, I heard
n
________________ singing in a melodious voice. However, I could not see

so
________________. ________________ must be around, I thought to myself.

ar
Pe
I walked onto the spacious front porch and

knocked on the door. ________________ came to
©
open the door. I pushed the door open and went

in. At a distance from where I was standing, I
could see ________________ lighting the lamps.
________________ of the rooms were well lit and
neat and clean.
33

‘Is ________________ there? Can ________________ please come here?’ I asked.
No sooner had I uttered these words I felt ________________ walk past me. But
I saw ________________. What about that woman whom I had seen? I turned
around, but there was no sign of ________________.
B. Join these sets of sentences using suitable relative pronouns.

1. The woman lives down the street. The woman is leaving town.
2. I enjoy swimming. Swimming is a fine exercise.
.
3. The teacher is on leave today. He has recently joined.
tdL
4. The students’ parents were congratulated. The students had scored the
t.
highest marks.
Pv
5. Fresh vegetables are available at the local market.
es
The local market is nearby.
ic
6. You met Mr Shome recently. He is a very talented
rv
artist.
Se
7. You are supposed to meet the clients. The clients
n
have postponed the meeting.
io
8. The conversation proved useful. I had the conversation with the master of
at
ceremonies.
uc
9. Some children are conscientious. They attain success.

Ed
10. Food and Fun is a spacious restaurant. It is situated

a
close to the bay.

di
In
11. The dog was limping. It has hurt its leg.

n
12. That watch needs a new battery. My father had gifted me that watch.
so
ar
C. Identify the pronouns in these sentences and state their kind.

Pe
1. In the baronial hall lived a proprietor who had two sons.

2. ‘You cannot have this horse. It’s mine!’ exclaimed my
©
brother.
3. Jack, who had been left behind, soon caught up with his
brothers.
4. Rema took out the new purse which she had picked up on
her way to the airport.
34

5. The horses were theirs but the goat was his.
6. The Taj Mahal which is one of the wonders of the world is
in Agra.
7. I knocked on the door several times, but no one answered.
8. Several of them had heard strange sounds in the basement.
9. I myself will do this.
10. Don’t ask anyone for help with the assignment. Do it
yourself.
.
td
11. The detectives were afraid that they wouldn’t be able to free themselves from
L
the captors.
t.
Pv
12. The children shouted out and waved to one another.
es
D. Encircle the correct indefinite pronoun.
ic
1. Don’t blame yourself for the confusion.
rv
Anybody / Nobody is perfect.
2. There is anything / something in my tea.
Se
n
3. My bosses were happy with the
io
at
presentation. Everything / Something went

uc
as we had planned.
Ed
4. Nobody / Somebody lives in that house. It

is dark and dingy.
a
di
5. Could you give me nothing / something to drink, please?

In
6. The investigators found the weapons everywhere / somewhere near the

n
woods.
so
7. Everywhere / Nowhere you go, you will find good people and bad.
ar
8. Don’t be angry with me. I didn’t do anything / something wrong.

Pe
9. Nothing / Everything that we did to save the animals was useful.

©
10. Several / No one of them turned up at our new place.

11. Anil and Ratan are brothers. Both / Any are good singers.
12. All / Everybody is well that ends well.
35

Activity
Split into two teams—Teams A and B. Each team will be given five minutes
to write a story. The teams will then exchange their stories and identify all
.
the pronouns in it. The teams will then state what kind of pronouns these
td
are. The team which gets the maximum correct answers wins.
L
t.
Pv
es
ic
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
n
so
ar
Pe
©
36

Tune in To Grammar BK 8 Chs 1 3

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Tune in To Grammar BK 8 Chs 1 3

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Contents

14. Conjunctions 115

15. Interjections 122

16. Punctuation 126

18. Kinds of Phrases 144

19. Kinds of Clauses 153

20. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences 167

21. Synthesis and Transformation of Sentences 173

Test Paper 1 193

Prelims_Tune in to Grammar_CB-8.indd 1 10/2/2016 1:16:03 PM

You have learnt that:

• a sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense.

• a sentence has at least one finite verb.

• a sentence is made up of two parts, a subject and a predicate.

In a sentence, the subject may be a person, an

animal or a thing that does the action, or the

example: person and the number of the subject.

• The children jumped with joy. • Students study hard before an

Tune in to Grammar_Book-8.indd 1 10/13/2016 12:10:09 PM

Read these sentences.

• Hannah bought a gift.

• Hannah bought me a gift.

Now, read these sentences.

• The crowd was making a lot of noise.

• The noisy crowd made it difficult to hear anything.

• The noisy crowd, being chaotic, made it difficult for us to

Tune in to Grammar_Book-8.indd 2 10/13/2016 12:10:11 PM

Read these sentences. Notes

Now, read these sentences.

• The jury found him guilty.

• The board elected her Dean.

A complement can be:

• The day is warm. (an adjective)

• His name is Ravi. (a noun)

• The chocolates are kept here. (an adverb)

• The church is in poor shape. (an adjectival phrase)

• The man appears depressed. (a participle)

Now, read these sentences.

Tune in to Grammar_Book-8.indd 3 10/13/2016 12:10:13 PM

Study this table to understand the components of each sentence.

Attribute Subject- Verb Object Complement: Adverbial/

Identify the subjects and the predicates in these sentences.

1. The big brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.

2. Blessed are those who share.

3. What a helpful friend he is!

4. Baking is his passion.

5. I was truly disappointed with his behaviour.

6. A very strong man, carrying a rucksack, stepped forward to help.

8. The tiger pounced upon its weak and tired victim.

9. The Mughal Emperor Akbar was a man with a vision.

Tune in to Grammar_Book-8.indd 4 10/13/2016 12:10:17 PM

11. Venomous snakes often build nests underground.

12. The intrepid trekkers attempted to scale Mt Everest.

which is the indirect object.

1. Jane has bought a vase for her mother.

2. I had to write a long essay for the entrance test.

3. Why don't you sing a song for the audience?

Tune in to Grammar_Book-8.indd 5 10/13/2016 12:10:20 PM

10. The building was constructed overnight.

11. I feel confident about the presentation.

12. The houses are in a state of disrepair.

You have learnt that a sentence can be a statement, a question, a request,

• We ordered rice and chicken for dinner. (assertive sentence / affirmative)

4. The woman trembled with _ when _

6. One must show some _ and _ towards