1|KRISHNA MATHS POLYNOMIALS HANDOUT CBSE CLASS 9

POLYNOMIALS

CONSTANTS:- A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.

VARIABLES:- A symbol which may be assigned different numerical values is known

as a variable.

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
A combination of constants and variables, connected by some or all of the operations +,-, x and ÷ , is known
as an algebraic expression.

Standard Form of a Polynomial A polynomial in x expressed either in ascending powers of x or in descending

powers of x is said to be in standard form.

POLYNOMIALS OF VARIOUS DEGREES

(i) LINEAR POLYNOMIAL A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.

A linear polynomial in x is of the form, f(x)= ax + b, where a and b are real numbers and a≠ 0.
(ii) QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
A quadratic polynomial in x is of the form f(x) = ax2+ bx + c, where a, b, c are real numbers and a≠0 .
(iii) CUBIC POLYNOMIAL A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.
A cubic polynomial in x is of the form ax3+bx2 +cx +d, where a, b, c, d are real numbers and a≠0.

(v) BIQUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL A polynomial of degree 4 is called a biquadratic or quartic polynomial.

A biquadratic polynomial is of the form ax4 + bx3 +cx2+dx+e, where a, b, c, d, e are real numbers and a≠0.

Monomial
A polynomial with only one term is called a monomial.

Binomial
A polynomial with only two terms is called a binomial.

Trinomial
A polynomial with only three terms is called a trinomial.

Zero Polynomial
The polynomial with all the coefficients as zeros is called a zero polynomial.

CONSTANT POLYNOMIAL A polynomial containing one term, consisting of a nonzero constant, is called a
constant polynomial.
In general, every nonzero real number is a constant polynomial. The degree of a non zero constant
polynomial is zero.
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ZERO POLYNOMIAL A polynomial consisting of one term, namely zero, is called a zero polynomial.
The degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.

VALUE OFA POLYNOMIAL

The value of a polynomial p(x) at x = a is obtained by putting x = a in p(x) and it is denoted by p(α).

ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL
Let p(x) be a polynomial. If p(a.)= 0 then we say that a is a zero of the polynomial p(x).
REMARK Finding the zeros of a polynomial p(x) means solving the equation
p(x)= 0.

IMP Points.
(i) A constant polynomial does not have any zero.
(ii) Every linear polynomial has one and only one zero.
(iii) 0 may or may not be the zero of a given polynomial.
(iv) A polynomial can have repeated zeros.
For example, p() = x2 - 2 x + 1 has 1 as repeated zeros.
(v) Number of zeros of a polynomial cannot exceed its degree.
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DIVISION ALGORITHM IN POLYNOMIALS

Let p(x) and g(x) be two given polynomials such that degree p(x) degree
g(x). On dividing p(x) by g(r), let q(x) be the quotient and r(x) be the
remainder. Then, in general, we have
dividend = (divisor X quotient) + remainder,
i.e.,p(x) =g(r) · q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x)..
Example

Example

REMAINDER THEOREM Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 1 or more and let α be any real number. If p(x) is
divided by (x- α) then the remainder is p(α).
Example

Example

FACTOR THEOREM Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 1 or more and let α be any real number.
(i) If p(α)= 0 then (x- α) is a factor of p(x).
(ii) If(x- α) is a factor of p(x) then p(α) = 0.

FACTOR Let p(x) and q(x) be two polynomials. We say that q(x) is a factor of p(x),
if q(x) divides p(x) exactly.
Example

Example

Example
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FACTORISATION To express a given polynomial as the product of polynomials, each

of degree less than that of the given polynomial such that no such a factor has a
factor of lower degree, is called factorisation.

SOME EXPANSIONS

(i) (a+b)2=(a2 + 2ab +b2 ) .

(ii) ( a -b)2=(a2 -2ab +b2 ) .
(iii ) ( a + b +c)2= (a2 +b2 +c2) +2(ab + bc + ca).
(iv) (a+ b)3=a3 +b3+3ab(a +b ) .
(v) (a-b)3=a3-b3-3 ab(a-b ) .

METHODS OF FACTORISATION

FACTORISATION BY TAKING OUT THE COMMON FACTOR METHOD When each term of an expression has a
common factor, we divide each term by this factor and take it out as a multiple.
Example

FACTORISATION BY GROUPING METHOD Sometimes in a given expression it is not possible to take out a
common factor directly. However, the terms of the given expression are grouped in such a manner
that we may have a common factor. This can now be factorised as discussed above.
Example

FACTORISING THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

FORMULA (a2-b2) = (a-b)( a +b ) .

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Example

Examples
1. 2.

Square of Trinomial

2 2 2 2
(x + y + z) = x + y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

Example

1. 2.

Examples1. 2.
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