Ignite (Evaluation)

Closely examine the textbook in the natural sciences below. Evaluate how the features are illustrated according
to the textbook outline and sample textbook presented in this lesson. Highlight the similarities and differences
of the features as well as their effectiveness in gleaning information.
 Major Parts of
Similarities and Differences of the
the Natural Effectiveness of the
Features sample textbook and the textbook
Science Features
examined
Textbook

Chapter Opener

Lesson Opener

Lesson Proper

Assessment Tools

Ignite (Evaluation)
Name: ______________________________Strand: ________________ Date: ____________ Score: ________
 Ignite (Evaluation)
Make a sentence outline on the following texts in the social sciences. Do not forget to include the thesis
statement. Be guided with the rubric in outlining.

RUBRIC IN OUTLINING
CONTEXT
Thesis Statement:
Contains all the important ideas
(20)

ORGANIZATION

Parts are very distinguishable (10)

MECHANICS

Conventional format for outlining

is followed (5)
TOTAL: 35/35
Culture
Ignite (Evaluation)
You have always heard the word culture being used in conversations. At times, it refers to something ethnic;
some people think of it as an all-encompassing term that separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom.
But what is it exactly?
Culture is everything that a person learns as a member of a society. The three italicized words are
important in understanding the concept of culture better.
Culture is everything. It is what a person has, does, and thinks as part of socicty. This implies all of a
person's belief system, set of behaviors, and material possessions. As such, it can be said that culture is a
powerful agent in shaping the decisions and actions of humans, given a situation. It consists of the material and
the nonmaterial.
Material culture includes all the tangible and visible parts of culture, which include clothes, food, and
even buildings. The types of material culture present in societies differ, as each society is configured by its
environment and history. For example, the culinary culture of the Philippines is different from even that of its
neighbors in Asia such as Japan; the difference lies in the availability of the ingredients in these areas.
Presently, the difference in material culture is becoming less visible due to globalization. The gadgets that are
produced in the United States become part of the Philippines through trade.
Nonmaterial culture includes all the intangible parts of culture, which consist of values, ideas, and
Culture is a material and knowledge. Just like material culture, the belief and cognitive survival tool for humans
values systems of societies differ from one another as they address the limits of their based on their environment
and history. Values are concepts that are culturally determined; it separates what is acceptable from that which
is taboo. On the other hand, beliefs are culturally approved truths that deal with the specific parts of human life.
For example, the belief in the phrase bahala na, which was derived from the older phrase bathala na, supports
the religious values system that is present in the society.
Culture is learned. Culture is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices that an individual learns through
his or her family, school, church, and other social institutions. The process of learning your own culture is
called enculturation. As you interact with your immediate family and peers, you learn the values and accepted
behaviors in your society. Due to constant interaction between societies, culture can be modified to
accommodate desirable traits from other cultures. This process is called acculturation. Music may be one of the
most transferred forms of culture from one society to another. For example, the inclination of some Filipinos
toward some elements of Korean culture has led to the acceptance of Korean pop songs despite being performed
in a foreign language.
When the culture of the older generation comes into conflict with the needs and realities of the younger
generation, deculturation happens, where the reason for the culture has been lost and even the cultural trait itself
is in the process of being forgotten.
For example, the tradition in Japan that imposes immense obligation of the firstborn child to be the model child
for his or her siblings has been found as an instigator of two phenomena: high child suicide rate and high
educational attainment rate among adolescents. These phenomena came to place when the tradition of having a
model child clashed with the reality that most couples produce only one child. This propelled the children to
work as hard as an eldest child but without the privileges of being one, as they have no siblings (Miermont,
1995).
Culture is shared. The sct of behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that a person possesses is part of a greater
collection of values and ideas that is communally owned and practiced by members of a society. This implies
that a particular behavior cannot be considered as a culture if there is only one person practicing it. Culture is
shared intergenerationally. Hence, to share a cultåre, it must be taught to members of contemporary society who
will, in turn, teach the younger generation.
Culture affects biology. Humans are born into cultures that have values on beauty and body. As such, they
alter their bodies to fit into the physiological norms that are dictated by culture. Among the Mursi tribe of
Ethiopia in Africa, wearing lip plates is a sign of beauty. Women are the ones who are expected to wear them to
appear desirable to men.
One of the most popular traditions in China is that of foot binding among women that ensures their potential for
good marriage. These women are subjected to decades of physical alteration that involves the restructuring of
their feet to achieve "lotus feet," which has the ideal length of about 7.5 centimeters (3 inches). The process
begins at childhood when young females' feet are bound and broken so as to hamper further growth. In Figure
3.5 you can see that the foot of the old woman is severely disfigured. This disfigurement renders women who
underwent the procedure crippled and unable to participate in many social events of their communities.
 Ignite (Evaluation)
Make a summary of the text below.
Emotions and Its Components
Our emotions are rather complex. The emotion of anger, for instance, has biological, behavioral, and cognitive
facets. Our face feels warm and become red, our heart beats faster, muscle in our jaws get tense, our facial
expression changes and we feel like hurling harsh words toward someone who offended us. What makes us feel
that way?
Let us look at the three components of emotions - the physiological, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. Knowing
these three elements of emotions could help us understand what happens when we experience different
emotions.

Biological Component: Physiological Arousal

Our experience of emotion does not come suddenly. It starts with a state of arousal, a heightened activity in
both our mind and body that makes us more alert. The arousal may be intense or mild depending on the source
of arousal. Arousal starts in the brain. It involves the activation of the reticular activation system, the brain stem,
and the autonomic nervous system. The Reticular Activation System (RAS) connects the primitive brain stem
and the cortex and affects sleeping-waking transitions. Also involved in the physiological arousal is the
endocrine system, which stimulates various glands, particularly, adrenaline, that increases oxygen and glucose
flow, dilates the pupils, and suppresses systems such as digestion and the immune system.
From the reticular activation system, arousal is spread through the autonomic nervous system,
particularly the sympathetic nervous system, causing an increase in heart rate and breathing to enable physical
action and perspiration to cool the body.
Emotional arousal is also a process, which means it happens as a sequence over time. Understanding this
is a step towards being able to manage the process. Some thing triggers an arousal through our senses such as
touch (a punch or a pinch), vision (seeing something shocking or desirable), hearing (as soft music or sudden
loud thunder), smell (obnoxious or perfume scent), and taste (bitter or sweet).
During an arousal, the body releases chemicals in the brain that stimulate emotion, reduce cortical
functioning, reduce conscious control, and finally, agitation and physical action. Before a dam releases water,
there is a gradual build up of water until it overflows into the river. Similarly, before a person bursts into anger,
something in his or her environment triggers this emotion. Disappointment and frustration may slowly build up
until a person experiences full-blown anger. A person might be able to control his or her anger but others can
give way to it and vent this emotion on something or toward another person.
The physiologic component of emotion is explained by several theories. The earliest is by Walter
Bradford Cannon, an American physiologist and Philip Bard, Cannon's doctoral student, who explain the
experience of emotion as a physiologi-cal response of the thalamic region of the brain. For instance, we are sad
because there are tears in our eye. They claim that emotional states occur at the same time in response to an
event. When emotions are provoked, the physiological arousal happens concurrently, this is known as the
Cannon-Bard Theory. Neither one causes the other. The brain gets a message that causes the experience of
emotion at the same time that the autonomic nervous system gets a message that causes physiological arousal.
Evidence that emotions have neurological basis is shown by the effect of the damage in the amygdala which
results in patients' less expression of negative emotions such as anger and fear, and less frequent and less
intense emotions (Bar-On, et al, 2007).
William James, an American psychologist, and Carl Lange, a Danish physiologist, develop another
theory called James-Lange Theory which claims that emotions are our interpretation of the accompanying
physiological reactions. For instance, when we feel tense and having cold feet, we say we are afraid.
 Another explanation is offered by Stanley Schachter, an American social psychologist, who worked
closely with Jerome Singer, an American clinical psychologist. They proposed a different theory called the Two
Factor Theory which states that the experience of emotion depends on two factors: the physiological arousal
and the interpretation of that arousal. The person uses the immediate environment to search for emotional cues
to label the physiological arousal. For example, if you have a fight with your brother, you may label your
physiological arousal as anger, but if two of your classmates are arguing, you may might call it excitement.
Thus, misinterpretation can happen when one solely based his or her emotion on the body's physiological state.

Behavioral Component: Emotional Expression

Every emotion finds a way of expression. People recognize what we feel by our facial expression. We smile or
laugh when we are happy. We cry or pout when sad. We tense our jaws when we are angry. However, we
sometimes do not show our emotions. Either we fear other people's reaction or we simply do not want others to
know how we feel.
Facial expression communicates our emotion. However, it can be misleading, exaggerated, or
minimized. This is part of a person's regulation of his or her emotions.
Facial expression is universal and can even be seen in animals. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist
and geologist, popularly known for his theory of evolution, suggest that emotions and their expressions are
innate and evolutionary adaptive. For instance, fear of anything that can harm us is important for our survival.
Others view emotion as culture-specific, ineaning that we learn certain facial ex-
pression because it is the one recognized or approved by our culture. Silvan Solomon Tomkins, an American
psychologist and personality theorist, suggests that emotion is the basis of human motivation and the seat of
emotion is the face. He pioneered the research demonstrating that facial expressions are associated with certain
emotional states (Tomkins and McCAreter, 1964).
Two American psychologists, Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard, conducted “universality studies”,
demonstrating cross-cultural agreement in judgments of emotion in faces by people in both literate and
preliterate cultures. They came up with seven emotions that have universal facial expressions - anger, contempt,
disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.
Ekman discovered that people have microexpressions in addition to macroexpressions.
Macroexpressions typically last between 0.5 to 4 seconds and involve the entire face (Ekman, 2003).
These are emotions that we do not intend to hide and occur whenever we are alone or with family and close
friends. On the other hand, microexpressions, are expressions that go on and off the face in a fraction of a
second, as fast as 1/30 of a second. In the attempt to conceal emotions, microexpression can happen so fast that
one cannot recognize or see them easily. For instance, if you give a friend a gift she does not like, and your
friend does not want you to see his or her true feeling about it, a microexpression can occur too fast that you
might probably did not see, because it is the smile that you will recognize when he or she says “thank you."
People who are keen observers can read emotions well and detect microexpressions, which in turn, can help us
better judge other people's true feelings.

Cognitive Component: Subjective Labeling

There are times when physiological arousal is absent. In such case, a person decides what he or she feels after
interpreting or explaining to himself what had happened. Studies done by the American psychologist, Richard
Lazarus, have shown that the experience of emotion depends on the manner one appraises or evaluates an event.
For instance, if a person rides the ferris wheel, he may become tense and frightened but the person beside him
shrieks with fun and excitement. In evaluating an event as good or bad for us, Lazarus suggests two kinds of
appraisal: primary and secondary In primary appraisal, we consider how a certain situation can benefit us. In
secondary appraisal, we consider how we will be able to cope with the situation. This is referred to as the
Lazarus Theory or Appraisal Theory.
Grading Rubric for Summarizing Score
Perceptive understanding of the
important aspects of the original text
(Thesis statement and main ideas
are present) (25)
Organized with a high degree of
coherence and logic(5)

Shows a high degree of grammatical

accuracy; errors are minimal, and
they do not hinder comprehension
(5)
Total: 35/35
 Ignite (Evaluation)
Analyze the short story “The Other Woman” by Virgillio R. Samonte using moralistic approach. Strictly follow
the guidelines.

Outline:
Title: A Moralistic Analysis on the Short Story The Other Woman
1st paragraph
-choose from any of John Langan’s Common Methods of Introduction
-introduce the literary piece to be anlyzed and its author
-crtical approach (moralistic) background
-moral basis/moral literature used
2nd paragraph
Moral lessons
3rd paragraph
Moral issues
4th paragraph
Morality of the characters’ actions, decisions, choices
5th paragraph
Summary of the moral lessons, moral issues, and morality of the characters’ actions, decisions, choices
Notes:
1. Use the third person in writing.
2. For your analysis, use the point and support type of paragraph development:
Point/main idea in the topic sentence
Details in the supporting sentences
3. Keep focused on
 The theory or approach
 The literary piece being analyzed
You are not writing an essay, but analyzing a specific work using a specific approach or theory.
4. Observe and follow grammar, punctuation, capitalization, citation and other rules of writing. Check your
spelling. Write a clean, clear essay. You are writing an example of literary criticism which should be “literature
of the highest order”.
5. Don’t plagiarize or copy.

IFL (Integration of Faith & Learning)

The most important human endeavor is the striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our
very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life. – Albert Einstein-

Examples of Morals in Society and Literature. Retrieved from Examples of Morals in Society and Literature
(yourdictionary.com)
Literary Theory in a Nutshell. Retrieved from Literary Theory in a Nutshell – Literary Theory in a Nutshell
Often literary theories change our views of a work of literature by proposing new | Course Hero
The Dog Eaters
by Leoncio P. Deriada
Mariana looked out of the window toward the other
side of Artiaga Street. A group of men had gathered
around a low table in front of Sergio's sari-sari
store. It was ten o'clock, Tuesday morning. Yet
these men did not find it too early to drink, and
worse. They wanted her husband to be with them.
Victor was now reaching for his shirt hooked on the
wall between Nora Aunor and Vilma Santos.
Mariana turned to him, her eyes wild in repulsion
and anger.
"Those filthy men!" she snarled. "Whose dog did
they slaughter today?"
Victor did not answer. He put on his shirt.
Presently, he crawled on the floor and searched for
his slippers under the table. Mariana watched him
strain his body toward the wall, among the rattan
tools. He looked like a dog tracking the smell
hidden carrion.
"My God, Victor, do you have to join them every
time they stew somebody's pet?"
Victor found his slippers. He emerged from under
the table, smoothed his pants and unbutton his shirt.
He was sweating. He looked at his wife and smiled
faintly, the expression sarcastic, and in an attempt to
be funny, "it's barbecue today."
"I'm not in the mood for jokes!" Mariana raised her
voice. "It's time you stop going with those good-for-
nothing scavengers."
Her words stung. For now she noted an angry glint
in Victor's eyes. "They are my friends, Mariana," he
said.
"You should have married one of them!" she
snapped back. Suddenly, she straightened. She
heard Sergio's raspy voice, calling from his store
across the street. It was an ugly voice, and it
pronounced Victor's name in a triumphant imitation
of a dog's bark.
"Victor! Victor! Aw! Aw!" the canine growl floated
across Artiaga Street. Mariana glared at her husband
as he brushed her aside on his way to the window.
She felt like clawing his face, biting his arms,
ripping the smelly shirt off his back. "I'm coming,"
Victor answered, leaning out of the window.
Mariana opened her mouth for harsher invectives
but a sharp cry from the bedroom arrested her. It
was her baby. She rushed to the table, pick a cold
bottle of milk, and entered.
In his rattan crib that looked like a rat's nest, the
baby cried louder. Mariana shook the crib
vehemently. The baby - all mouth and all legs -
thrust in awkward arms into the air, blindly
searching for accustomed nipple.
The baby sucked the rubber nipple easily. But
Mariana's mind was outside the room as she
watched her husband lean out of the window to
answer the invitation of the dog-eaters of Artiaga
Street.
"Aren't you inviting your wife?" she spoke loud, the
hostility in her voice unchecked by the dirty
plywood wall. "Perhaps your friends have reserved
the best morsel for me. Which is the most delicious
part of a dog, ha, Victor? Its heart? Its liver? Its
brain? Blood? Bone? Ears? Tongue? Tail? I wish to
God you'd all die of hydrophobia!"
"Can you feed the baby and talk at the same time?"
Victor said. She did not expect him to answer and
now that he had, she felt angrier. The heat from the
unceilinged roof had become terrible and it had all
seeped into her head. She was ready for a fight.
The baby had gone back to sleep. Mariana dashed
out of the room, her right hand tight around the
empty bottle. She had to have a weapon. She came
upon her husband opening the door to little porch.
The porch was at the top of the stairs that led out
into Artiaga Street.
"Why don't you do something instead of drinking
their stinking tuba and eating that filthy meat? Why
don't you decent for a change?"
Victor turned her off. It seemed he was also ready
for a fight. The glint in his eyes had become
sinister.
And what's so indecent about eating dog meat?" His
voice sounded canine, too, like Sergio's. "The
people of Artiaga Street have been eating dog meat
for as long as I can remember."
"No wonder their manners have gone to the dogs!"
"You married one of them."
"Yes, to lead a dog's life!"
Victor stepped closer, breathing hard. Marina did
not move. "What's eating you?" he demanded.
"What's eating me?" she yelled. "Dog's! I'm ready
to say aw-aw, don't you know?"
Victor repaired his face, amused by this type of
quarrel. Again, he tried to be funny.
"Come, come, Mariana darling," he said, smiling
condescendingly.
Mariana was not amused. She was all set to proceed
with the fight. Now she tried to be acidly ironic.
“Shall I slaughter Ramir for you? That pet of yours
does nothing but bark at strangers and dirty the
doorstep. Perhaps you can invite your friends
tonight. Let’s celebrate.”
“Leave Ramir alone,” Victor said, seriously.
“That dog is enslaving me!”
Victor turned to the door. It was the final insult,
Mariana thought. The bastard! How dare he turn his
back on her?
“Punyeta!” she screeched and flung the bottle at her
husband. Instinctively, Victor turned and parried the
object with his arm. The bottle fell to the floor but
did not break. It rolled noisily under the table where
Victor moment had hunted for his rubber slippers.
He looked at her, but there was no reaction in his
face. Perhaps he thought it was all a joke. He
opened the door and stepped out into the street.
Mariana ran to the door and banged it once, twice,
thrice, all the while shrieking, “Go! Eat and drink
until your tongue hangs like a mad dog’s. Then I’ll
call a veterinarian.”
Loud after came across the street.
Mariana leaned out of the window and shouted to
the men gathered in front of Sergio’s store.
“Why don’t you leave my husband alone? You
dogs!”
The men laughed louder, obscenely. Their voices
offended the ears just as the stench from the
garbage dump at the Artiaga-Mabini junction
offended the nostrils. There were five other men
aside from the chief drinker, Sergio. Downing a
gallon of tuba at ten o’clock in the morning with of
Artiaga’s idle men was his idea of brotherhood. It
was good for his store, he thought, though his wife
languish behind the row of glass jars and open
cartons of dried fish – the poor woman deep in
notebooks of unpaid bills the neighbors had
accumulated these last two years.
Mariana closed the window. The slight darkening of
the room intensified the heat on the roof and in her
head. She pulled a stool and sat beside the sewing
machine under the huge pictures of Nora Aunor and
Vilma Santos, under the altar-like alcove on the
wall where a transistor radio was enshrined like an
idol.
She felt tired. Once again, her eyes surveyed the
room with repulsion. She had stayed in this rented
house for two years, tried to paste pictures on the
wall, hung up classic curtains that could not
completely ward off the stink from the street.
Instead of cheering up the house, they made it
sadder, emphasizing the lack of the things she had
dreamed of having when she eloped with Victor two
years ago.
Victor was quite attractive. When he was teen-ager,
he was a member of the Gregory Body Building
Club on Cortes Street. He dropped out of freshmen
year at Harvadian and instead developed his chest
and biceps at the club. His was to be Mr.
Philippines, until one day, Gregory cancelled his
membership. Big Boss Gregory - who was not
interested in girls but in club members with the
proportions of Mr. Philippines – had discovered that
Victor was dating a manicurist named Fely.
Victor found work as a bouncer at Three Diamonds,
a candlelit bar at the end of Artiaga, near Jacinto
Street. All the hostesses there were Fely’s
customers. Mariana, who came from a better
neighborhood, was a third year BSE student at Rizal
Memorial Colleges. They eloped during the second
semester, the very week Fey drowned in the pool
behind Three Diamonds. Just as Mariana grew
heavy with a child, Victor lost his job at the bar. He
quarreled with the manager. An uncle working in a
construction company found him a new job. But he
showed up only when the man did not report for
work.
These last few days, not one of the carpenters got
sick. So Victor had to stay home.
Mariana felt a stirring in her womb. She felt her
belly with both hands. Her tight faded dress could
not quite conceal this most unwanted pregnancy.
The baby in the crib in the other room was only
eight months, and here she was - carrying another
child. She closed her eyes and pressed her belly
hard. She felt the uncomfortable swell, and in a
moment, she had ridiculous thought. What if she
bore a pair or a trio of puppies? She imagined
herself as a dog, a spent bitch with hind legs spread
out obscenely as her litter of three, or four, or five,
fought for her tits while the mongrel who was
responsible for all this misery flirted with the other
dogs of the neighborhood.
A dog barked. Mariana was startled. It was Ramir.
His chain clanked and she could picture the dog
going up the stairs, his lethal fangs bared in terrible
growl.
“Ay, ay, Mariana!” a familiar, nervous voice rose
from the din. “Your dog! He’ll bite me. Shoo!
Shoo!”
It was Aling Elpidia, the fish and vegetable vendor.
“Stay away from the beast, Aling Elpidia!” Mariana
shouted. She opened the door. Aling Elpidia was in
the little yard, her hands nervously holding her
basket close to her like a shield. Ramir was at the
bottom of the stairs, straining at his chain, barking
at the old woman.
Mariana pulled the chain. The dog resisted. But
soon he relaxed and stopped barking. He ran
upstairs, encircled Mariana once, and then sniffed
her hands.
“Come on up, Aling Elpidia. Don’t be afraid. I’m
holding Ramir’s leash.”
The old woman rushed upstairs, still shielding
herself with her basket of fish and vegetables.
“Naku, Mariana. Why do you keep that crazy dog at
the door? He’ll bite a kilo off every visitor. The last
time I was here I almost had a heart attack.”
“That’s Victor’s idea of a house guard. Come, sit
down.”
Aling Elpidia dragged a stool to the window. “Why,
I’m still trembling!” she said. “Why must you close
the window, Mariana?”
Mariana opened the window. “Those horrible men
across the street, I can’t stand their noise.”
“Where’s Victor?”
“There!” Mariana said contemptuously. “With
them.” The old woman looked out of the window.
“He is one of them!”
“One of what?”
“The dog-eaters of Artiaga Street!” Mariana spat
out the words, her eyes wild in anger.
Aling Elpidia sat down again. “What is so terrible
about that?” she asked.
Mariana looked at the old woman. For the first time
she noticed that Aling Elpidia had been dying her
hair. But the growth of hair this week had betrayed
her.
“Do you eat dog meat, Aling Elpidia?” Mariana
asked.
“It’s better than goat’s meat: And a dog is definitely
cleaner than a pig. With the price of pork and beef
as high as Mount Apo – one would rather eat dog
meat. How’s the baby?”
“Asleep”
Aling Elpidia picked up her basket from the floor.
“Here’s your day’s supply of vegetables. I also
brought some bangus. Cook Victor a pot of sinigang
and he’ll forget the most delicious chunk of aw-aw
meat. Go, get a basket.”
Mariana went to the kitchen to get a basket as Aling
Elpidia busied herself sorting out the vegetables.
“I hope you haven’t forgotten the green mangoes
and – and that thing you promised me,” Mariana
said, laying her basket on the floor.
“I brought all of them,” assured the old woman. She
began transferring the vegetables and fish into
Mariana’s basket. Mariana helped her.
“I haven’t told Victor anything,” Mariana said in a
low, confidential tone.
“He does not have to know,” Aling Elpidia said.
The old woman produced from the bottom of the
basket a tall bottle filled with a dark liquid and
some leaves and tiny, gnarled roots. She held the
bottle against the light. Mariana regarded it with
interest and horror. “I’m afraid, Aling Elpidia,” she
whispered.
“Nonsense. Go, take these vegetables to the
kitchen.”
Mariana sped to the kitchen. Aling Elpidia moved
to the table, pushed the dish rack that held some
five or six tin plates, and set the bottle beside a
plastic tumbler that contained spoon and forks. She
pulled a stool from beneath the table and sat down.
Soon Mariana was beside her.
“Is it effective?” Mariana asked nervously.
“Very effective. Come on let me touch you.”
Mariana stood directly in front of the old woman,
her belly her belly almost touching the vendor’s
face. Aling Elpidia felt Mariana’s belly with both
hands.
“Three months did you say, Mariana?”
“Three months and two weeks.”
“Are you sure you don’t want this child?” Aling
Elpidia asked one hand flat on Mariana’s belly. “It
feels so healthy.”
“I don’t want another child,” Mariana said. And to
stress the finality of her decision, she grabbed the
bottle and stepped away from the old woman. The
bottle looked like atrophy in her hand.
“Well, it’s your decision,” Aling Elpidia said airily.
“The bottle is yours.”
“Is it bitter?”
“Yes.”
Mariana squirmed. “How shall I take this?”
“A spoonful before you sleeps in the evening and
another spoonful after breakfast.”
“May I take it with a glass of milk or a bottle of
coke?”
“No. You must take it pure.”
“It’s not dangerous, is it, Aling Elpidia?”
“Don’t you worry. It is bitter but it is harmless. It
will appear as an accident. Like falling down the
stairs. Moreover, there will be less pain and blood.”
“Please come everyday. Things might go wrong.”
Aling Elpidia nodded and stood up. “I think I must
go now,” she said. Then she lowered her voice and
asked, “Do you have the money?”
“Yes, yes,” Mariana said. She went to the sewing
machine and opened a drawer. She handed Aling
Epidia some crumpled bills.
The vendor counted the bills expertly, and then
dropped the little bundle into her breast. She picked
up her basket and walked to the door. Suddenly she
stopped. “Your dog, Mariana.” Her voice became
nervous again.
Mariana held Ramir’s leash as the old woman
hurried down the stairs. “You may start taking it
tonight.” It was her last piece of medical advice.
Loud laughter rose from the store across the street.
Mariana stiffened. Her anger returned. Then her
baby cried.
She hurried to the bedroom. The tall bottle looked
grotesque on the table: tiny, gnarled roots seemed to
twist like worms or miniature umbilical cords. With
a shudder, she glanced at the bottle. The sharp cry
became louder. Mariana rushed inside and
discovered that the baby had wetted its clothes.
She heard somebody coming up the stairs. It must
be Victor. Ramir did not bark.
“Mariana!” Victor called out. “Mariana!”
“Quiet!” she shouted back. “The baby’s going back
to sleep.”
The house had become hotter. Mariana went out of
the bedroom, ready to resume the unfinished
quarrel. Victor was now in the room, sweating and
red-eyed. He had taken off his shirt and his
muscular body glistened wit animal attractiveness.
But now Mariana was in a different type of heat.
“I met that old witch Elpidia,” Victor said, “What
did she bring you today?”
“The same things. Vegetables. Some fish.”
“Fish! Again?”
“You are drunk!”
“I’m not drunk. Come Mariana dear. Let me hold
you.”
“Don’t touch me!” she screamed. “You stink!”
Victor moved back, offended. “I don’t stink and I’m
not drunk.”
Mariana stepped closer to her husband. He smelled
of cheap pomade, onions, and vinegar.
“Do you have to be like this all the time? Quarreling
every day? Why don’t you get a steady job like any
decent husband? You would be out the whole day,
and perhaps, I would miss you.”
“You don’t have to complain,” Victor said roughly.
“True, my work is not permanent but I think we
have enough. We are not starving, are we?”
“You call this enough?” her hands gesticulated
madly. “You call this rat’s nest, this hell of a
neighborhood – enough? You call these tin plates,
this plastic curtains – enough? This is not the type
of life I expect. I should have continued school.
You fooled me!”
“I thought you understood. I-“
“No, no I didn’t understand. And still I don’t
understand why you – you –“
“Let’s not quarrel,” Victor said abruptly. I don’t
want to quarrel with you.”
“But I want to quarrel with you!” Mariana shouted.
“Be reasonable.”
“You are not reasonable. You never tried to please
me. You would rather be with your stinking friends
and drink their dirty wine and eat their dirty meat.
Oh, how I hate it, Victor!”
“What do you want me to do – stay here and boil
the baby’s milk?”
“I wish you would!”
“That’s your job. You’re a woman.”
“Oh, how are you admire yourself for being a man,”
Mariana sneered in utter sarcasm. “You miserable-“
“Don’t yell. You wake up the baby.”
“To hell with your baby!”
“You are mad, Mariana.”
“And so I’m mad. I’m mad because I don’t eat dog
meat. I’m mad because I want my husband to make
a man of himself, I’m mad because – “
“Stop it!”
“Punyeta!”
“Relax, Mariana. You are excited. That’s not good
for you. I want my second baby healthy.”
“There will be no second baby.”
“What do you mean?”
“You met Aling Elpidia on your way.”
“And what did that witch do? Curse my baby? Is a
vampire?”
“She came to help me.”
Mariana went to the table and snatched the bottle.
She held high in Victor’s face. “See this, Victor?”
she taunted him. Victor was not interested. “You
don’t want me to drink tuba, and here you are with a
bottle of sioktong.”
“How dull you are!” her lips twisted in derision.
“See those leaves? See those roots? They are very
potent, Victor.”
“I don’t understand.”
“One spoonful in the morning and one spoonful in
the evening. It’s bitter, Victor, but I will bear it.”
Like a retarded, Victor stared at his wife. Then the
truth dawned upon him and exclaimed in horror,
“What? What? My baby!”
Mariana faced her husband squarely. “Yes! And I’m
not afraid!” she jeered.
“You won’t do it.”
“I’m not afraid.”
“Give me that bottle.”
“No!”
“What kind of woman are you?”
“And what kind of man are you?”
“It’s my baby!”
“It’s mine. I have the right to dispose of it, I don’t
want another child.”
“Why, Mariana, why?”
“Because you cannot afford it! What would you
feed your another child, ha, Victor? Tuba milk?
Dog meat for rice?”
“We shall manage, Mariana. Everything will be all
right.”
“Sure, sure, everything will be all right – for you. I
don’t believe in that anymore.”
“Give me that bottle!”
“No!”
They grappled for a moment. Mariana fought like
an untamed animal. At last Victor took hold the
bottle. He pushed his wife against the wall and ran
to the window, his right hand holding the bottle
above his head.
And like a man possessed, he hurled the bottle out f
the window. The crash of the glass against the
gravel on the road rendered Mariana speechless. But
she recovered. She dashed to the window and gave
out almost inhuman scream at what she saw. The
bottle was broken into countless splinters and the
dark liquid stained the dry gravel street. Bits of
leaves and roots stuck to the dust. Presently, a dog
came along and sniffed the wet ground suspiciously,
then left with his tail between his legs.
Mariana screamed again in horror and frustration. In
the glare of the late morning sun she had a
momentary image of the men – now faceless and
voiceless – in front of the store across the street.
This time they did not laugh, but they watched her
from certain blankness. She turned to her husband
and flung herself at him, raising her arms, her
fingers poised like claws. She scratched his face and
pounded his chest with her fists.
“Damn you! Damn you!” she shrieked in fury.
Victor caught her arms and shook her. “Stop it,
Mariana!” he mumbled under his breath.
“Let me go! You are hurting me!”
“Behave you woman!” Victor shook her harder.
Mariana spat on his face. Then she bit on the right
arm. She spat again, for she had a quick taste of salt
and dirt.
Victor released her. She moved back, her
uncontrollable rage shaking her. “You threw it
away! You destroy it! I paid forty pesos for it and
it’s not your money!”
“Forty pesos,” Victor murmured. “That is a lot of
milk.”
Mariana caught her breath. She allowed dryly and
said, “What do you want me to do now – cut
children’s dresses?”
“You are unnatural. You don’t act like a mother,
you want to kill your own child.”
“It’s my own child.”
“It’s murder!”
“Nobody will know.”
“I will know. You will know. And God – and God –
will know!”
“Ahhh!” Mariana sneered sontemptuously. “Now
who’s talking? When was the last time you went to
church, ha Victor? That was the time the Legion of
Mary brought us to Fatima Church to be married
and you fought with the priest in the confessional.
And now here you are mentioning God’s name to
me.”
“Please, please, Mariana,” Victor was begging now.
“That’s our child!”
“I told you I didn’t want another child. You broke
that bottle but I’ll look for other means. I’ll starve
myself. I’ll jump out of the window. I’ll fall down
the stairs.”
“Mariana!”
“You cannot afford to buy pills or hire a doctor.”
“I want a child.” And the dog rushed into the roaring attack. Quicker
“You men can talk because you don’t have to bear than she thought she was, Mariana slipped the end
the children. You coward!” of the chain under the makeshift railing of the
Victor raised his hand to strike her. Mariana offered stairway and pulled the leash with all her might. As
her face, daring him to complete his own she had expected, the dog hurtled into the space
humiliation. Victor dropped his hand. He was lost, between the broken banisters and fell. The weight
totally unmanned. of the animal pulled her to her knees, but she was
A bit of his male vanity stirred inside him. He prepared for that, too. She braced herself against the
raised his hand again, but Mariana was quick with rails of the porch, and now, the dog was dangling
the nearest weapon. She seized a stool with both below her. A crowd had now gathered in front of
hands, and with the strength all her arms could the house to witness the unexpected execution. But
muster, throws the stool at him. Victor caught the Mariana neither saw their faces nor heard their
object with his strong shoulder. The stool dropped voices.
to the floor as Mariana made ready with another Ramir gave a final yelp and stopped kicking the air.
weapon, a vase of plastic flowers. Mariana laughed deliriously. She watches the
“Go away from me! Get out! Get out!” hanging animal and addressed it in triumph: “I’ll slit
Victor went out of the room. Mariana was left your throat and drink your blood and cut you to
panting, giving vent to her anger by pulling down pieces and stew you and eat you! Damn you Victor.
the plastic curtains and the printed cover of the Damn this child. Damn everything. I’ll cook you,
sewing machine. She stooped to the table and with a Ramir. I’ll cook you and eat you and eat you and eat
furious sweep of her hand, cleared it of dish rack, you!”
tin plates, spoons, and forks. Then she went to the She released the chain and the canine carcass
kitchen and tossed the basket of vegetables and fish dropped with a thud on the ground below.
out of the kitchen window. A trio of dogs rushed in Mariana sat on the topmost step of the stairs; she
from nowhere and fought over the fish strewn in the put her hands between her legs and stared blankly at
muddy space under the sink. the rusty rooftops in front of her. And for the first in
Then Ramir barked. all her life on the Artiaga Street, Mariana cried.
“Shut up, you miserable dog!”
Ramir continued barking.
Mariana paused. Ramir, she taught. Victor’s dog. A
cruel thought crossed her mind and stayed there.
Now she knew exactly what to do. She reached for
the big kitchen knife of a shelf above the sink.
Kicking the scattered tin plates on the floor, she
crossed the main room to the porch.
Downstairs, Ramir was barking at some object in
the street. Noticing Mariana’s presence, he stopped
barking. Mariana stared at the dog. The dog stared
back, and Mariana noticed the change in the
animal’s eyes. They became fiery, dangerous. My
God, Mariana thought. This creature knew! Ramir’s
ears stood. The hair on the back of its neck stood,
too. Then he bared his fangs viscously and growled.
Mariana dropped the knife. She did not know how
to use it at this moment. She was beginning to be
afraid.
Slowly, she climbed up the stairs. He moved softly
but menacingly. Like a hunter sizing up his quarry.
His yellowing fangs dropped with saliva.
Meanwhile, Mariana was untying the chain on the
top of the stairs.
Ignite (Evaluation)
A sample of Moralistic Criticism

A Moralistic Analysis on the Short Story The Lottery

Every people have beliefs and traditions that they treasure. Some people practie it daily while others
practice it on specific dates. But do these traditions uplift fairness, morals, and values? Or do these stimulate
violence, brutality, and immorality? The short story to be analyzed is entitled “The Lottery”. It is written by
Shirley Jackson, an American writer who wrote novels such as "The Hunting of Hill House" and "We Have
Always Lived in the Castle". Her first novel, “The Road Through The Wall" was published in 1948. This
analysis uses moralistic approach proposed by Matthew Arnold, Horace and Plato. Literature is a criticism of
life for it knows what it good or bad thus this moralistic approachhighlights the larger purpose of literature
which is to teach morality and probe philosophicalissues. Moreover, it examines the moral effect or value of a
work considering how the characters events and images affect the reader as human beings. The religious writing
that serves as the basis of this analysis is the Holy Bible.

Never be blind on one's tradition is the moral lesson of the short story. Tradition is the transmission of customs
and beliefs from generation to generation. But the question is, "Do the traditions mirror morals and values?" He
answered them, "And why do you break the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition? (Matthew
15:6). Indeed, traditions may be in line or against God's commandment. And in order to have clear vision, the
word of God should be the pillar. In the story, the people of the village have no strong foundation of their
tradition. They have forgotten the rituals and just do whatever it is that they remember, disregarding God's word
about tradition on 1 Thessalonians 5:21 saying. "But examine everything carefully, hold fast to that which is
good".

The moral issue in the short story is brutality and violence God created man in His own image, in the image of
God He created him; male and female He created them (Genesis 1:27). This text proves that violence and
brutality are strongly against human beings and serve as moral offense, for human beings were made in the
image of God - worthy, valued and dignified. In the story, the people are blind and deaf of their tradition
because of the peaceful ambiance of their surroundings leading to the idea that stoning a person to death is fun.
They bruised and wounded their worth, value and dignity for they stain God's most wonderful creation (human
beings) with blood as Genesis 9:6 says, "Whoever sheds man's blood, by man his blood shall be shed, for in
the image of God He made man".

The actions, decisions and choices of Old Man Warner reflect immorality. Old Man Warner is the oldest man in
town who joined seventy-seven lotteries. "Crazy fools" is his pen names for those young people who don't join
the lottery. But his accomplishment can exempt him from God's judgment to those people who speak careless
words. For by your words you will be justified, and by your words, you will be condemned (Matthew 12:37).
Furthermore, he expects the lottery to sustain the society status and whenever it stops, the primitive era will
again be at hand. He doesn't care of the people who will be stoned to death as long as he lives his life to the
fullest. He is selfish and jealous of the current society making his way to boast and bear false views
contradicting James 3:14-16 that says, "But if you have bitter jealousy and selfish ambition in your hearts, do
not boast and be false to the truth. This is not the wisdom that comes down from above, but is earthly,
unspiritual, and demonic."

Never be blind on one's tradition is the moral lesson of the short story. Traditions may be in line or against
God's commandment. And in order to have clear vision, the word of God should be the basis. Examine
everything and consider which is good. The moral issue in the short story is brutality and violence. Violence
and brutality are strongly against human beings for human beings were made in the image of God - worthy,
valued and dignified. The actions, decisions and choices of Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town, reflect
immorality. He is a selfish and jealous man who never cares of what his mouth speaks. He will be condemned
and justified by his words, Tradition should be respected but it has exemption when it already leads to brutality,
to violence and eventually to immorality.

1) The Golden Touch of Midas

Once upon a time, there was a Greek King, Midas.
He was very rich and had lots of Gold. He had a daughter, who he loved a lot.
One day, Midas found an angel in need of help. He helped her and in return she agreed to grant a wish.
Midas wished that everything he touched would turn into gold. His wish was granted
On his way home, he touched rocks and plants and they turned into gold.
As he reached home, in excitement he hugged his daughter, who turned into gold.
Midas was devastated and he had learnt his lesson. Upon learning his lesson, Midas asked the angel to take his
wish away.

Moral of the story

Greed is not good for you. Be content and satisfied to lead a happy and fulfilling life
 
2) The Tortoise and the Hare
This is an extremely popular story about a hare and a tortoise.
The hare is an animal that is known to move quickly, while a tortoise is one to move slowly.
One day, the hare challenged the tortoise to a race simply to prove that he was the best. The tortoise agreed.
Once the race began the hare was easily able to get a head start. Upon realizing that the tortoise is far behind.
The overconfident hare decided to take a nap.
Meanwhile the tortoise, who was extremely determined and dedicated to the race was slowly nearing the finish
line.
The tortoise won the race while the hare napped. Most importantly he did it with humility and without
arrogance.

Moral of the story

When you work hard and persevere, you can achieve your goals. Slow and steady wins the race.
 
3) The Boy who cried wolf
A farmer asked his son to take their herd of sheep grazing every day.
While the boy watched over the sheep, he got bored and decided to have some fun.
So, he shouted, “Wolf! Wolf!”. Upon hearing this the villagers ran to help him chase the Wolf away.
As they reached him, they realized that there was no Wolf and he was just kidding. The villagers were furious
and they yelled at the boy for creating chaos and panic.
On the next day and the boy shouted “Wolf!” again and once again the villagers came to help him and saw that
there was no wolf. This made them very angry again.
On the same day, the boy saw an actual Wolf that has terrorizing the sheep. The boy cried “Wolf! Wolf! please
help me” and no villagers showed up as they believed that the boy was joking again.
Moral of the story
Don’t play with people’s trust, when it matters the most, they won’t believe you.
4) The Three Little Pigs
Three Little pigs was sent out into the world by their mother to learn.
The three pigs, all decided to build a house on their own.
The first pig built a house of straw because he didn't want to put in a lot of effort and was lazy.
The second pig was a little less lazy than the first and he made a house of sticks.
The third pig was hardworking and he put in lots of effort and built a house of brick and stone.
One day a wolf came to attack them. He huffed and puffed and blew the house of straw.
He then huffed and puffed and blew the house the sticks.
He huffed and puffed and huffed and puffed at the house of bricks but eventually was out of breath and left.
Moral of the story
Always work hard and it will pay off. Don’t try to take shortcuts to make things work.
 
5) The Fox and the Stork
Once there was a Fox and a stork. The Fox was selfish but he decided to invite the stork for dinner. The Stork
was extremely happy to be invited and she reached his house on time.
The Fox opened the door and invited her in. They sat on the table; The Fox served her some soup in shallow
bowls. While the fox licked up his soup, the Stork couldn't drink it because she has a long beak and the bowl
was too shallow.
The next day, the Stork invited the fox over for dinner. She Served him soup as well but in two narrow vases.
While the Stork enjoyed her soup and finished it, the fox went home very hungry realizing his mistake.
 
Moral of the Story
Don’t be selfish because it will come back to you at some point

6) The Ant and the Grasshopper

The ant and the grasshopper were best friends with very different personalities.
The grasshopper would spend his days sleeping or playing his guitar while the ant would collect food and build
his ant hill. 

Every now and then, the grasshopper would tell the ant to take a break. However, the ant would refuse and
continue to complete his work.

Soon winter came making the days and nights cold. One day the colony of ants were busy trying to dry some
grains of corn. The grasshopper who was extremely weak and hungry came up to the ants and asked "Can you
please give me a piece of corn?" the ant replied "We worked hard for this corn all summer while you relaxed,
why should we give it to you?"

The grasshopper was so busy singing and sleeping  that he didn't have enough food to last winter. The
grasshopper realized his mistake.
Moral of the Story
Make use of opportunity while you have it
 
Moral Stories from India

7) Be wise while counting

One day in Akbar’s court someone asked the question, "How many crows are there in the city?", No one had the
answer.
Birbal quickly replied "Four thousand three hundred and twelve". He was asked how did he know this?
Birbal send " Send your man out to count the crows. If it is lesser than this number then some crows are visiting
their families elsewhere and if it is more than this number, then some crows from outside are visiting their
families here. Akbar was very happy with the answer and showered Birbal with gifts for his wit.
 
Moral of the story:
Sometimes you have to learn to think outside of the box.
 
8) The Monkey and the Crocodile
This is a story from Panchatantra.
A monkey lived on a berry tree on the River Bank. Once he saw a crocodile under the tree who looked hungry
and tired. He gave the crocodile some berries, the crocodile thanked the monkey and became one of his friends. 
The monkey would give berries to the crocodile every day. One day the monkey even gave the crocodile extra
berries to take to his wife.
His wife enjoyed the berries but told her husband that she wanted to eat the monkey's heart. She was a wicked
and cunning woman. The crocodile was upset, but he decided that he needed to make his wife happy.
On the next day, the crocodile went to the monkey and said that his wife had called him for dinner. The
crocodile carried the monkey on his back across the river. He told this monkey his wife's plan. 
The monkey had to think quickly if he wanted to save himself. He told the crocodile that he left his heart at on
the berry tree and that they needed to return.
On reaching the monkey climbed the tree and spoke. "I'm not getting down; you betrayed my trust and that
means our friendship is over"
Moral of the story
Never betray someone who trusts you and choose your friends wisely.

9) The foolish thief

One day, a wealthy man came to Akbar's court in hope to get help from Birbal. The man suspected that one of
his servants had stolen from him.

The clever Birbal thought of a plan and gave all the merchant’s servants sticks of the same length. He also told
them that the stick will grow three inches by tomorrow if they were the thief.

The next day, all the servants gathered around Birbal. He noticed that one of the servant’s sticks was three
inches shorter than the others. Birbal immediately understood who the thief was.

The thief had cut the stick shorter by three inches as he thought it would grow three inches. Because of this his
guilt was proven
Moral of the story
The truth will always come out one way or another so better to be truthful from the beginning.

10) The Brahmin’s dream

A poor Brahmin lived in a village all alone. He had no friends or relatives. He was known for being stingy and
he used to beg for a living. The food he got as alms were kept in an earthen pot which was hung beside his bed.
This allowed him to easily access the food when he got hungry.  

On one day, he got so much rice gruel that even after completing his meal, there was so much leftover in his
pot. That night, he dreamt that his pot was overflowing with rice gruel and that if a famine came, he could sell
the food and earn silver from it. This silver could then be used to buy a pair of goats who would soon have kids
and create a herd. This herd in turn could be traded for buffaloes who would give milk from which he could
make dairy products. These products could be sold in the market for more money.

This money would help him get married to a rich woman and together they would have a son who he could
scold and love in equal measure. He dreamt that when his son wouldn’t listen, he would run after him with a
stick.
Wrapped up in his dream the Brahmin picked up the stick near his bed and started hitting  the air with the stick.
While flailing about, he hit the earthen pot with the stick, the pot broke and all the contents spilled over him.
The Brahmin woke up with a start only to realize that everything was a dream.

Moral of the story

One should not build castles in the air.