CHAPTER

HEAT
FOUR
Ueat in physics is a concept that deals
with the measure
hady. It occurs as a result of of quantity of matter
changein
temperature change in internal
or
in a system or
energy of body.
Heat is a scalar quantity because
only the magnitude effect of
Heat is measured in joules (J). Other
larger
and temperature
small quantities
is measured.
of heat are the following:
KiloJoules-1000 Joules (10'J)
Mega Joules-1,000,000Joules (10')
Milli Joules-1/1000 J (10 )
Micro Joules-1/1000000 (10°J)
Effects of Heat
The effects of heat include the
following:
1. It increases the temperature ofa body.
ii. It causes regular expansion.
11. It distorts the state of molecules, e.g. from solid to liquid and from
liquid to vapour.
iv. In liquid, it causes vaporisation.

Graded Experiment1
Title: Determination ofeffects ofimpurity (salt) in liquid
Aim: To determine the effects ofimpurity (salt) in water
APparatus: Beaker(0-50cm3),water, measuring cylinder (25Ocm3), thermometer (0-200'C),
stirrer, stand with wire gauze, source ofheat, Bunsen burner, stop watch/clock, table
tripod
salt/common salt(50Og)

Procedure
300em
Beaker
|200cm Liquid/ H0
100cm

Tripod stand
measuring
, Heat
cylinder

Burner

81
 into the beaker.
water using the measuring cylinder
Measure 200cm' of
Place the beaker on the Bunsen burner and heat for 2 minutes. Read and record.the
ii
temperature (0,) of the
water.
machine, weigh the 50g salt into 10g cach in five places.
i11 Using a weighing
and heat for 2 minutes. Read and recondd
iv. Add M 10g ofsalt to the water in the beaker
the final temperature (0).
Evaluate (0-(0,). In each case, read and record
and 50g.
Repeat the experiment for M-=20g, 30g, 40g
the
N
corresponding value of6, and evaluate (0-0,).
vi Tabulate the results.
Plot the graph of M on the vertical axis and (0- (O,) on the horizontal axis starting both axes
vii.
from (0,0).
vii. Calculate the slope (s) ofthe graph.
ix. State three precautions taken to ensure accurate readings. 0600
X. State your observations.
X1. State your conclusion.

Solution:
Calculation of Results
(ii) Temperature (0,) of the boiling water after 2 minutes , -82°C, Volume of water
used 200cm
(v) When M, =10g,0, =84"C
0,-0,-0,- 84 C-82'C=2'C
M,=20g,0, 90'C=

0,-0-0,-90°C-82'C=8'C
M, 30g, 0-96'C
0,0-0, 96'C-82°C=14'C a
M,=40g,0,=102.0'C
0,-0-0,=102'C -82'C= 20°C
M,-50g, 0=108'C
0,=0-0,=108°C - 82°'C= 26'C

(vi) Table of values

M(g) V(cm) 0'C 0, c 0-0C

10.0 200.0 84.0 82.0 2.0
20.0 200.0 90.0 82.0 8.0
30.0 200.0 96.0 82.0 14.0
40.0 200.0 102.0 82.0 20.0
50.0 200.0 108.0 82.0 26.0

82
(vii) Graph of M(g) against 0CC)

MO)
70-0

60-0

500

3D.0

20-0

lo.0

83
(vii) Slope =AM(g) M-M.(g)
A0C) 0-0,C)
M,=40.0g. M=20.0g,0,-20.0'C, 6,=8.0'C
S 40.0g-20.0g
20.0'C-8.0'C
20.0g
12.0C
=1.6666g/C
-1.67g/C

(ix) Precautions
(a) It was ensured that the volume of water measured was taken at the high level to
avoid error due to parallax.
(b) It was ensured that the intensity of heat supplied to the beaker was uniform to
avoid distortion of results.
(C) It was ensured that the thermometer readings were taking at eye level and at
required time minute to avoid measurement irregularity.

(x) Observation
It was observed that the temperature of water increased from 82'C to 84 C when 5g of
salt was added to water and heated for 2 minutes and the temperature continuedto
increase as the salinity of water increased.

(xi) Conclusion
The effect of salt (impurity) on the heated water in the beaker increases the temperature of
water which resulted in regular expansion and distorted the state of molecule as seen in
the calculation of results and the graph of mass against temperature.

Exercises
1. Differentiate between temperature and heat.
2 A resistance thermometer has its ice and steam at 25.50hms and 58.5Ohms respectively.
Calculate the temperature when its electrical resistance is 30.50hms,
State three advantages of mercury over alcohol as a thermometric suhetanos
3.
Solutions to Exercises
heat or thermal energy of the particle in
Temperature is a measure of average
o

1. while heat is a form of energy that flowe stance

It is measured by thermometer, two
difference in temperature.
bodies of matter due to their

84
) K SM.5S
Tec R-Ra x 100'C
Rjon- RO,
30.52-23.5Qx 100'C
R 30.5 58.52-23.52
7.02 x 100'C
35.02
0.2x 100c
R-23.52 20C

3)
) The three advantages of mercury over
alcohol as a thermometric substance are as follows:
Mercury does not wet glass like alcohol.
It has high cubical expansivity than alcohol.
i. It has a high boiling point and a very low
iv.
freezing point than alcohol.
Itis opaque, 1.e. it can t easily be seen than alcohol.
It is sensitive to slight temperature change than alcohol.

Graded Experiment 2
Title: Determination of apparent cubic expansivity of engine oil
Aim: To determine the apparent cubic expansivity of engine oil.
Apparatus: Relative density bottle, weighing balance, density bottle, stopper, water, engine
oil, retort stand and clamp, thermometer and beaker.

Weigh the empty relative density bottle on a springbalance and record itsmassas (M,)
11 Fill the empty relative density bottle with engine oil and replace the stopper. Weigh and
record the new mass as ML.
ii. Suspend the bottle on a retort stand and immerse its whole body fully in the water inside
the beaker as shown in the diagram above. Record the initial temperature ofwater 6.
v. Heat the water in the beaker at a steady temperature to boiling point. Allow some liquid to
to continue
be expelled from the density bottle through the orifice. Allow the water
read and record the
boling until no more liquid is expelled from the density bottle;
temperature of the boiling water , .
Read
Remove the relative density bottle from the water and allow it to cool and reweigh.
andrecord mass as M

85
(vi). Evaluate cubic expansivity of oil.
- Mass of hot oilexpelled Xtemp.Rise
Mass of hot oil left
Mass ofhot oil expelled M, - M,

Mass ofhot oil left in the bottle =M,- M,

Temperature rise = , - 0 ,

M-M,_
(M - M,) x (0,-0,)

(vii) State three precautions taken to ensure accurate result.

(viii) State your observations.
(ix) State your conclusion.

Solution
(i) Mass ofempty bottle (M,) =90.0g
(ii) Mass of bottle and oil (M)=190.0g
(11) Mass of bottle and remaining oil after heating (M)= 170.0g
(iv) Initial temperature ofwater in the beaker (0)=29.5°C
(v) Final mass M,=170.0g
(vi) Final temperature ofwater (9,) in the beaker after heating=98'C
Mass of hot oilexpelled=M,
-M,=190.0g-170.g-20.0g
Mass of hot oil left in the bottle =

M,-M,=170.0g -90.0g= 80.0g

Change in temperature= 0,-0,=98'c-29.5'c=68.5'C

20.0g
80.0gx68.5C
20.0
5480 C
= 0.0036496/'C
=
3.65 x 10'fC
The cubic expansivity ofengine oil is determined to be approximately 3.65 x 10C

(vii) Precautions
(a) It was ensured that the
weight ofthe empty bottle when filled with engine ol
after heated was taken at eye level on the spring balance to avoid error aue
parallax.
(b) It was ensured that the density bottle was do
fimly suspended on the retort stanu
avoid damping of the system.
(c) It was ensuredthat the heat was supplied to the beaker at a steady temperature
avoid unequal distribution of heat to the molecule of water.
It was ensured that the density bottle was fully immersed in water to enb
1sure

(d)
that liquid is expelled linearly through the orifice.

86
(VI) Observation: It can be observed that the mass of oil expelled at a
of68.5'C is 20.0g. temperature difference
(ix) Conclusion: The cubic expansivity of engine oil is
approximately 3.65x 10-3/C.
Exercises
1. Define the term 'apparent cubic expansivity of a
liquid'.
Calculate the expansion of 25cm length aluminum rod when heated
from 23'C to 91'C.
Apparent linear expansivity of aluminum as 24 x10°'c
3. Differentiate between real and apparent cubic expansivity of a liquid.
Solutions to Exercises
1) Apparent cubic expansivity of a light is the change in volume per unit volume per degree
rise in temperature.
AV
VpxA6
Where AV=change in volume, V,= original volume and A0=
change in temperature.
2) Apparent linear expansivity (x)= AL
LxA0
=24 X10'/C, AL=?,L=25cm, A0=0,-0,
Where:0,=91'C and 0=23°C
24 x 10°C= AL
25cmx(923¬)
AL -24x 107Cx25cmx68'C
=
600 x 10° cmx 68
=
40,800x 10 cmn
= 0.408Ocm
0.041cm(2 d.p)
3) Real or volume expansivity ofa liquid is referred to as the change in volume per unit
volume per degree rise in temperature while apparent cubic expansivity is the
change in volume per unit volume per degree rise in temperature when liquid is
placed in an expansible container, i.e. a container that expands with water in
addition ofheat.

87