Introduction to Chapter 1

Basic Principles and Concepts of Organic Chemistry:  

Atoms Electrons and orbitals  

Covalent Bonds

Octet rule 

Polar Covalent Bonds 

SP3 hybridization

SP2 hybridization and 

SP hybridization.

https://youtu.be/jq-kOEiOduY

Chemical Bonding

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself and generally increases as
one moves from left to right across the periodic table.

Atoms can become bonded with each other, and their electronic structure governs the type of
bond formed. The main two types of bonds that are formed are called ionic and covalent. 

Reading Material

Chemical Bonding can be further include

1.1.1 Electronegativity
 1.1.2 Ionic Bond

1.1.3 Covalent bond

SP3 hybridization

This topic explains the mixing of orbitals from two energy levels with very little difference in the
energies, to build a new energy level known as degenerated energy level.

The newly built orbital will be having different shapes and directional characteristics.

Hybridization is the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in
turn, influences molecular geometry and bonding properties. Hybridization is also an expansion
of the valence bond theory. In order to explore this idea further, we will utilize three types of
hydrocarbon compounds to illustrate sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization

https://youtu.be/AcQZUhEZj9Q

This topic will mainly include the type of Hybridization 

1.3. SP2 hybridization and 

1.4. SP hybridization.

The five basic shapes of hybridization are

 Linear,
 Trigonal Planar,
 Tetrahedral,
 Trigonal Bipyramidal, and
 Octahedral.

The geometry of the orbital arrangement:

 Linear: Two electron groups involved resulting in sp hybridization, the angle between the
orbitals is 180°.
 Trigonal planar: Three electron groups involved resulting in sp2 hybridization, the angle
between the orbitals is 120°.
 Tetrahedral: Four electron groups involved resulting in sp3 hybridization, the angle between
the orbitals is 109.5°.
 Trigonal bipyramidal: Five electron groups involved resulting in sp3d hybridization, the angle
between the orbitals is 90°, 120°.
 Octahedral: Six electron groups involved resulting in sp3d2 hybridization, the angle between
the orbitals is 90°.

https://youtu.be/lJX8DxoPRfk
https://youtu.be/BRHfy7envyQ

Bond Length and Bond Strength

There is a general trend between bond length and bond strength. Usually, the shorter the bond the
stronger the bond. The longer the bond the weaker the bond. Is this always the case? No, it is
usually the case. That is why we call it a trend. It is a particularly useful idea for similar bonds.
For example, a carbon-oxygen single bond, C-O, is both longer and weaker than a carbon-
oxygen double bond, C=O.

Below is a widget in which you can look at the potential energy curves for dihalides (F2, Cl2,
Br2, I2). Play with the widget to determine if this trend holds true for all the dihalides or only
some of them.

https://youtu.be/EMCWvehKpd4

https://youtu.be/SSRY95IAwF8

https://ch301.cm.utexas.edu/section2.php?target=atomic/bonding/bond-length-strength.html