Cg
 C gfg
fgdg
dgn
n 

NL GDU
GDUNN YK ZF GZZL
GZZL ZZCLMU
ZZCLMU

Adln8
Gmmksgg Mgikdg G.Z., Z.Fle 252<5>97>9
252<5>97>92290
2290
Elmg Mgikdgn [gsckm, Z.Fle 252<5>97>9279>
252<5>97>9279>
Dla Zltygek, Z.Fle 252<5>97>922>?
252<5>97>922>?
 Mykcgs Igeryg \dog, Z.Fle 252<5>97>92270
252<5>97>92270
Znkvgrgh @aigd, Z.Fle 252>5>97>922<5
252>5>97>922<5

Rlcikcikm`8
er. Gmktg Cgskekm, CZ, Zp.AF  

ELRGYULCLM/IG@KGM
ELRGYULCLM/IG@KGM KDC\ FLZLNGUGM CGZ[GYGFGU-KDC\
CGZ[GYGFGU-KDC\
FLEAFULYGM FAC\MKUGZ (KFC-KFF)
OGF\DUGZ FLEAFULYGM \MK_LYZKUGZ ZYKPKHG[G
927;
 

NGDGCGM RLM@LZGNGM

Hueud Cgfgdgn

 NLGDUN YKZF GZZLZZCLMU

GZZLZZCLMU

Adln8

Gmmksgg Mgikdg G.Z., Z.Fle 252<5>97>9

252<5>97>92290
2290
Elmg Mgikdgn [gsckm, Z.Fle 252<5>97>9279>
252<5>97>9279>
Dla Zltygek, Z.Fle 252<5>97>922>?
252<5>97>922>?
 Mykcgs Igeryg \dog, Z.Fle 252<5>97>92270
252<5>97>92270

Znkvgrgh @aigd, Z.Fle 252>5>97>922<5

252>5>97>922<5

Uldgn ektlrkcg egm eksltuhuk umtuf clclmunk sgdgn sgtu tu`gs egdgc clm`kfutk
Flpgmktlrggm Fdkmkf ek Elpgrtlclm/Ig`kgm Kdcu Flslngtgm Cgsygrgfgt  ‚   Kdcu
Fleaftlrgm Facumktgs (KFC-KFF) Ogfudtgs Fleaftlrgm \mkvlrsktgs Zrkwkhgyg
Gprkd ‚  95
Rgdlcigm` plrkael 7< Gprkd ‚ 
 95 Humk 927;.

Rgdlcigm`, Gprkd 927;

er. Gmktg Cgskekm, CZ, Zp.AF  

kk
 

FGUG RLM@GMUGY
Zl`gdg puhk egm syufur flpgeg Gddgn ZPU, ygm` tldgn cldkcpgnfgm ilrfgt
egm fgrumkg-Myg slnkm``g plmudks egpgt clmyldlsgkfgm cgfgdgn ygm` ilrhueud

—N lgdtn Y
Ykk sf G
Gssl
sslssclmt ––.. Cgfgdgn
sscl kmk ekghufgm umtuf clclmunk sgdgn sgtu tu`gs
flpgmktlrggm fdkmkf ek Elpgrtlclm/Ig`kgm Kdcu Flslngtgm Cgsygrgfgt-Kdcu
Fleaftlrgm Facumktgs (KFC-KFF) Ogfudtgs Fleaftlrgm \mkvlrsktgs Zrkwkhgyg
Rgdlcigm`.
Rlmudks clm`ujgpfgm igmygf tlrkcg fgskn flpgeg er. Gmktg Cgskekm, CZ,
Zp.AF sldgfu plcikcikm`, slrtg flpgeg slcug pkngf ygm` tldgn clcigmtu nkm``g
tudksgm kmk clmhgek dlikn igkf.
Rlmudks clmygegrk cgskn igmygf flfurgm`gm egdgc plmudksgm cgfgdgn kmk.
Adln fgrlmg ktu, frktkf egm sgrgm ygm` clcigm`um egrk ilrig`gk pkngf sgm`gt

ekngrgpfgm elck plrigkfgm ek cgsg ygm` gfgm egtgm`. Rlmudks ilrngrgp cgfgdgn
kmk egpgt clcilrk kdcu egm cgmoggt ig`k plcigjg.

Rgdlcigm`, Gprkd 927;

Rlmudks

kkk
 

EGOUGY KZK

NGDGCGM H\E\D .............................................

...................................................................
............................................
......................k

NGDGCGM RLM@LZGNGM ...................

..........................................
..............................................
................................
.........kk
FGUG RLM@GMUGY ...........................................
.................................................................
..........................................
....................kkk
EGOUGY KZK ...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
...................................
............. kv
IGI K RLMEGN\D\GM .........................................
...............................................................
........................................
.................. 7
IGI KK UKMHG\GM R\ZUGFG..........................................
.................................................................
.............................
...... 9
9.7 Elokmksk Nlgdtn Yksf Gsslssclmt ...................
Elokmksk Nlgdtn Gsslssclmt ..........................................
............................................
.....................9
9.9 Uuhugm Nlgdtn Yksf Gsslssclmt  ...........................................
Uuhugm Nlgdtn ................................................................
..................... 9
9.: Flslngtgm egm Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg (F:) ............................................
...................................................
....... :
9.5 Ykskfa ..........................................
................................................................
............................................
......................................
................ 72

9.< Flslngtgm egm Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg Famstrufsk .......................................

....................................... 77
9.? Cgmghlclm Ykskfa ............................................
..................................................................
......................................
................ 79
9.0  Ngzgre (Igngyg) ............................................
..................................................................
.........................................
...................7:
9.>  Ngzgre Gmgdysks ......................
.............................................
.............................................
.........................................
...................7<
9.;  Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam gme Yksf Gsslssclmt (NKYG)...............................
............................... 7<
IGI KKK FLZKCR\DGM
FLZKCR\DGM ..........................................
................................................................................ 7; 
......................................
EGOUGY R\ZUGFG ........................................................
..............................................................................
..............................
........ 92

kv
 

IGI K
RLMEGN\D\GM

Rra`rgc Flslngtgm Flrhg clcpumygk tuhugm utgcg ygktu clcilrkfgm

 plrdkmeum`gm flpgeg plflrhg egrk igngyg flslngtgm ygm` ilrnuium`gm elm`gm

dkm`fum`gm flrhg egm pracask flslngtgm plflrhg.  Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam gme Yksf
 Gsslssclmt   (NKYG) clrupgfgm cltael umtuf clm`kelmtkokfgsk patlmsk igngyg
flrhg elm`gm clmelokmkskfgm egm clm`lvgdugsk fgrgftlrkstkf igngyg elm`gm
clm``umgfgm cgtrkfs plmkdgkgm rkskfa. Rlmtkm`myg plrgm flsldgcgtgm egm
flslngtgm flrhg clm`km`gt tkm``kmyg gm`fg fljldgfggm flrhg pgeg fl`kgtgm flrhg.
Igngyg tlregpgt ekcgmg-cgmg igkf ektlcpgt flrhg gtgu ek dkm`fum`gm.
 Ngzgre   gtgu igngyg clrupgfgm sucilr, sktugsk gtgu tkmegfgm ygm` ilrpatlmsk
clmjkelrgk cgmuskg gtgu fameksk fldgkmgm okskf gtgu clmtgd ygm` tlrkelmtkokfgsk

 ilrgsgd egrk egm gtgu ilrtgcign iuruf fgrlmg fl`kgtgm flrhg gtgu sktugsk ygm` tlrfgkt
elm`gm plflrhggm. Igngyg clrupgfgm sucilr patlmsk flrusgfgm gtgu sktugsk ygm`
 ilrpatlmsk umtuf clmkciudfgm flru`kgm. Egdgc tlrckmada`k flslngtgm egm
flsldgcgtgm flrhg, igngyg ekfdgskokfgskfgm clmhgek eug ygktu igngyg flsldgcgtgm
flrhg ( sgolty
 sgolty ngzgre ) egm igngyg flslngtgm flrhg (nlgdtn
( nlgdtn ngzgre ).
).
Facpamlm utgcg cgmghlclm rkskfa flslngtgm egdgc flslngtgm flrhg gegdgn
 plmkdgkgm rkskfa
r kskfa (rksf gsslssclmt ),
), survlkdgms flslngtgm (nlgdtn
(nlgdtn survlkddgmjl),
survlkddgmjl), egm
 plmjgtgtgm (rljares
rljares).
). Cgmghlclm rkskfa ilrtuhugm umtuf clm`urgm`k egcpgf
ml`gtko egrk rkskfa ygm` egpgt clm`gfkigtfgm flru`kgm, igkf pgeg plflrhg, cgtlrkgd,

clskm, cltaeg, ngskd praeufsk cgupum okmgmjkgd. Dgm`fgn dgm`fgn pgeg Nlgdtn

pgeg Nlgdtn Yksf
 Gsslsclmt   ygktu kelmtkokfgsk igngyg, plmkdgkgm pghgmgm, fgrgftlrksgsk rkskfa,
survlkdgms flslngtgm, survlkdgms cleks, plcgmtgugm ikada`ks, plmm`lmegdkgm
 pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm, plmgtggm egtg slrtg plmekekfgm egm pldgtkngm.
pldgtkngm.
Cgmghlclm rkskfa gegdgn slcug tgngpgm
tg ngpgm plflrhggm ygm` ilrnuium`gm elm`gm
rkskfa, ekgmtgrgmyg ygktu plmkdgkgm (gsslssclmt 
( gsslssclmt ),
), plrlmjgmggm ( pdgmmkm` 
 pdgmmkm` ),
),
 plm`lmegdkgm (ngmedkm` ) egm plcgmtgugm (camktarkm` 
( camktarkm` ) fljldgfggm. Cgmghlclm
rkskfa clrupgfgm ig`kgm ygm` tkegf egpgt eknkdgm`fgm sljgrg cutdgf egrk plflrhggm
 praylf ygm` ekrlmjgmgfgm
ekrlmjgmgfgm slilducmyg.

7
 

IGI KK
UKMHG\GM R\ZUGFG

9.7  Elokmksk N lgdtn Y

Ykk sf G
Gssl
sslsc
scl
lmt  

Rra`rgc Flslngtgm Flrhg clcpumygk tuhugm utgcg ygktu clcilrkfgm

 plrdkmeum`gm flpgeg plflrhg egrk igngyg flslngtgm ygm` ilrnuium`gm elm`gm
dkm`fum`gm flrhg egm pracask flslngtgm plflrhg. Dlikn hgun dg`k gegdgn
clmjkptgfgm flrhg ygm` tkegf sghg gcgm egm slngt, tltgpk hu`g mygcgm slrtg
clmkm`fgtfgm flslhgntlrggm egm praeuftkvktgs flrhg. Gsplf egsgr plrdkmeum`gm
flslngtgm gegdgn cgmghlclm rkskfa flslngtgm, plmekekfgm egm pldgtkngm,
 plrtadam`gm plrtgcg egm plm`aigtgm/furgtko.
plm`aigtgm/furgtko.
 Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam gme Yksf Gsslssclmt  (NKYG)
  (NKYG) ygktu sugtu cltael gtgu
tlfmkf umtuf clm`kelmtkokfgsk patlmsk igngyg flrhg elm`gm clmelokmkskfgm

fgrgftlrkstkf igngyg ygm` cum`fkm tlrhgek egm clm`lvgdugsk rkskfa ygm` tlrhgek
cldgduk plmkdgkgm rkskfa elm`gm clm``
clm``umgfgm
umgfgm cgtrkfs plmkdgkgm rkskfa. Rlm
Rlmtkm`myg
tkm`myg
gegmyg plrgm flsldgcgtgm egm flslngtgm flrhg pgeg fl`kgtgm famstrufsk clm`km`gt
tkm``kmyg gm`fg fljldgfggm flrhg pgeg fl`kgtgm famstrufsk. Rlm``umggm gdgt ilrgt
egm tkm``kmyg ngzgre   ygm` geg ek dgpgm`gm famstrufsk clmhgekfgm fljldgfggm
rgwgm tlrhgek.

9.9  Uuhugm N lgdtn Y

Ykk sf G
Gssl
sslsc
scl
lmt  
Uuhugm Nlgdtn
Uuhugm Nlgdtn Yksf
Yksf Gsslssclmt  (NYG)
 (NYG) gegdgn umtuf clm`kelmtkokfgsk igngyg

flslngtgm, clm`lvgdugsk rkskfa tlrngegp flslngtgm egm clmlmtufgm upgyg

 plm`lmegdkgm ygm` tlpgt egm tkmegfgm plcudkngm (A@R). Rlmkdgkgm Ykskfa
clcilrkfgm plmelfgtgm skstlcgtkf umtuf clmjkrkfgm skogt egm ilsgrmyg rkskfa ygm`
tlrfgkt elm`gm igngyg flslngtgm dkm`fum`gm. Zlcug fl`kgtgm, prasls egm praeuf
clckdkfk ililrgpg tkm`fgt rkskfa. Uuhugm utgcg plmkdgkgm rkskfa gegdgn umtuf
clcilrkfgm kmoarcgsk kdckgn, saskgd egm prgftks ygm` tlrigkf tlmtgm` rkskfa,
slnkm``g egpgt ekigngs sljgrg dlikn dugs tlmtgm` flputusgm tlrigkf ekiugt umtuf
rkskfa-rkskfa flslngtgm ygm` geg.

7
 

Facpamlm utgcg cgmghlclm rkskfa flslngtgm egdgc flslngtgm flrhg gegdgn

 plmkdgkgm rkskfa
r kskfa (rksf gsslssclmt ),
), survlkdgms flslngtgm (nlgdtn
(nlgdtn survlkddgmjl),
survlkddgmjl), egm
 plmjgtgtgm (rljares
rljares).
). Ek egdgc facpamlm plmkdgkgm rkskfa (rksf
( rksf gsslssclmt ),
),
tlregpgt umsur tgngpgm ygm` cldkputk Kelmtkokfgsk igngyg (ngzgre
( ngzgre kelmtkokjgtkam),
kelmtkokjgtkam),
Rlmkdgkgm easks/kmtlmsktgs lolf (easl-looljt
(easl-looljt gsslssclmt ),
), egm fgrgftlrksgsk rkskfa.
\mtuf egpgt cldgfufgm fgrgftlrksgsk rkskfa plrdu ekfltgnuk stgtus flslngtgm plflrhg
egm plmkdgkgm pghgmgm. Ek egdgc facpamlm survlkdgms flslngtgm tlrjgfup umsur
survlkdgms cleks egm plcgmtgugm ikada`ks.
Cgmghlclm rkskfa ilrtuhugm umtuf clm`urgm`k egcpgf ml`gtko egrk rkskfa
ygm` egpgt clm`gfkigtfgm flru`kgm, igkf pgeg plflrhg, cgtlrkgd, clskm, cltaeg,
ngskd praeufsk cgupum okmgmjkgd. Zljgrg skstlcgtkf cgmghlclm rkskfa ek tlcpgt
flrhg cldkputk gftkvktgs slig`gk ilrkfut kmk8

@gcigr 7. Cgmghlclm rkskfa ek tlcpgt flrhg

9.:  Flslngtgm egm Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg (F:)  

Clmurut elpgrtlclm tlmg`g flrhg tlmtgm` egsgr-egsgr flslngtgm egm
flsldgcgtgm flrhg, plm`lrtkgm Flslngtgm egm Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg gegdgn slig`gk
 ilrkfut8

9
 

7.  Flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg sljgrg okdasaok gegdgn plckfkrgm egm upgyg
umtuf clmhgckm flgeggm flutungm egm flslcpurmggm igkf hgscgmk
hgs cgmk cgupum
rangmk cgmuskg slrtg ngskd fgryg egm iuegygmyg tlrtuhu pgeg flslhgntlrggm
cgmuskg pgeg ucucmyg tlmg`g flrhg pgeg fnususmyg.
9.  Flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg sljgrg flkdcugm gegdgn jgigm` kdcu
 plm`ltgnugm egm plmlrgpgmmyg ygm` clcpldghgrk tlmtgm` tgtg jgrg
 plmjl`gngm egm plm`lmegdkgm fljldgfggm flrhg ek tlcpgt flrhg.
:.  Flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg sljgrg prgftks gegdgn sugtu upgyg
 plrdkmeum`gm g`gr tlmg`g flrhg sldgdu egdgc flgeggm sldgcgt egm slngt
sldgcg cldgfufgm plflrhggm ek tlcpgt flrhg slrtg il`ktu pudg ig`k argm`
ygm` clcgsufk tlcpgt flrhg cgupum sucilr egm prasls praeufsk egpgt
sljgrg gcgm egm loksklm egdgc plcgfgkgmmyg.
5.  Flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg sljgrg nufuc gegdgn fltlmtugm ygm`
clm`gtur tlmtgm` plmjl`gngm fljldgfggm umtuf cldkmeum`k tlmg`g flrhg
g`gr tltgp sldgcgt egm slngt.
Cgmoggt egrk plmlrgpgm cgmghlclm flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg gmtgrg
dgkm ygktu8
7.  Rlrdkmeum`gm Fgrygwgm
9.  Clcplrdkngtfgm flpgtungm egdgc plrgturgm egm umegm`- umegm`
:.  Clm`urgm`k ikgyg
5.  Clciugt skstlc cgmghlclm ygm` lolftko
<.  Clmkm`fgtfgm flplrjgyggm egm flpugsgm pldgm``gm.
Ilregsgrfgm ilrig`gk plrm`lrtkgm flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg ekgtgs,
cgfg sljgrg ucuc egpgt ekelokmkskfgm ignwg flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg
gegdgn sugtu plckfkrgm egm plmlrgpgm umtuf clmjl`gn tlrhgekmyg ilrig`gk ilmtuf
fljldgfggm ygm` egpgt tlrhgek flpgeg tlmg`g flrhg, tgcu cgupum ilrig`gk argm`
ygm` ilrgeg ekslfktgr dafgsk flrhg. Dgm`fgn dgm`fgn pgeg  Nlgdtn Yksf Gsslsclmt
slig`gk ilrkfut8
7.  Kelmtkokfgsk Igngyg 
Dgm`fgn plrtgcg cgmghlclm rkskfa flslngtgm ek tlcpgt flrhg gegdgn
kelmtkokfgsk gtgu plm`lmgdgm igngyg flslngtgm. Rgeg tgngp kmk ekdgfufgm

:
 

kelmtkokfgsk ogftar rkskfa flslngtgm ygm` egpgt tlr`adam` okskf, fkckg, ikada`k,
lr`amackf, egm pskfada`k ygm` tlrpghgm pgeg plflrhg. \mtuf egpgt clmlcufgm
ogftar rkskfa kmk ekplrdufgm plm`gcgtgm tlrngegp prasls egm skcpud fl`kgtgm
 praeufsk, igngm igfu ygm` ek`umgfgm, igngm gtgu igrgm` ygm` ekngskdfgm
tlrcgsuf ngskd sgcpkm` prasls praeufsk, slrtg dkcign ygm` tlrilmtuf prasls
 praeufsk. Rgeg fgsus tlrfgkt elm`gm igngm fkckg, cgfg ekplrdufgm8
ekpl rdufgm8 plckdkfgm
cgtlrkgd sgolty egtg snllts (CZEZ) umtuf sltkgp igngm fkckg ygm` ek`umgfgm,
 plm`ldacpafgm igngm fkckg clmurut hlmks igngm gftko ygm` tlrfgmeum`,
clm`kelmtkokfgsk igngm pldgrut ygm` ek`umgfgm, egm igngm kmlrt ygm` clmylrtgk,
tlrcgsuf lolf tafskfmyg.
Fltkfg ektlcufgm eug gtgu dlikn ogftar rkskfa sljgrg skcudtgm, sgm`gt
cum`fkm ilrkmtlrgfsk egm clmhgek dlikn ilrigngyg gtgu cum`fkm hu`g clmhgek
furgm` ilrigngyg. Zlig`gk jamtan, dkm`fum`gm flrhg ygm` ikskm` egm sljgrg
 ilrsgcggm tlregpgt pghgmgm tadulm, cgfg fltudkgm gfkigt ikskm` gfgm dlikn
cuegn tlrhgek.
9.  Rlmkdgkgm Rghgmgm
Rrasls plmkdgkgm pghgmgm clrupgfgm ilmtuf lvgdugsk fugdktgtko egm
fugmtktgtko tlrngegp padg pghgmgm fldacpaf plflrhg ygm` ilflrhg ek tlcpgt egm
 plflrhggm tlrtlmtu elm`gm hlmks pghgmgm rkskfa
rks kfa flslngtgm ygm` sgcg. Fldacpaf
ktu ekflmgd hu`g elm`gm skckdgr lxpasurl `raup (fldacpaf plflrhg elm`gm
 pghgmgm ygm` sgcg).
Rlmkdgkgm pghgmgm ngrus clclmunk tkm`fgt gfurgsk ygm` gelfugt elm`gm
tkegf ngmyg clm`ufur famslmtrgsk gtgu kmtlmsktgs pghgmgm, tltgpk hu`g ogftar dgkm.
Rlm`ufurgm egm plcgmtgugm famslmtrgsk egm kmtlmsktgs sljgrg fugmtktgtko sghg
tkegf jufup, fgrlmg plm`grunmyg tlrngegp flslngtgm ekplm`grunk adln ogftar
dgkm ktu. Ogftar tlrsliut plrdu ekplrtkcigm`fgm umtuf clmkdgk patlmskgd ogftar
rkskfa (igngyg/ngzgres) ygm` egpgt clmhgek mygtg egdgc sktugsk
sk tugsk tlrtlmtu.: Ykskfa
gegdgn praigikdktgs sugtu igngyg clmhgek mygtg, ygm` ektlmtufgm adln orlfulmsk
egm eurgsk pghgmgm, gftkvktgs flrhg, slrtg upgyg ygm` tldgn ekdgfufgm umtuf
 plmjl`gngm egm plm`lmegdkgm tkm`fgt pghgmgm. Ulrcgsuf ygm` plrdu

5
 

ekplrngtkfgm hu`g gegdgn plrkdgfu ilflrhg, nk`klml plrargm`gm, slrtg flikgsggm

sldgcg ilflrhg ygm` egpgt clmkm`fgtfgm rkskfa `gm``ugm flslngtgm.
:.  Fgrgftlrks
Fgrgftlrksgsk
gsk Ykskfa
Uuhugm dgm`fgn fgrgftlrksgsk rkskfa gegdgn clm`lvgdugsk ilsgrgm
(cg`mktuel) rkskfa flslngtgm pgeg plflrhg. Egdgc ngd kmk gegdgn plrpgeugm
flpgrgngm `gm``ugm flslngtgm ygm` cum`fkm tkciud tlrcgsuf egyg tafsksktgs
 ikdg geg lolf tafskf, elm`gm flcum`fkmgm `gm``ugm flslngtgm gtgu lolf tafskf
egpgt tlrhgek slig`gk famslfulmsk pghgmgm igngyg patlmskgd. Fgrgftlrksgsk rkskfa
ekcudgk elm`gm clm`kmtl`rgskfgm kmoarcgsk tlmtgm` igngyg ygm` tlrkelmtkokfgsk
(lolf `gm``ugm/tafsksktgs splskokf) elm`gm plrfkrggm gtgu plm`ufurgm
kmtlmsktgs/famslmtrgsk pghgmgm igngyg egm stgtus flslngtgm plflrhg.
5.  Zurvlkdgms Flslngtgm
Flslngtgm 
Zurvlkdgms flslngtgm clrupgfgm plmkdgkgm flgeggm flslngtgm plflrhg
ygm` ekdgfufgm sljgrg tlrgtur egm ilrfgdg. Zurvlkdgms flslngtgm tlrekrk gtgs
survlkdgms cleks (tlrcgsuf plclrkfsggm okskf, plclrkfsggm dgiargtarkuc egm
 plmumhgm`, slrtg plcgmtgugm ikada`ks Dlikn tlpgt dg`k ignwg ilmtuf/ ksk egm
flflrgpgm (orlqulmjy) plclrkfsggm flslngtgm kmk ektltgpfgm adln eaftlr ygm`
 ilrfacpltlm egdgc pra`rgc flslngtgm flrhg. Rldgfsgmggm plclrkfsggm
flslngtgm ngrus clcplrngtkfgm ngskd prasls plmkdgkgm rkskfa. Ilmtuf egm hlmks
 plclrkfsggm flslngtgm ngrus sljgrg tl`gs tlrfgkt elm`gm igngyg flslngtgm ygm`
tlrkelmtkokfgsk egm slsugk fgrgftlr rkskfamyg. Flflrgpgm plclrkfsggm flslngtgm
ektlmtufgm adln ilsgrgm rkskfa flslngtgm egm `gm``ugm flslngtgm tlrfgkt.
Zlig`gk pleacgm ucuc gegdgn clm`gju pgeg plrgturgm egm plrumegm`gm ek
Kmeamlskg ygktu slfgdk sltkgp tgnum.
<.  Zurvlkdgms Cleks
Zurvlkdgms cleks tlrekrk gtgs tk`g ngd plmtkm` ygktu plclrkfsggm
flslngtgm prg-flrhg ( prl-lcpdayclmt 
 prl-lcpdayclmt   gtgu  prlpdgjlclmt clekjgd
lxgckmgtkam),
lxgckmgtkam), slilduc suihlf plclrkfsggm ilflrhg gtgu ektlcpgtfgm,
Rlclrkfsggm flslngtgm ilrfgdg ( plrkaekj
 plrkaekj clekjgd lxgckmgtkam)
lxgckmgtkam) ygm` tlrfgkt
elm`gm pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm, egm plclrkfsggm flslngtgm fnusus ( spljkokj
clekjgd lxgckmgtkam)
lxgckmgtkam) ygm` tlrfgkt elm`gm flcigdk ilflrhg (rlturmkm`
( rlturmkm` ta warf )

<
 

sltldgn tlregpgt `gm``ugm flslngtgm ygm` ilrcgfmg egm plmygfkt ygm` ilrgt.
Uuhugm plclrkfsggm flslngtgm prg-flrhg
7.  clmltgpfgm flcgcpugm umtuf cldgfufgm plflrhggm slsugk elm`gm
 plmlcpgtgm plflrhg
9.  clm`kelmtkokfgsk fameksk flslngtgm ygm` cum`fkm ekplriuruf adln
 pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm, flrlmtgmgmgm jgdam plflrhg tlrngegp
 igngyg flslngtgm tlrtlmtu ygm` clclrdufgm lfsfdusk pgeg kmekvkeu
elm`gm pghgmgm tlrtlmtu
:.  clmltgpfgm egtg egsgr (igsldkml
(igsldkml egtg)
egtg) lvgdugsk slilduc plflrhg
ektlcpgtfgm gtgu cldgfsgmgfgm plflrhggmmyg. Egtg egsgr kmk
 ilr`umg slig`gk plrtkcigm`gm fldgf gegmyg `gm``ugm flslngtgm
egm gegmyg fgktgm elm`gm pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm ek tlcpgt flrhg.
Uuhugm Rlclrkfsggm Flslngtgm Ilrfgdg
7.  clmeltlfsk slekmk cum`fkm sltkgp `gm``ugm flslngtgm ygm`
cum`fkm tlrhgek egm eksligifgm adln pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm ek
tlcpgt flrhg, egm fameksk flrhg.
9.  clmeltlfsk plruigngm stgtus flslngtgm (plmygfkt ygm` tkegf
 ilrnuium`gm elm`gm plflrhggm) ygm` ilrcgfmg egpgt
egpgt clmyligifgm
clmyligifgm
`gm``ugm flslngtgm gpgikdg cldgmhutfgm plflrhggm, gtgu
clmyligifgm plmkm`fgtgm flrlmtgmgm tlrngegp pghgmgm igngyg
flslngtgm ek tlcpgt flrhg gtgu fameksk flrhg.
:.  rkwgygt flslngtgm egm rkwgygt plflrhggm sljgrg dlm`fgp ekplrdufgm
umtuf egpgt ekdgfufgm plclrkfsggm flslngtgm ygm` slsugk tlrutgcg
 ikdg ekfltgnuk gegmyg pghgmgm ygm` ilrudgm` egm flcum`fkmgm
`gm``ugm flslngtgm.
Uuhugm Rlclrkfsggm Flslngtgm Fnusus
Rgeg egsgrmyg plclrkfsggm flslngtgm fnusus sgcg elm`gm plclrkfsggm
flslngtgm prgflrhg. Egdgc ngd kmk ngskd plclrkfsggm flslngtgm fnusus
ektlcpgtfgm slig`gk egtg egsgr clm``gmtkfgm egtg egsgr ngskd plclrkfsggm
flslngtgm prgflrhg. Hlmks plclrkfsggm ygm` ekdgfufgm pgeg plclrkfsggm

?
 

flslngtgm fnusus tlr`gmtum` pgeg rkwgygt plmygfkt egm stgtus flslngtgm sggt
tlrgfnkr gtgu sggt plcudkngm.
?.  Rlcgmtgugm Ikada`ks
Rlcgmtgugm ikada`ks (ikada`kjgd camktarkm`) gegdgn plclrkfsggm ygm`
ekdgfufgm tlrngegp ig`kgm tuiun slig`gk clekg ikada`ks (egrgn, urkm, dkur,
 hgrkm`gm dlcgf, rgciut, edd) ygm` ektuhufgm umtuf clm`ltgnuk
clm`ltgnuk tkm`fgt pghgmgm
gtgu lolfmyg pgeg plflrhg.5 Elm`gm cldgfufgm plcgmtgugm ikada`ks
clcum`fkmfgm fktg umtuf egpgt clm`ltgnuk easks ygm` cgsuf fl egdgc tuiun
egrk `gium`gm ilrig`gk jgrg cgsuf. Eksgcpkm` ktu elm`gm plcgmtgugm
 ikada`ks ekcum`fkmfgm plclrkfsggm pghgmgm umtuf hgm`fg dgcg egm gegmyg
gfucudgsk ek egdgc tuiun. Rgeg fgsus pghgmgm igngm
igng m fkckg, plclrkfsggm egpgt
 ilrupg igngm gftko gtgu cltgiadktmyg. Rlcgmtgugm ikada`ks hu`g ektuhufgm
umtuf clm`ltgnuk plm`grun sugtu pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm tlrngegp tuiun
egm flrlmtgmgm tuiun tlrngegp pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm tlrtlmtu.
0.  Rlm`lmegdkgm Rghgmgm Igngyg Flslngtgm
Rlm`lmegdkgm pghgmgm ektuhufgm umtuf clmjl`gn tlrhgekmyg pghgmgm
 igngyg flslngtgm, gtgu clmurumfgm tkm`fgt pghgmgm sgcpgk pgeg tkm`fgt
tkm`fgt ygm`
egpgt ektlrkcg (gjjlptgidl dlvld). Rlm`lmegdkgm egpgt ekdgfufgm elm`gm
 ilrig`gk jgrg, tlr`gmtum` flgeggm pgeg sggt tlrsliut. Nkrgrfk
Nkr grfk ygm` eksgrgmfgm
egdgc plm`lmegdkgm sljgrg ucuc gegdgn6 plm`lmegdkgm sljgrg tlfmks,
 plm`lmegdkgm sljgrg
s ljgrg geckmkstrgtko, egm ygm` tlrgfnkr
tl rgfnkr gegdgn plm``umggm gdgt
g dgt
 pldkmeum` ekrk ( plrsamgd
 plrsamgd pratljtkvl lqukpclmt ).
).
Rgeg fgsus pghgmgm fkckg cgfg nkrgrfk ygm` eksgrgmfgm gegdgn8
suistktusk igngm ygm` ilrigngyg elm`gm ygm` tkegf gtgu furgm` ilrigngyg,
 plm`lmegdkgm tlfmkf slplrtk plmylcpurmggm
plmylcpurmggm vlmtkdgsk, plrigkfgm
plrigkfgm prasleur
prasleur flrhg
elm`gm tuhugm clmurumfgm pghgmgm, egm plm``umggm gdgt pldkmeum` ekrk.
>.  Rlmgtggm egtg
Rlmgtggm egtg (rljare
(rljare fllpkm` ) clrupgfgm ig`kgm ygm` tkegf iadln
ekdupgfgm egdgc cgmghlclm rkskfa flslngtgm. Zldurun egtg ygm` ekplradln egrk
fl`kgtgm cgmghlclm rkskfa flslngtgm kmk tlrutgcg egtg tkm`fgt pghgmgm egm

0
 

survlkdgms flslngtgm ngrus tlrskcpgm rgpk egm ekhg`g umtuf sltkgp sggt egpgt
ek`umgfgm sgcpgk pgdkm` tkegf sldgcg :2 tgnum.
Rlmgtggm egtg kmk ektuhufgm g`gr8 (7) egpgt clm`lmgd trlm flslngtgm egm
cgsgdgn ygm` plrdu plmyldlsgkgm, (9) clcum`fkmfgm lvgdugsk lpkelckada`k,
(:) clclmunk plrsygrgtgm dl`gd, (5) tlrslekgmyg eafuclmtgsk ygm` slsugk
elm`gm plflrhg egm plrusgnggm egdgc fgsus fdgkc facplmsgsk fljldgfggm
flrhg tlrcgsuf plmygfkt ygm` ilrnuium`gm elm`gm plflrhggm, (<)
clcum`fkmfgm plcgmtgugm fkmlrhg flslngtgm plflrhg.
Rlrdu ekpgngck ignwg egtg survlkdgms flslngtgm plflrhg ilrskogt rgngskg
slnkm``g ngrus clmegpgt plmgm`gmgm umtuf clmhg`g flrgngskggm tlrsliut.
Egtg gmamkc ngrus ek`umgfgm fltkfg clmygcpgkfgm dgpargm flpgeg
cgmghlclm egm plm`usgng, tlrcgsuf plcgmtgugm fkmlrhg pra`rgc flslngtgm
egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg. Egtg dgkm ygm` plrdu ektgtg gegdgn ygm` tlrfgkt elm`gm
 plm`lmegdkgm egm plmkdgkgm pghgmgm slrtg
s lrtg fl`kgtgm survlkdgms flslngtgm ygm`
ekdgfsgmgfgm egdgc prasls cgmghlclm rkskfa flslngtgm.
;.  Rlmekekfgm egm Rldgtkngm
Fl`kgtgm facumkfgsk, kmoarcgsk egm leufgsk tlrcgsuf plmygcpgkgm
kmstrufsk egm pldgtkngm, plrdu ekdgfufgm sljgrg ilrflskmgcium`gm. Rlmekekfgm
egm dgtkngm clrupgfgm facpamlm plmtkm` egdgc plrdkmeum`gm flslngtgm
 plflrhg. Uuhugm utgcg plmekekfgm egm dgtkngm kmk gegdgn g`gr plflrhg8 (7)
clm`lrtk, pgdkm` tkegf pgeg tkm`fgt egsgr, igngyg flslngtgm ygm` tlregpgt ek
dkm`fum`gm flrhgmyg, (9) tlrikgsg elm`gm prasleur flrhg egm cldgfufgm
 plflrhggm slsugk prasleur umtuf clm`urgm`k
clm`urgm`k tkm`fgt pghgmgm,
pghgmgm, (:) clm``umgfgm
clm``umgfgm
gdgt pldkmeum` ekrk elm`gm ilmgr egm clcldkngrg g`gr tltgp ilroum`sk igkf, (5)
clcpumygk flikgsggm slngt egm sldgcgt slrtg nk`kml plrargm`gm ygm` igkf, (<)
clm`lmgd `lhgdg ekmk `gm``ugm flslngtgm gfkigt pghgmgm igngyg tlrtlmtu, (?)
cldgfufgm plrtadam`gm plrtgcg gpgikdg tlrhgek `gm``ugm flslngtgm slsl`lrg
cum`fkm 

>
 

9.5  Ykskfa
Ykskfa sljgrg ucuc egpgt ekfgktfgm elm`gm flcum`fkmgm gtgu praigikdktgs
tlrhgekmyg plrkstkwg ekdugr ygm` ekngrgpfgm. Ykskfa hu`g egpgt ekgrtkfgm slig`gk
 plrpgeugm gmtgrg praigikdktgs egm tkm`fgt flpgrgngm flrusgfgm gtgu flru`kgm.
Ililrgpg plm`lrtkgm rkskfa slig`gk ilrkfut8  
a  Ykskfa gegdgn flslcpgtgm umtuf clru`k ( Yksf ks ngmjl ao dass)
dass) ygktu
ekplr`umgfgm umtuf clmumhuffgm
clmumhuffgm sugtu flgeggm ekcgmg tlregpgt sugtu
fltlriufggm tlrngegp flru`ugm gtgu sugtu flcum`fkmgm flru`kgm.
a  Ykskfa gegdgn flcum`fkmgm flru`kgm ( Yksf ao tnl passkikdkty ao dass)
dass) ygktu
 praigikdktgs sugtu plrkstkwg ilrgeg ekgmtgrg mad egm sgtu.
a  Ykskfa gegdgn fltkegfpgstkgm ( Yksf
 Yksf ks umjlrtgkmty)
umjlrtgkmty) ilrgrtk ignwg rkskfa
 ilrnuium`gm elm`gm
elm`gm fltkegfpgstkgm.
Ykskfa egpgt ekilegfgm egdgc ililrgpg hlmks plmegpgt pgrg gndk. Ekgmtgrgmyg
fgtl`ark rkskfa gmtgrg dgkm8
7.  Ykskfa ygm` suegn ekfltgnuk
Gegdgn rkskfa ygm` egpgt ekum`fgpfgm sltldgn ekdgfufgm lvgdugsk sljgrg
ngtk-ngtk tlrngegp rlmjgmg praylf, iksmks egm dkm`fum`gm tlfmkf ekcgmg
 praylf slegm` ekflcigm`fgm, slrtg sucilr kmoarcgsk rldkgidl dgkmmyg
slplrtk tgm``gd plmygcpgkgm ygm` tkegf rlgdkstks, furgm`myg plrsgygrgtgm-
 plrsygrgtgm ygm` tlreafuclmtgsk,
tlreafuclmtgsk, furgm`myg rugm` dkm`fup egm dkm`fum`gm
 plm`lcigm` ygm` iuruf
iuruf
9.  Ykskfa ygm` ekrgcgdfgm
Eklfstrgpadgsk egrk plm`gdgcgm praylf slilducmyg, cksgdmyg plr`gmtkgm
stgoo, facumkfgsk ygm` iuruf elm`gm pgrg pldgm``gm egm clm`urgm`k usgng
stgoo ikdg plrckmtggm plcldkngrggm slegm` ilrdgm`sum` ekdgygmk.
:.  Ykskfa ygm` tkegf ekfltgnuk
Ykskfa kmk egpgt ilmgr- ilmgr tlrhgek, tltgpk sgm`gt sudkt umtuf ekkelmtkokfgsk
slilducmyg.

;
 

9.<  Flslngtgm egm Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg Famstrufsk

Flcgtkgm pgeg praylf famstrufsk ek ml`grg-ml`grg ilrflcigm` dlikn tkm``k
tk`g fgdk dkpgt ekigmekm`fgm elm`gm ek ml`grg-ml`grg cghu slig`gk gfkigt
 plml`gfgm nufuc ygm` sgm`gt dlcgn. Elrghgt flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm ygm`
tkm``k ek tlcpgt flrhg clrupgfgm ngf plflrhg ygm` wghki ekplmunk adln plrusgnggm
eksgcpkm` ngf-ngf marcgtko dgkmmyg. Rlrusgnggm nlmegfmyg sgegr egm clm`lrtk
 ignwg plflrhg iufgmdgn sliugn sucilr egyg ygm` tlrus-clmlrus ekcgmoggtfgm
cldgkmfgm slig`gk cgfnduf saskgd ygm` ngrus ekhg`g egm ekplrngtkfgm clm`km`gt
 igmygfmyg ogftar egm rlskfa igngyg ygm` geg ek tlcpgt flrhg. Zldgkm plrusgnggm,
 plclrkmtgn hu`g turut ilrtgm``um` hgwgi umtuf cldkmeum`k flslngtgm egm
flsldgcgtgm flrhg. Elckfkgm hu`g elm`gm plflrhggm hgsg famstrufsk igm`umgm
ekdgfsgmgfgm elm`gm ilrtgngp ygktu cudgk egrk tgngpgm plrskgpgm, tgngpgm
 pldgfsgmggm egm tgngpgm Rlcldkngrggm plciam`fgrgm. Cldkngt ilrig`gk cgsgdgn
flsldgcgtgm egm flslngtgm flrhg famstrufsk egm ilduc aptkcgd plm`gwgsgm fgrlmg
 il`ktu facpdlfsmyg plflrhggm
plflrhggm famstrufsk egm furgm`myg
furgm`myg plm`gwgsgm tlrngegp F:
famstrufsk. Ngd kmk clmyligifgm prasls flrhg famstrufsk egm fameksk tlcpgt flrhg
clm`gmeum` patlmsk igngyg. Gegpum upgyg ygm` ekdgfufgm adln plclrkmtgn
gegdgn elm`gm elm`gm ekfldugrfgmmyg plrgturgm plrumegm`-umegm`gm ygm`
clm`gtur tlmtgm` F: ygktu \\ Ma.7 tgnum 7;02 tlmtgm` Flsldgcgtgm egm
Flslngtgm Flrhg (F:). Ngd kmk clmhgek plmtkm` egdgc plmlrgpgmmyg ek Rlrusgnggm,
slig`gk ilmtuf egrk ngf tlmg`g flrhg clmegpgtfgm flsldgcgtgm egdgc cldgfufgm
gftkoktgs flrhg slrtg tlrjkptgmyg sugsgmg flrhg egm dkm`fum`gm ygm` slngt. Zlsugk
 prasls gtgu igngm praeufsk ygm` egpgt clm`gfkigtfgm fljldgfggm flrhg slplrtk
tlrhgtun, plmjlcgrgm dkm`fum`gm egm plmygfkt gfkigt flrhg wghki clmlrgpfgm
skstlc cgmghlclm F:.
Egsgr nufuc flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg famstrufsk gmtgrg dgkm gegdgn8
7.  \megm`- \megm` Egsgr 7;5<
9.  \megm`- \megm` Ma. 27/ 7;02 tlmtgm` Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg
:.  Zurgt Flputusgm Ilrsgcg Clmtlrk Ulmg`g Flrhg egm Clmtlrk
Rlflrhggm \cuc Ma. Flp. 705/ CLM/ 7;>? egm Ma. 725/ FRUZ/
7;>?

72
 

5.  Rlrclmgflr Ma. 9>/ CLM/ 9222 tlmtgm` Igm`umgm @leum`

<.  Rlrclmgflr Ma. 2</ CLM/ 7;;? egm tlmtgm` Zkstlc Cgmghlclm
Flslngtgm egm Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg (ZCF:)
Rlrgturgm ZCF: Famstrufsk ektudks egdgc plrumegm`- umegm`gm ygm` gmtgrg
dgkm8
7.  Rgsgd 99, gygt (9) nuruo D, \megm`- umegm` YK Ma. 7> tgnum 7;;;
clmyliutfgm famtrgf flrhg famstrufsk slfurgm`- furgm`myg ngrus
clmjgfup urgkgm clm`lmgk 7; plrdkmeum`gm plflrhg, ygm` clcugt
fltlmtugm tlmtgm` flwghkigm pgrg pkngf egdgc pldgfsgmggm
flsldgcgtgm egm flslngtgm flrhg slrtg hgckmgm saskgd.
7.  RR Ma. 9; tgnum 9222 Rgsgd 70 tlmtgm` Rlmyldlm``grggm Hgsg
Famstrufsk. Rgeg sgdgn sgtu gygtmyg clmyliutfgm
clmyliutfgm ignwg plmylekg
plmylekg hgsg
egdgc plckdkngm plmylekg hgsg ilrflwghkigm umtuf clmyusum
eafuclm plmgwgrgm
plmgwgrgm ygm` clcugt rlmjgmg egm cltael flrhg, rlmjgmg
usudgm ikgyg, tlmg`g tlrgcpkd egm tlmg`g gndk, egm rlmjgmg gm``grgm
Flsldgcgtgm egm Flslngtgm Flrhg egm Rlrgdgtgm.
9.  Rgsgd :2 gygt (7) RR Ma. 9; tgnum 9222 clmyliutfgm ignwg umtuf
clmhgckm tlrwuhuemyg tlrtki plmyldlm``grggm plflrhggm famstrufsk,
 plmyldlm``grg plflrhggm famstrufsk
famstrufsk wghki clclmunk fltlmtugm tlmtgm`
tlcpgt flrhg famstrufsk slsugk elm`gm plrgturgm plrumegm`- umegm`gm
ygm` ilrdgfu egm pldgfsgmggm plfflrhggm famstrufsk slsugk elm`gm
 plrgturgm plrumegm`- umegm`gm ygm`
ygm` ilrdgfu.

9.?  Cgmghlcl
Cgmghlclm
m Ykskfa
Cgmghlclm rkskfa gegdgn slcug tgngpgm
tg ngpgm plflrhggm ygm` ilrnuium`gm elm`gm
rkskfa, ekgmtgrgmyg ygktu plmkdgkgm (gsslssclmt 
( gsslssclmt ),
), plrlmjgmggm ( pdgmmkm` 
 pdgmmkm` ),
),
 plm`lmegdkgm (ngmedkm` ) egm plcgmtgugm (camktarkm` 
( camktarkm` ) fljldgfggm. Cgmghlclm
rkskfa clrupgfgm ig`kgm ygm` tkegf egpgt eknkdgm`fgm sljgrg cutdgf egrk plflrhggm
 praylf ygm` ekrlmjgmgfgm slilducmyg. Rlmegpgt egrk  Rrahljt Cgmg`lclmt
 Kmstktuty Iaey ao Fmawdle`l,
Fmawdle`l, cgmghlclm rkskfa gegdgn sugtu tgngp ygm`
 ilrnuium`gm elm`gm kelmtkokfgsk, gmgdksks, plm`lmegdkgm tlrngegp fltkegfpgstkgm

77
 

tlrcgsuf clmkm`fgtfgm ngskd tlrngegp plrkstkwg pasktko egm clm`urgm`k egcpgf

tlrngegp plrkstkwg ml`gtko. 
Ililrgpg tgngpgm cgmghlclm rkskfa ygm` ekgmtgrgmyg gegdgn 8  
7.  Ugngpgm plrtgcg slilduc cldgfsgmgfgm kelmtkokfgsk rkskfa F: plm`gwgs/
gndk F: ngrus cgcpu clrlmjgmgfgm sflmgrka ek dgpgm`gm egm clcprlekfsk
egcpgf egrk plflrhggm- plflrhggm ygm` gfgm ekdgfsgmgfgm sltldgnmyg,
jamtanmyg slplrtk fltkfg pgeg plcgsgm`gm pamegsk.
9.  Zltldgn cldgfufgm egm clciugt sflmgrka pldgfsgmggm pgeg plflrhggm,
flcuekgm clm`kelmtkokfgsk igngyg ygm` ilregsgrfgm pgeg plm``umggm
 igngm, flcgcpugm pgrg tufgm` egm fudk, cltael flrhg, gdgt flrhg,
dkm`fum`gm flrhg ygm` ekrlmjgmgfgm. Egdgc cldgfufgm kelmtkokfgsk igngyg
 plmtkm` ekfltgnuk ogftar- ogftar igngyg
igngyg egrk sflmgrka ktu egm sgm`gt plmtkm`
umtuf ekdgfufgm plcikjgrggm ygm` faaplrgtko elm`gm plflrhg ygm` ikgsg
cldgfufgm plflrhggm.
:.  Ukm`fgt rkskfa F: ekhgigrfgm ignwg ilsgr fljkdmyg pldugm` tlrhgek
fljldgfggm ygm` cumjud ekfgdkfgm elm`gm tkm`fgt egcpgf gtgu
gtg u gfkigt ygm`
tkciud.
5.  Zltldgn clm`ltgnuk tkm`fgt rkskfa sljgrg ucuc ilregsgrfgm tgngpgm-
tgngpgm ekgtgs, dgdu ekdgfufgm plm`legdkgm pgeg rkskfa f: ygm` gfgm tkciud.
<.  Clm`facumgskfgm pgeg pkngf- pkngf ygm` tlrfgkt pgeg sltkgp gtgu tgngpgm
sugtu plflrhggm ygm` ekdgfufgm ek dgpgm`gm plmtkm` umtuf ekfltgnuk egm
ektldggn dlikn dgmhut. Zltldgn ktu eksgcpgkfgm egrkcgmg sucilr igngyg
tlrsliut, slplrtk gpg igngyg ygm` tlrhgek egm ig`gkcgmg jgrg clmjl`gn g`gr
tkegf tlrhgek fljldgfggm dg`k.
?.  Ylvklw sljgrg plrkaekf

9.0  N gzgr e  (Igngyg)

 (Igngyg)
 Ngzgre  gtgu
 gtgu igngyg clrupgfgm sucilr, sktugsk gtgu tkmegfgm ygm` ilrpatlmsk
clmjkelrgk cgmuskg gtgu fameksk fldgkmgm okskf gtgu clmtgd ygm` tlrkelmtkokfgsk
 ilrgsgd egrk egm gtgu ilrtgcign iuruf fgrlmg fl`kgtgm flrhg gtgu sktugsk ygm` tlrfgkt
elm`gm plflrhggm.Igngyg clrupgfgm sucilr patlmsk flrusgfgm gtgu sktugsk ygm`

79
 

 ilrpatlmsk umtuf clmkciudfgm flru`kgm. Zlsugtu eksliut slig`gk sucilr igngyg

 hkfg clckdkfk rkskfa clmkciudfgm ngskd ygm` ml`gtko. Igngyg tlregpgt ekcgmg-
cgmg igkf ektlcpgt flrhg gtgu ek dkm`fum`gm, mgcum igngyg ngmyg gfgm
clmkciudfgm lolf hkfg tlrhgek sliugn famtgf gtgu. Egdgc tlrckmada`k flslngtgm
egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg, igngyg ekfdgskokfgskfgm clmhgek eug, ygktu 8
Igngyg flsldgcgtgm flrhg ( Zgol
 Zgoltty N gzgr e )
Clrupgfgm hlmks igngyg ygm` ilregcpgf pgeg tkciudmyg
tk ciudmyg fljldgfggm ygm`
egpgt clmyligifgm dufg (kmhury
(kmhury)) nkm``g flcgtkgm, slrtg flrusgfgm praplrtk
 plrusgnggm. Egcpgfmyg ilrskogt gfut.Hlmks igngyg flsldgcgtgm gmtgrg dgkm8 
-  Igngyg clfgmkf, eksligifgm adln clskm gtgu gdgt flrhg clfgmkf slplrtk
tlrsgygt, tlrhgtun, tlrtkmekn egm tlrpldlslt.
-  Igngyg ldlftrkf, eksligifgm plrgdgtgm ygm` clm`gmeum` grus dkstrkf.
-  Igngyg fligfgrgm, eksligifgm adln suistgmsk fkckg ygm` ilrskogt
 odgccgidl (cuegn
 odgccgidl (cuegn tlrigfgr)
-  Igngyg pldlegfgm, eksligifgm adln suistgmsk fkckg ygm` ilrskogt
lxpdaskvl  
lxpdaskvl
Igngyg flslngtgm flrhg (N lgdt
gdtn
n N gzgr e )
Clrupgfgm hlmks igngyg ygm` ilregcpgf pgeg flslngtgm,
fl slngtgm, clmyligifgm
`gm``ugm flslngtgm egm plmygfkt gfkigt flrhg. Egcpgfmyg ilrskogt framks. Hlmks
 igngyg flslngtgm gmtgrg dgkm 8
-  Igngyg okskf, gmtgrg dgkm flikskm`gm, `ltgrgm, rgek  gsk kam egm mam plm`kam,
sunu lfstrkc egm plmjgngyggm.
-  Igngyg fkckg, gmtgrg dgkm ygm` ilrfgktgm elm`gm cgtlrkgd gtgu igngm slplrtk
gmtkslptkf, glrasad, kmslftkskeg, eust, oucls, `gs
-  Igngyg ikada`k, gmtgrg dgkm ygm` ilrfgktgm elm`gm cgfnduf nkeup ygm`
 ilrgeg ek dkm`fum`gm flrhg ygktu igftlrk, vkrus, hgcur ygm` ilrskogt
 pgta`lm.Igngyg pskfada`k, gmtgrg dgkm iligm flrhg ygm` tlrdgdu ilrgt,
nuium`gm elm`gm fameksk flrhg ygm` tkegf mygcgm

7:
 

 9.>  N gzgr
zgr e G mg
mgdysk
dyskss
 Ngzgre gmgdysks 
gmgdysks  tlregpgt ililrgpg cltael gmtgrg dgkm NKYG ( Ngzgre
 Ngzgre
 Kelmtkokjgtkam gme Yksf Gsslssclmt ),
), NGXAR ( Ngzgre Gmgdysks gme Aplrgikdkty
Ztuey)) egm NGXKE ( Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam).
Ztuey Kelmtkokjgtkam). Egdgc plmldktkgm kmk cltael ygm`
ek`umgfgm gegdgn cltael NKYG elm`gm gdgsgm cltael ygm` ekdgfufgm ilregsgrfgm
kelmtkokfgsk igngyg pgeg sltkgp fl`kgtgm pldgfsgmggm egm ilregsgrfgm gmgdksks
 igngyg aplrgskamgd ek dgpgm`gm. Rlmldktkgm tkegf clm``umgfgm cltael NGXKE
fgrlmg cltael kmk ngmyg clm`kelmtkokfgsk igngyg pgeg tkgp dafgsk plflrhggm. \mtuf
dlikn hldgs egpgt ekpgngck egrk `gcigr ekigwgn.

9.;  N gzgr
zgr e K elmtko
mtkokk jg
jgtkam
tkam g
gme
me Y k sf G ssl
sslssc
sscl
lmt (NKYG)
NKYG ( Ngzgre
 Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam gme
gme Yksf Gssslssclmt ) clrupgfgm sugtu cltael
gtgu tlfmkf umtuf clm`kelmtkokfgsk patlmsk igngyg flrhg elm`gm clmelokmkskfgm
fgrgftlrkstkf igngyg ygm` cum`fkm tlrhgek egm clm`lvgdugsk rkskfa ygm` tlrhgek
cldgduk plmkdgkgm rkskfa elm`gm clm``umgfgm cgtrkfs plmkdgkgm rkskfa. Ulregpgt
eug frktlrkg ygm` plmtkm` umtuf clm`ufur rkskfa, ygktu8  
7.  Flcum`fkmgm/ Rldugm` (Rraigikdkty)
(Rraigikdkty)  
 Rraigikdkty clrupgfgm
 Rraigikdkty clrupgfgm sugtu flcum`fkmgm tlrhgekmyg sugtu
fljldgfggm/ flru`kgm fltkfg ekngegpfgm elm`gm sugtu igngyg.

75
 

Jamtanmyg8 pldugm` argm` hgtun fltkfg cldlwgtk hgdgm dkjkm, pldugm`

tlrslm`gt dkstrkf, pldugm` clmgirgf, edd.
9.  Egcpgf/ gfkigt (Jamslqulmjls)
Jamslqulmjls clrupgfgm
Jamslqulmjls clrupgfgm sugtu tkm`fgt flpgrgngm gtgu flru`kgm
ygm` cum`fkm tlrhgek egrk sugtu fljldgfggm fgrlmg igngyg ygm` geg. Ngd
kmk iksg tlrfgkt elm`gm cgmuskg, praplrtk, dkm`fum`gm, edd.

Rlmkdgkgm rkskfa flcum`fkmgm gtgu Dkfldknaae ekilrk rlmtgm` gmtgrg

sugtu rkskfa ygm` hgrgm` tlrhgek sgcpgk elm`gm rkskfa
rksk fa ygm` tlrhgek sltkgp
sggt. Egpgt ekdkngt pgeg tgild ekigwgn 8
Ugild 7. Rlmkdgkgm Flcum`fkmgm Ykskfa

Zgm`gt Hgrgm` (ZH) 8 Ulrhgek 7 fgdk egdgc cgsg dlikn egrk 7 tgnum
Hgrgm` (H) 8 Iksg tlrhgek 7 fgdk egdgc 7 tgnum
Jufup Zlrkm` (JZ) 8 Ulrhgek 7 fgdk egdgc 7 iudgm
Zlrkm` (Z) 8 Ulrhgek 7 fgdk egdgc 7 ckm``u
Zgm`gt Zlrkm` (ZZ) 8 Ulrhgek ngcpkr sltkgp ngrk

Rlmkdgkgm rkskfa egcpgf gtgu jamslqulmjy

jamslqulmjy   cudgk egrk tkegf jkelrg
kmsk`mkokjgmt   sgcpgk elm`gm ogtgd gtgu jgtgstrapnkj
jgtgstrapnkj.. Egpgt ekdkngt pgeg
tgild ek igwgn kmk

7<
 

Ugild 9. Rlmkdgkgm Egcpgf Ykskfa

  Ukegf geg jkelrg 8 Ulrhgek kmskelm fljkd gtgu ekslrtg flru`kgm

cgtlrkgd mknkd sgcpgk elm`gm sgm`gt fljkd (Yp. 2 s/e Yp. <2.222)
 plr argm`
  Jkelrg rkm`gm 8 Ulrhgek fljldgfggm egm ekiutunfgm tkmegfgm R:F
sltlcpgt, gtgu ekslrtg flru`kgm cgtlrk slegm` (Yp.<2.222 s/e Yp.
722.222) plr argm`
  Jkelrg slegm` 8 Ulrhgek fljldgfggm
fljldgfggm egm ekiutunfgm igmtugm
tlmg`g cleks (ilraigt hgdgm), gtgu ekslrtg elm`gm flru`kgm cgtlrk
jufup ilsgr (Yp. 722.222 s/e Yp. 522.222) plr argm`
  Jkelrg ilrgt 8 Ulrhgek fljldgfggm
fljldgfggm egm ekiutunfgm plrgwgtgm kmgp
ek rucgn sgfkt, gtgu ekslrtg elm`gm flru`kgm cgtlrk ilsgr (Yp.
522.222 s/e 72.222.222) plr argm` slnkm``g clm`ngcigt prasls

 praeufsk
  Ogtgd 8 Ulrhgek fljldgfggm ygm` clmkciudfgm jgjgt tltgp gtgu
flcgtkgm, gtgu ekslrtgk elm`gm flru`kgm cgtlrk ygm` sgm`gt ilsgr
(= Yp. 72.222.222) plr argm` egm egpgt clm`nlmtkfgm
clm`nlmtkfgm sldurun
fl`kgtgm praylf.

Gmgdksks Ykskfa egdgc cgmghlclm rkskfa gegdgn prasls clmkdgk (gsslssclmt 

( gsslssclmt )
egcpgf egm flcum`fkmgm egrk rkskfa ygm` suegn ekkelmtkokfgsk. Rrasls kmk
ekdgfufgm elm`gm clmyusum rkskfa ilregsgrfgm lolfmyg tlrngegp tuhugm praylf.

7?
 

Zfgdg plm`ufurgm ygm` ek`umgfgm egdgc  Gustrgdkgm Ztgmegre/ Mlw Xlgdgme

Ztgmegre  (GZ/MXZ)
 (GZ/MXZ) egpgt ekdkngt pgeg tgild ekigwgn 8

L Lfstrkc Yksf , tkegf egpgt ektadlrgmsk slnkm``g plrdu plmgm`gmgm

elm`gm sl`lrg.
N Nk`n Yksf , rkskfa ygm` tkegf ekkm`kmfgm, ngmyg egpgt ektlrkcg hkfg
 plm`urgm`gm
rkskfa tkegf egpgt ekdgfsgmgfgm slnkm``g plrdu plrngtkgm
plr ngtkgm fnusus egrk pkngf
cgmghlclm
C Caelrgtl Yksf , rkskfa ygm` egpgt ektlrkcg mgcum clclrdufgm
tgm``um` hgwgi ygm` hldgs egrk cgmghlclm
D Daw Yksf , rkskfa ygm` egpgt ekgtgsk elm`gm prasleur rutkm

70

 
 IGI KKK
FLZKCR\DGM

7.  Rra`rgc flslngtgm flrhg tkegf ngmyg clcilrkfgm plrdkmeum`gm flpgeg

 plflrhg egrk igngyg flslngtgm ek dkm`fum`gm flrhg, tltgpk hu`g clmjkptgfgm
flrhg ygm` gcgm, slngt, egm mygcgm slnkm``g egpgt clmkm`fgtfgm
flslhgntlrggm egm praeuftkvktgs flrhg.
9.  Ikegm` flslngtgm egm flsldgcgtgm flrhg (F:) gegdgn sugtu plckfkrgm egm
 plmlrgpgm umtuf clmjl`gn tlrhgekmyg ilrig`gk ilmtuf fljldgfggm g`gr
tlrjkptgmyg sugsgmg egm dkm`fum`gm flrhg ygm` slngt. Cgmoggt ygm` ekegpgt
gmtgrg dgkm, plrdkmeum`gm fgrygwgm, clcplrdkngtfgm flpgtungm egdgc
 plrgturgm egm umegm`-umegm`, clm`urgm`k ikgyg,
ikgyg, clciugt skstlc cgmghlclm
ygm` lolftko, egm clmkm`fgtfgm flplrjgyggm egm flpugsgm pldgm``gm. F:
suegn ekgtur egdgc umegm`-umegm` slnkm``g ngrus ektlrgpfgm ek slcug
 plrusgnggm ygm`
ygm` clckdkfk patlmsk igngyg flrhg, sgdgn sgtumyg pgeg plrusgnggm
famstrufsk.
:.  Cldgduk
Cldgduk Nlgdtn
 Nlgdtn Yksf Gsslssclmt (NYG) igngyg flslngtgm egpgt ekkelmtkokfgsk
elm`gm jgrg clm`lvgdugsk rkskfa egm clmlmtufgm upgyg plm`lmegdkgm ygm`
tlpgt egm tkmegfgm plcudkngm.
5.  Dgm`fgn-dgm`fgn NYG tlrekrk egrk, kelmtkokfgsk igngyg, plmkdgkgm pghgmgm,
fgrgftlrksgsk rkskfa, survlkdgms flslngtgm, survlkdgms cleks, plcgmtgugm
 ikada`ks, plm`lmegdkgm pghgmgm igngyg flslngtgm, plmgtggm egtg, plmekekfgm
egm pldgtkngm.
<.  Cltael ygm` egpgt ek`umgfgm egdgc kelmtkokfgsk rkskfa gtgu ngzgre  ygm`
 ygm` egpgt
clmkciudfgm igngyg flslngtgm, ekgmtgrgmyg NKYG ( Ngzgre
 Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam
Kelmtkokjgtkam gme
 Yksf Gsslssclmt ),
), NGXAR ( Ngzgre
 Ngzgre Gmgdysks gme Aplrgikdkty Ztuey),
Ztuey), egm
NGXKE ( Ngzgre
 Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam).
Kelmtkokjgtkam).

7>

 
 EGOUGY R\ZUGFG

Grkgmk, G. Y. (927?). Ngzgre Kelmtkok jgtkam gme Yksf Gsslssclmt (NKYG) Zlig`gk  

(927?).  Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam
\pgyg Clm`urgm`k Ykskfa Fljldgfggm Flrhg egm Ykskfa Rlmygfkt Gfkigt  
 Flrhg ek Ig`kgm Rraeufsk RU. Ksfgmegr Kmegn Rrkmtkm` Ulxtkdl Zurgfgrtg. 
VZfrkpsk KdckgnS. Zurgfgrtg8 Ogfudtgs Kdcu Flslngtgm \CZ. 
Gustrgdkgm/ Mlw Xlgdgme Ztgmegre. (9225).  Gustrgdkgm Ztgmegre/ Mlw
 Xlgdgme   Ztgmegre 5:?28 9225 Yksf Cgmg`lclmt . Ekgfsls8 > Gprkd 
9270.Nttp8//www.`aa`dl.ja.ke/1`wsQre3jr,ssd&lk3DWC`_ouZOslKuGU?c
[EWGw#q3Gustrgdkgm%9OMlw+Xlgdgme+Ztgmegre.+9225.+Gustrgdkgm+Ztg
megre%9OMlw+Xlgdgme+Ztgmegre+5:?289225+%L9%>2%;JYksf+Cgmg`
lclmt%L9%>2%;E. 
Krkgmta, F. (9275). Kdcu
(9275). Kdcu Flslngtgm Cgsygrgfgt. Jltgfgm fl 7. Igmeum`8 Gdogiltg. 
Flclmfls YK. (9275). Zgtu Argm` Rlflrhg ek Eumkg Clmkm``gd Zltkgp 7<
 Eltkf    Fgrlmg Fljldgfggm Flrhg. Ekgfsls8 9< Clk 9270. 
9270.
Nttp8//www.elpfls.`a.ke/grtkjdl/prkmt/9275772:222</7-argm`-plflrhg-
ekeumkg-clmkm``gd-sltkgp-7<-eltkf-fgrlmg-fljldgfggm-flrhg.ntcd 
Flputusgm Clmtlrk Ulmg`g Flrhg Ma. Flp.25/CLM/7;>0 tlmtgm` Rgmktkg Rlcikmg  
Flsldgcgtgm egm Flslngtgm Flrhg (R9F:) slrtg Ugtg Jgrg Rlmumhufgm  
Gndk Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg. Hgfgrtg8 Flpclmgflrtrgms YK.  Flputusgm Clmtlrk
Ulmg`g Flrhg egm Urgmsck`rgsk Ma. ?2; Ugnum 9279 tlmtgm`   Rleacgm
Rlmyldlsgkgm Fgsus Fljldgfggm Flrhg egm Rlmygfkt Gfkigt   Flrhg. Hgfgrtg8
Flpclmgflrtrgms YK.
Dkam Kmeamlskg. (9279). Dgpargm Lcill 
(9279). Dgpargm Kmvlstk`gsk Fgsus Rldgm``grgm F: ek RU. Lcill
 Rduciam Ulxtkdl Jkrliam Hgwg Igrgt. Ekgfsls8 > Gprkd 9270.. 
9270
Nttp8//dkamkmeamlskg.ar`/ida`/9279/25/27/dgpargm-kmvlstk`gsk-
fgsuspldgm``grgm-f:-ek-pt-lcill-pduciam-tlxtkdl-jkrliam-hgwg-igrgt/ 
Dkstyawgtk, P. (9272).  Gmgdksks Ukm`fgt Ykskfa Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg pgeg Rrasls  
 Rlckmtgdgm (Zpkmmkm`) ek Ig`kgm Rraeufsk RU. \mktlx Uif, Ugnum 9272 
(Ztuek Fugdktgtko). VZfrkpsk KdckgnS. Hgfgrtg8 Ogfudtgs Fleaftlrgm egm Kdcu  
Flslngtgm \KM Zygrko Nkegygtuddgn.

7;

 
  Matagtcaeha. (9277).  Flslngtgm Cgsygrgfgt8 Kdcu egm Zlmk. Jltgfgm fl 9. 
Hgfgrtg8 Ykmlfg Jkptg.
Rlrgturgm Clmtlrk Rlriurungm Ma. 0 Ugnum 7;?5 tlmtgm` Zygrgt Flslngtgm,  
Flilrskngm slrtg Rlmlrgm`gm ek Ulcpgt Flrhg. Hgfgrtg8 Flclmgflrtrgms  
YK. 
Rlrgturgm Clmtlrk Ulmg`g Flrhg YK Ma. Rlr -25/CLM/7;>< tlmtgm` Rlsgwgt  
Ulmg`g egm Rraeufsk. Hgfgrtg8 Flclmgflrtrgms YK.  
Rlrgturgm Clmtlrk Ulmg`g Flrhg Ma. Rlr.29/CLM/7;;9 tlmtgm` Ugtg Jgrg  
Rlmumhufgm Flwghkigm egm Plwlmgm` Gndk F:. Hgfgrtg8 Flclmgflrtrgms  YK.
Rlrgturgm Clmtlrk Ulmg`g Flrhg egm Urgmsck`rgsk YK Ma. Rlr-2>/CLM/_KK/9272  
tlmtgm` Gdgt Rldkmeum` Ekrk. Hgfgrtg8 Flclmgflrtrgms YK.  
Rlrgturgm Rlclrkmtgn Ma. <2 Ugnum 9279 tlmtgm` Rlmlrgpgm Zkstlc Cgmghlclm  
Flsldgcgtgm egm Flslngtgm Flrhg (ZCF:). Hgfgrtg8 Rlrclm YK. 
Rkfkrgm Ygfygt. (9270). Rlflrhg
(9270).  Rlflrhg Rgirkf Ygmjglflf Ulwgs Clm`lmgsfgm.
Clm`lmgsfgm. Ekgfsls8 
> Gprkd 9270. Nttp8//www.pkfkrgm-rgfygt.jac/igmeum`-
rgyg/9270/27/7;/plflrhg-pgirkf-rgmjglflf-tlwgs-clm`lmgsfgm-:;7772 
Ygcdk, Z. (9272). Zkstlc Cgmghlclm Flsldgcgtgm egm Flslngtgm Flrhg 
ANZGZ87>227.. Jltgfgm fl 9. Hgfgrtg8 Ekgm Ygfygt.
ANZGZ87>227
Ylhlfk, Z. (927<). Zgmktgsk Ny`klml egm F: (Flslngtgm egm Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg).  
Jltgfgm fl 7. Igmeum`8 Ylfgygsg Zgkms.  
Yltmgmk, M.E., & Greygmta, E. (927:). Gmgdksks Rlm`grun  Gjtkvgtar egm 
Jamslqulmjl tlrngegp Zgol Ilngvkar  pgeg Ulmg`g Flrhg ek RU. Rupuf  
Fgdkcgmtgm Ukcur Ugnum 927:. Unl Kmeamlskgm Haurmgd ao Ajjupgtkamgd  
9. Hudk-Elslcilr 927:8 77; ‚ 79;.
Zgolty gme Nlgdtn. _ad. 9. Ma. 9. 79;. 
Ykmgmtk, L. (927:). Rlmlrgpgm
(927:).  Rlmlrgpgm Ngzgre Kelmtkokjgtkam gme Yksf Gslssclmt (NKYG)
Zlig`gk \pgyg Rlmjl`gngm Fljldgfggm Flrhg ek Ig`kgm Kmeustrk RU. Ngmkd
 Ngmkd
 Kmeamlskg Iayadgdk. VMgsfgn RuidkfgskS. Zurgfgrtg8 Ogfudtgs Kdcu 
Flslngtgm \CZ.
Zgoltysnal. (927?). Egtg
(927?).  Egtg Fljldgfggm Flrhg Ugnum 927? . Ekgfsls8 97 Gprkd 9270.  
Nttp8//www.sgoltysnal.jac/tg`/egtg-fljldgfggm-flrhg-tgnum-927?/ 

92

 
Zgputrg, G.E. (927<). @gcigrgm Ratlmsk Igngyg egm Rlmkdgkgm Ykskfa  
 Flsldgcgtgm egm Flslngtgm Flrhg ek Ig`kgm Zpkmmkm` K_ Rraeujtkam RU. 
 Gskg Rgjkokj Okilrs Uif, Fgiupgtlm Flmegd . VZfrkpsk KdckgnS. Zlcgrgm`8  
Ogfudtgs Kdcu Fladgnrg`ggm \mkvlrsktgs Ml`lrk Zlcgrgm`.  
Zktarus, G.U. (9272).  Kelmtkokfgsk Igngyg egm Rlmkdgkgm Ykskfa Flsldgcgtgm egm 
 Flslngtgm Flrhg Ugnum 922; (Ztuek Fgsus ek \mkt \tkdkty RU. Z.F. Flrks 
 Igmtlm). VZfrkpsk KdckgnS. Zlcgrgm`8 Ogfudtgs Kdcu Fladgnrg`ggm 
\mkvlrsktgs Ml`lrk Zlcgrgm`.
Zucg‛cur, R.F. (922;).  Nk`klml Rlrusgnggm egm Flslngtgm Flrhg (Nkplrfls).
Leksk 9. Hgfgrtg8 J_. Zg`um` Zlta. 
Zwgputrk, L. (922;). Gmgdksks
(922;). Gmgdksks Rlmyligi
Rlmyligi Fljldgfggm Flrhg (Ztuek
(Ztuek Fgsus ek RU.Hgcu
RU.Hgcu
 Gkr Cgmjur). VZfrkpsk KdckgnS. Zlcgrgm`8 Ogfudtgs Kdcu  Fladgnrg`ggm
\mkvlrsktgs Ml`lrk Zlcgrgm`.
Ugrwgfg. (922>).  Flsldgcgtgm egm Flslngtgm Flrhg Cgmghlclm egm 
 Kcpdlclmtgsk F: ek Ulcpgt Flrhg.
Flrhg. Jltgfgm fl 7. Zurgfgrtg8 Ngrgpgm Rrlss. 
\megm`-\megm` Ma. 7 tgnum 7;02 tlmtgm` Flsldgcgtgm Flrhg.  
\megm`-\megm` Ma. 7: tgnum 922: tlmtgm` Fltlmg`gflrhggm. 
_kvg Mlws. (927<).  Gm`fg Fljldgfggm Flrhg ek Kmeamlskg Ukm``k, Zgdgn Zkgpg1 
Ekgfsls8 9< Clk 9270. Nttp8//iksmks.mlws.vkvg.ja.ke/mlws/rlge/?555:2- 
gm`fg-fljldgfggm-flrhg-ek-kmeamlskg-tkm``k-sgdgn-skgpg  
Xgcgmk, P. (927:).  Kelmtkokfgsk Igngyg Fljldgfggm \mkt Zpkmmkm` K  
 Clm``umgfgm Cltael NKYGYJ ek RU. Zkmgr Rgmthg Ehghg. VZfrkpsk 
KdckgnS. Zlcgrgm`8 Ogfudtgs Kdcu Fladgnrg`ggm \mkvlrsktgs Ml`lrk  
Zlcgrgm`.

97