Chapter 10 Acids and Bases

Arrhenius acids
• produce H+ ions in water.
H 2O
HCl(g)

• are electrolytes.
• have a sour taste.
• turn litmus red.
• neutralize bases.

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6 Strong Acids in Water

Strong Acids ionize 100 % (they are strong electrolytes)

HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

There are 6 strong acids in water.

HCl HNO3
HBr H2SO4
HI HClO4

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Weak Acids

Are weak electrolytes,

• only a few molecules
dissociate.
• most of the weak acid remains
as the undissociated
(molecular) form of the acid.
• the concentrations of the H3O+
and the anion (A−) are small.

HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O(aq) + A−(aq)

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Some Common Acids

1H=
2H=
4
Bases

Arrhenius bases
• produce OH− ions in
water.
• taste bitter or chalky.
• are electrolytes.
• feel soapy and slippery.
• neutralize acids.

• antacids

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There are 8 strong bases
Bases with OH− ions are named as the hydroxide of the
metal in the formula.
LiOH Lithium hydroxide
LiOH(aq) Li+(aq) + OH-(aq)
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
KOH Potassium hydroxide
RbOH rubidium hydroxide
CsOH cesium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
Sr(OH)2 strontium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide

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Weak Bases

Weak bases

• are most other bases.

• dissociate only slightly in water.
• form only a few ions in water.

NH3(g) + H2O(l)

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BrØnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

According to the BrØnsted-Lowry theory,

• acids donate a proton (H+).
• bases accept a proton (H+).

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Identify the acid and the base

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Conjugate Pairs of Acids and Bases

In this acid-base
reaction,
• an acid, HF, donates
H+ to form its
conjugate base, F−.
• a base, H2O, accepts
H+ to form its
conjugate acid, H3O+.
• there are two
conjugate acid-base
pairs.

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Conjugates
A. What is the conjugate base of HCO3−?

B. What is the conjugate acid of HCO3−?

C. The conjugate base of H2O is

D. The conjugate acid of H2O is

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Weak Acids at Equilibrium
Reactions Go Forward AND Reverse
Change reacant -

Remove HF(aq)

Can Change Product, too –

Add F-(aq)

Remove F-(aq)
Add N2 –

Remove NH3 –

Add NH3 –

Remove H2 -
- Add O2

- Remove O2
Autoionization of Water

In water,
• H+ is transferred from one H2O molecule to another.
• one water molecule acts as an acid, while another
acts as a base.

• molar concentrations are indicated in

brackets as [H3O+] and [OH−].

[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10−7 M

[OH−] = 1.0 x 10−7 M
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Acidic Solutions

Adding an acid to pure water

• increases the [H3O+].

• causes the [H3O+] to

exceed 1.0 x 10-7 M.

• decreases the [OH−].

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Basic Solutions

Adding a base to pure water

• increases the [OH−].

• causes the [OH−] to exceed

1.0 x 10− 7M.

• decreases the [H3O+].

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Ion Product of Water, Kw

The ion product constant, Kw, for water

• is the product of the concentrations of the hydronium and
hydroxide ions.
Kw = [ H3O+] [ OH− ]
• can be obtained from the concentrations in pure water.
Kw = [ H3O+] [ OH− ]
Kw = [1.0 x 10− 7 M] x [ 1.0 x 10− 7 M]

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Calculating [H3O+] or [OH-]

What is the [H3O+] of a solution if [OH−] is 5.0 x 10-8 M?

If lemon juice has [H3O+] of 2 x 10−3 M, what is the [OH−] of the

solution?

The [OH−] of an ammonia solution is 4.0 x 10−2 M. What is the

[H3O+ ] of the solution?

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Plotting [H3O+]?

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pH Scale
pH = - log [H3O+]

In a neutral solution, [H3O+] = 1.0x10-7.

pH =

• pH scale is 0-14

• pH = 7 neutral
• pH < 7 acidic pH > 7basic

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Testing the pH of Solutions

The pH of solutions can be determined using

• a) pH meter.
• b) pH paper.
• c) indicators that have specific colors at different pH
values.

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Calculating pH from [H3O+]

The [H3O+] of tomato juice is 2 x 10−4 M. What is the pH

of the solution?

The [OH−] of a lye solution is 2.5 x 10−3 M. What is the pH

of the solution?

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Calculating [H3O+] from pH
The [H3O+] can be expressed by using the pH as the
negative power of 10.
[H3O+] = 1 x 10 -pH
What is the [H3O+] of a solution with a pH of 10.0?

What is the [OH−] of a solution with a pH of 2.00?

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Neutralization Equations

In the equation for neutralization, an acid and a base

produce a salt and water.
acid base salt water

HCl + NaOH

HCl + Ca(OH)2

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Balancing Neutralization Reactions

Mg(OH)2 + HNO3

NaOH + H2SO4

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Acids and Carbonates

Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to

produce carbon dioxide gas (CO2), a salt, and water.

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(s)

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Acids and Metals

Acids react with metals

• such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, and Sn.

• to produce hydrogen gas and the salt of the metal.

Molecular equations:
2K(s) + 2HCl(aq)

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)

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What are the products? Balance?

Mg(s) + HCl(aq)

MgCO3(s) + HCl(aq)

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Acid-Base Titration

Titration Base
• is a laboratory (NaOH)
procedure used to
determine the molarity
of an acid.

• uses a base such as

NaOH to neutralize a
measured volume of
Acid
an acid.
solution

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End Point of Titration

At the end point,

• the indicator gives the solution a
permanent pink color.
• the volume of the base used to
reach the end point is measured.
• the molarity of the acid is
calculated using the neutralization
equation for the reaction.

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Molarity in Chemical Reactions

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Volume – mole – mole - Molarity

What is the molarity of an HCl solution if 18.5 mL of 0.225

M NaOH are required to neutralize 10.0 mL of HCl?

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

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Volume to Volume
Calculate the volume of 2.50 M H2SO4 required to
neutralize 50.0 mL of 1.10 M KOH.

H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

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Volume – mole – mole – mass
If 25.50 mL of 3.00 M HCl are needed to completely react with a
sample of CaCO3, how many grams of CaCO3 reacted?
2 HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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Buffers

When an acid or base is

added

• to water, the pH changes

drastically.

• to a buffer solution, the pH

is maintained; pH does not
change.

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Buffers
resist changes in pH from the addition of acid or base.
• absorb both H3O+ or OH−

• in blood maintain a pH close to 7.4.

A buffer solution
• contains a combination of acid-base conjugate pairs.
• It must be a weak acid and its conjugate base.

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Which are buffers?
Which are Buffers?

A. HCl and KCl

B. H2CO3 and HCO3-

C. H3PO4 and NaCl

D. HC2H3O2 and C2H3O2-

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Blood Buffers

In blood, there are two buffer systems keeping it at pH = 7.4

H2CO3 / HCO3- = bicarbonate buffer

H2PO4- / HPO42- = phosphate buffer

The acids (H2CO3 and H2PO4-) react with excess OH-.

The bases (HCO3- and HPO42-) react with excess H3O+.

Alkalosis
Acidosis
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 Respiratory Alkalosis

Hyperventalate –