Preparation and properties of commonly used dyes Dye, substance used to impart colour to textiles, paper, leather, and other materials such that the colouring is not readily altered by washing, heat, light, or other factors to which the material is likely to be exposed. Dyes differ from pigments, which are finely ground solids dispersed ina liquid, such as paint or ink, or blended with other materials. Most dyes are organic compounds (i.e., they contain carbor whereas pigments may be inorganic compounds (i.e., they do not contain carbon) or organic compounds. Pigments generally give brighter colours and may be dyes that are insoluble in the medium employed.Preparation of dyes In 1856 the first commercially successful synthetic dye, mauve, was serendipitously discovered by British chemist William H. Perkin, who recognized and quickly exploited its commercial significance. The introduction of mauve in 1857 triggered the decline in the dominance of natural dyes in world markets. Mauve had a short commercial lifetime (lasting about seven years), but its success catalyzed activities that quickly led to the discovery of better dyes. Today only one natural dye, logwood, is used commercially, to a small degree, to dye _aSilk, leather, and nylon black. =Recognition of the tetravalency of carbon and the nature of the benzene ring were key factors required to deduce the molecular structures of the well-known natural dyes (e.g., indigo and alizarin) and the new synthetics (e.g., Mauve, magenta, and the azo dyes). These structural questions were resolved, and industrial processes based on chemical principles were developed by the beginning of the 20th century. For example, Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik (BASF) of Germany plac: synthetic indigo on the market in 189 development of the synthetic process of this compound was financed by profits from synthetic alizarin, first marketed in 1869. There was also interest in the effects of dyes on living tissue. In 1884 the Danish microbiologist Hans Christian Gram discovered that crystal violet irreversibly stains certain bacteria bu can be washed from others. The dye has been widely used ever since for the Gram stain technique, which identifies bacteria as gram-positive (the stain is retained) or gram-negative (the stain is washed away). The German medical scientist Paul Ehrlich found that methylene blue stains living nerve cells but not adjacent tissue. He proposec that compounds may exist that kill specific disease organisms by bonding to them without damaging the host cells and suggested the name chemotherapy.Properties of commonly used dyes + The outstanding characteristics of the basic are brilliance and intensity of their colors. + The bright colors achieved from basic dyes do not usually occur with other dye classes. + Many of the basic dyes are sparingly soluble in water. = The addition of glacial acetic acid helps to dissolve the basic dye quickly in water. + Basic dyes are readily soluble alcohol or mentholated spirit. + The basic dyes are poor fastness to light and vary with regard to washing fastness from poor to moderate. + An important property of basic dyes is that they will combine with tannic acid to form an insoluble compound provided mineral acid is absent. + The wet fastness of the ba dyes on protein fibres can also be improved by back tanning. This consists of after treating the dyed material with tannic acid in order to form the insoluble complex thereby reducing the tendency to migrate. - The basic dyestuff will combir with direct or sulphur or some acid dyestuffs. So they cannot be used together in the same bath. But basic dyestuffs are used in after treating cotton or other materials dyed with direct colors. Here the direct dyestuff acts as mordant. tsPreparation of detergents Although there are three ways of manufacturing dry laundry detergent, only two are commonly used today. In the blender process favored by smaller companies, the ingredients are mixed in large vats before being packaged. The machines used are very large: a common blender holds 4,000 pounds (1,816 kilograms) of mixed material, but the blenders can accommodate loads ranging from 500 to 10,000 pounds (227 to 4,540 kilograms). By industry standards, these are small batches for which the blender process is ideal. While some settling may occur, the resulting detergent is of high quality and can compete with detergents made by other processes. The second commonly used method of production is called the agglomeration process. Unlike the blender process, it is continuous, which makes it the choice of very large detergent manufacturers The agglomeration process can produce between 15,000 and 50,000 pounds (6,800 and 22,700 kilograms) of detergent per hour. In the third method, dry ingredients are blended in water before being dried with hot air. Although the resulting product is of high qualit the fuel costs and engineering problems associated with venting, reheating, and reusing the air have led to this method being largely replaced by agglomeration.Preparation of explosives ABiastng ecient teeny manettal or cnctaterceecarngy cr af onal sure seni thatte intended for blasting and that ts not otherwise classified as an explosive. A Blasting agent consists firma ot irconaret Teraer Carcencrsuret ane cirnirrs oneness Cerbenaceaus fuels. The addition of an explosive Ingredient, such as TNizia aurflotent quantity, changes the Slaeeincation of the mixture from Biactmgagenttounaxpiosve, ED Ammonium nitrate, for its weight, cuppiien morsiges upor-detoration than any other explosive. in pure form, ammonium nitrate ls aimout inert (powerless) and is composed of 60 percent oxyaen by weight 23 percent hitrogen, and seven percent hydrogen. Two cherscteriohios tale shite Compound beth unprecictabic ana CD Gengeraus. Ammoniur nitrete le water soluble and if unoceted, can attrect Water from the atmosphere and siowly Giasolve eel. For chia fanson, moat Pilla nave protective coating of wei Croley whiet sate ae a moleture Pater iansh, Tie aed and Herc Important characterletic Ie prenomencn called “eyeing: This i Cihy ore metartalte change tts Srystel form with terriperatare. Arnmonium nitrate will have one of five crystal forme depending on the cornperetuce. The oysling phenorrrarson can sentously affect both the storage and performance of any explosive Wihion contains ammonium nitrate Mont Gjrmarviies, horhreguer niveolvosin or permissible: cometh Sonne herwenenigen ce ames Aitreve, while blesting agente are Simost totally comprised of this Sompound. The cyoling effect ir Gynamite ie not dive to other ingredients trbved With thee sirnenwankurs nitrates For this reason. cycling does not greatly Strect dynamite the way does ANFO ‘The two temperatures at which cycli will occur under nermal conditions a) and 90°F This is to say that products: which are stored over the winter. or for a Period of time during the summer. most likely will unctergo some amount of cycling. During the summer, in poorly ventilated powder magazines, the cycling temperature may be reached daily.