Basic

Terminologies
Prof.Farhan Hameed
 overview
• Population
• Types of Population
• Parameter
• Statistic
• Constants
• Variables
• Types of Variable
• Quantitative Variable
• Discrete Variable
• Continuous Variable
• Qualitative Variable
 Population/Totality/Universe/Aggregate
• Collection or set of all possible observations
• May be finite or Infinite
• Population size usually denoted by N
• Population is a technical term not necessarily represents humans

• Examples
• Number of Personal Computer owner in Lahore
• Monthly salaries of all the employees of a company
• Number of light bulbs produced by a factory
1.Finite Population:
The population in which the numbers of objects is
countable is called finite population. For example,
the number of students in a particular college, the
light bulbs produces by a factory.

2. Infinite Population:
The population in which the number of objects is not
countable is called infinite population. For example
the number of stars in the sky, the number of grains
of sand.
 Sample
• Subset or small part of population

• Representative of characteristics of population

• Sample size usually denoted by n

Example
If population is students of particular college containing 1000 students, then any
number of students less than 1000 selected at random will be termed as sample.
 Parameter or Population Parameter
• The numerical value calculated from the population is called
parameter.

For Examples:-

𝟐
• Population mean (µ), Population Variance 𝝈 .
• Population Quantities are constants and are usually unknow.

• Parameter are denoted by Greek Letters (𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸, 𝝁, 𝝈 )

 Statistic or Sample Statistic

• The numerical value calculated from the sample is called Statistic.

For Example
• sample Mean (ഥ
𝒙 ), sample Variance (S2).
• Statistic is always a random variable.

• The statistics are denoted by Latin letters (ഥ ෝ, 𝑺𝟐 ) etc.

𝒙, 𝒙

• Statistic is also known as estimator of the population parameter.

 Constants
• The quantities which remain unchanged under every conditions are
known as constants.

For example

• Numerical digits(1,23,….)

𝟐𝟐
• Universal constants such as 𝝅 = , e=2.71828
𝟕
 Variable
• The numerical characteristics which vary from one object to another
object or from time to time are known as variables
• A variable can assume a number of values and the set of its all
possible values is called its domain.
Example
• Height of plant, Weight of person, Speed of a car, Income of person,
Production of a factory, Gender , Level of satisfaction

• If domain of variable contains only one value , then it is called

constant.
 Types/Classifications of Variables

Discrete
Quantitative
Variable Continuous

Qualitative
 Quantitative Variable

• The variable or characteristic which can be measured and expressed

numerically is called quantitative variable.

• Examples: number of cars, number of Children, Speed, Weight, Temperature.

• The types of quantitative variable are Discrete and Continuous Variables.

 Quantitative Variable: Discrete Variable
• The variable which can take only integers or whole numbers is called
discrete variable.
• The values are taken by jumps or breaks.

Example:-
Number of children, Number of cows, Number of light bulbs.

• Discrete variable is also known as count variable.

• Putting discrete variable in fractions or as negative is senseless

• saying : I have 2.5 children, light bulbs produced by a factory -200.3 make no sense
 Quantitative Variable: Continuous Variable
• The variable which can take any value (fractional, integer, negative)
within its range or interval is called continuous variable.
• Its domain is an interval with all possible values without gaps, jumps or
breaks.

Example
• such as speed, height, weight, Temperature etc.
 Qualitative Variable
•The variable which cannot be measured numerically is called
Qualitative Variable.
Examples: Eye color, Profession, Likes, Dislikes, Habits, Gender etc.
• These are also known as Attributes or Categorical Variable.
• Such variables are counted or enumerated after assigning them
mutually exclusive classes
• For example: Eye color (black, brown, Blue, Green)
• Gender (Male, Female)
 How to Denote Variable
• A variable whether countable or measure is generally denoted by X or Y of 𝑿𝒊
or 𝒀𝒋 .

• 𝑿𝒊 or 𝒀𝒋 represents the ith or jth value of the variable.

• The subscripts 𝒊 or 𝒋 is replaced by a number such as 1,2,3…. , when referred

to a particular value.

• For example: 𝑿𝟏 , 𝑿𝟐 … … . . 𝑿𝒏
 Exercises
• Book Name
Introduction to Statistical Theory (Part-1)
Prof. Sher Muhammad Chaudhry
Prof. Dr. Shahid Kamal
Page# 06 Example 1.6
Page# 13 Question# 1.9(b) , 1.10