21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE

LITERATURE 21st Century:

LESSON 9: ASIAN LITERATURE Mulk Raj Anand The Private Novel
Life of An
Countries with the most prominent authors and
Indian Prince
literary works are from India, Japan, and China.
R.K Narayon The English Novel
THREE NOBEL PRIZE AWARDEES FOR Teacher
LITERATURE IN ASIA: Arundhati Roy The God of Novel
Small Things
Rabindranath Tagore (India) –1913 Salman Rushdie The Satanic Novel
Yasunari Kawabata (Japan) – 1966 Verse
Kiran Desai The Novel
Kenzaburo Oe (Japan) – 1994 Inheritance
of Loss
Jhumpa Lahiri Interpreter Short story
INDIAN LITERATURE of Maladies

Early written works are written in Vedic Sanskrit  CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIAN

(Ancient writing system of India) includes holy LITERATURE
Hindu such as:  Intimate alliance and the perfect
Vedas (“knowledge”) fusion between poetry and religion
 Poetry and music are indissolubly
 Rigveda inter-woven with each other
 Yajurveda  Soaked in the element of love.
 Samaveda  Family is important
 Athurveda  No tragedy and is electic.
Upanishads (“scripture”)
Sulba Sutras (about geometry) JAPANESE LITERATURE
 NOTABLE INDIAN WRITERS AND THEIR -Earliest Japanese text are written in Chinese
LITERARY WORKS
-Indian Literature has influence through
Diffusion of Buddhism
Unknown Panchantantra Ancient Indian
Author collection of fables -Heian Period (Golden Era of Art and Literature in
and other stories Japan), literature became centered in cultural
Ved Vyasa Mahabharata Greatest Sanskrit elite of nobility and monks.
Epics
 NOTABLE JAPANESE WRITERS AND THEIR
Valmiki Kamayana Greatest Sanskrit
LITERARY WORKS
Epics
Kalidasa Shakuntala Most famous Sanskrit Unknown Kojiki Collection of
plays Author mythology
Kalidasa Meghaduta Most famous Sanskrit and folk songs
plays Murasaki Genji Novel
Rabindranath Gitanjali Collection of poetry Shikibu Monogatari
Tagore (The Tales of
Genji)
Sei Shinagon Makura no Collection of
 Shoshi (The Essays
Pillow Book)
Confucius Five Educational
Yoshida Tsurezuregusa Collection of
Classics Book
Kenko (Essays ion Essays
Idleness) Confucius Four Educational
Books Book
Sun Tzu The Art of Classic
Taketori Monogatari (The Tales of the Bamboo War Book
Cutter) by an unknown author (short story) – an Cao Xuequin Dream of Classic
early example of Proto-Science Fiction. the Red Novel
Chamber
21st Century: Wu Journey to Classic
Yasunari Snow Country Novel Cheng’en the West Novel
Kawabata Wang Shifu Romance Drama
Shohei Ooka Fires on the Novel of the
Plane Western
Kenzaburo Oe A Personal Novel Chamber
Matter Guan The Drama
Kobo Abe A Woman in Novel Hanging Injustice
to Don E
the Dunes
Maruki Norweigen Novel Lu Xun Diary of Short Story
Madman
Murakami Wood
Banana Kitchen Novel
Yoshimoto  CHARACTERISTIC OF A CHINESE
LITERATURE
 Recorded in handwriting or print
Matsuo Basho – Pioneer and greatest master of  Musical
Haiku  Poetry is characterized by
 CHARACTERISTIC OF A JAPANESE compactness and brevity.
LITERATURE
 Style is always favored by
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
ambiguity and particles of speech
 Provincial or intelligible on to LITERATURE
person sharing a common
LESSON 10: NORTH AMERICAN
background (16th – 17th Century)
 Subjective and colored by LITERATURE
emotional than intellectual and Literature written or produced in the United
moralistic tone States of America and its preceding colonies
 Themes: Have universal quality
almost unaffected by time. The style of American Literature can be
 Concerned with the sub-conscious considered as ever changing
Each literary period in American Literature has its
own distinct subject and style.
CHINESE LITERATURE
 TIMELINE OF NORTH AMERICAN
One of the major literary heritages of the world. LITERATURE
 NOTABLE CHINESE WRITERS AND THEIR Native American Literature
LITERARY WORKS
 Focuses on Balance and Harmony in the
Universe
  Nature is a healing spirit, worshipped as
deity.
 Mostly oral literature
 Hero is archetypal (strong, just, brave,
ideal)
 Trickster is archetypal (causes chaos,
outcast, ruled by self-gratification)
 Didn’t use “Once upon a time…” instead
uses “Before the people came..” “When
Cayote was a man..”
Puritanism (1620s – 1750s)
 Written sermons
 Everyone is born EVIL – constant and
physical presence in the world
 Only the “saved” goes to heaven, good
works don’t cut it.
 Notable Text: Sinners in the Hands of an
Angry God by Jonathan Edwards
Age of Reason / Age of Enlightenment (1650s –
1700s)
 Paved way to inventions, science
 Aims for broader, clearer thinking
 Believes that man is born with natural
goodness
 DEISM – belief that God created the
universe and left it alone
 Notable Text: Common Sense by Thomas
Paine
Romanticism (1800s – 1850s)
 People are ruled by emotion and not
logic/reason
 Governed by 3I’s: Imagination, Inspiration,
Idealism
 Glorifies the past (antique, fanciful)
 Loathes artificial things
 Writers approved the notion of
“escapism” to respond to the downside of
Industrial Revolution
 Notable Text: Vast of Mohicans by James
Fenimore Cooper
To a Waterfowl by William Cullen
Bryant
Dark Romanticism
 Dark mysteries of human nature
 Themes: Horror, Tragedy, Supernatural,
Sin, Fear, and Pain
 Revolutionary ideas alienate people from
the society
 Notable Texts: The Cast of Amontillado by
Edgar Allan Poe
-Rip Van Winkle by Washington
Irving
-The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow
by Washington Irving
-Moby Dick by Herman Melville
-The Scarlett Letter by Nathaniel
Hawthorne
-Because I could Not Stop for
Death by Emily Dickinson
Transcendentalism (1820s)
Elements:
 Nonconformity – Individualism
 Self-Reliance – trust yourself / intuition
 Optimism – all men have equal
possibilities; man is inherently good
 Nature – appreciation of the simple life
and the natural surroundings
 Oversoul – connects all to God, Nature,
Man
-we are all part of something
larger than each part
-this belief draws the line between
celebrating the self and being
selfish
 Notable Text: Walden by Henry David
Thorean
- Nature by Ralph Waldo
Emerson
- Leaves of Grass by Walt
Whitman
Realism (1850s)
 Captures the world through objective
details
 Subject is common man (average,
probable)
 Avoids artistic conventions, implausible,
exotic and supernatural elements
  Notable Texts: The Adventure of Tom
Sawyer by Markk Twain
- The Adventure of Huckleberry
Finn by Mark Twain
- Daisy Miller by Henry James
Naturalism (1850s)
 Inspired by Charles Darwin’s Natural
Selection (Survival of the Fittest)
 Pessimistic
 Characters in a story are forced to
struggle to survive
 Notable Texts: The Age of Innocence by
Edith Wharton
- The Red Badge of Courage by
Stephen Crane
- To Build a Fire by Jack London
Modernism (1890s – 1945)
 A self-conscious break with traditional
ways of writing
 Bloomed in an era characterized by
industrialization, rapid social change and
advances in science and social sciences
 Alienation and Disillusionment
 Fragmented Narrative
o Stream of Consciousness
 ABSTRACT or does not often make sense
 Notable Texts: Numerous Poetries by Ezra
Pound
- The Wasteland By T.S Eliot
- The Great Gatsby by F. Scott
Fritzgerald
- A Farewell to Arms by Ernest
Hemingway
- The Sun also Rises by Ernest
Hemingway
- As I Lay Dying by William
Faulkner
- The Grape of Wrath by John
Steinbeck
- Of Mice and Men by John
Steinbeck
Harlem Renaissance (African-American
Literature)
 Sub-genre of Modernism
 Direct / Indirect reactions to racism
 Double consciousness
 Notable Texts: Their Eyes were Watching
by Zora Neale Hurston
- Quicksand by Nella Larsen
- Cane by Jean Tomer
- Not Without Laughter by
Langston Hughes
- When Washington Was in
Vogue by Edward Christopher
Williams
Post-Modernism (1840s – present)
 Counter culture
 Taboo subjects
 Moral changes overtime
 Shows social issues like civil rights and
feminism
 Notable Texts: To Kill a Mockingbird by
Harper Lee
- The Cather in The Rye by J.D
Salinger
- The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
- Beloved by Toni Morrison
- The Amazing Adventures of
Kavalier and Clay by Michael
Chabon
 NOTABLE WRITERS DURING
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
o Mitch Albom
o Stephen King
o Margaret Atwood
o George R.R. Martin
o Jerry Spinelli
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
LESSON 11: LATIN AMERICAN
LITERATURE
Refers to the territories in the Americas
where the Spanish / Portuguese languages
prevail Mexico, most of Central and South
America, and in the Caribbean, Cuba, the
Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.
South America – geographical entity o Experimented languages
subcontinent / continent south of Central o Mixed different style of
America writings
Latin America – cultural entity; countries Post – Boom and Contemporary
in the Americas where a Latin language is Literature
spoken (Spanish, Portuguese, French)
o Irony and use of popular genres
LITERATURE o Rise of Magical realism
-Consist of oral and written literature in Major Themes:
several languages.
 Fantastic – odd, remarkable,
-Rose to particular prominence globally bizarre, grotesque, and highly
during the second half of the 20th century unbelievable or unrealistic
due to the international success of the events.
style known as MAGICAL REALISM o Test and often bends the
-Has a rich and complex tradition of limit of reality
literary production that dates back many o Ex: Beowulf, and The
centuries. Aleph
o Other Principle of
 HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICAN Fantastic:
LITERATURE  Labyrinth –
Pre-Colombian Literature characters are
caught in strange
o oral literature
mazes / webs of lies
o oral accounts of mythological and
 Eternal Recurrence
religious belief were also
Of All Things –
sometimes recorded after the
means that
arrival of European Colonizers
everything that has
o Aztecs and Mayans produced
happened in the
elaborated codices
past will happen
o Ex: Popol Vuh (The Book of
again
Community)  Reader Participation
The Boom (1960 -1967) – readers are invited
to construct the
o After the WWII
meaning of his work
o Refers to the Economic Prosperity
 Open Doors – some
and Literary Boom
characters are
o Many novels and collections of
murderers, insane
short stories or suicidal
o Authors:
o Crossed traditional
boundaries
  Sudden Joints –
unexpected events
in a story
 Magical Realism – when
magical / supernatural elements
are introduced into an otherwise
realistic fictional setting
o Ex: Like Water for
The Middle English Period (Medieval
Chocolate
Period) (1066 – 1485)
 Social Realism – dark and often
depressing depictions of life
o Reflects the violent theory
of the region
 Female Discourse – fiction that
critique Marianismo and
Machismo in Latin American
society
o Ex: Julia Alvares
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
LESSON 12: EUROPEAN ANF AFRICAN
LITERATURE
European Literature (Western Literature)
-refers to the literature in Europe
The Renaissance (1485 – 1660)
-includes literatures in many languages
 TIMELINE AND CHARACTERISTICS
Old English / Anglo – Saxon Period (449 –
1066)
o Admiration of heroic warrior who
prevail in battle
o Strong belief in fate
o Juxtaposition of church and pagan
worlds
o Expresses religious faith and give
moral instruction through literature
o Style / Genres:
o Oral tradition
o Poetry dominant genre
o Unique verse form
o Caesura, alliteration,
repetition, 4 beat rhythm
o Ex: Beowulf, Historia Ecclesiastica
Gentis Anglo rum, Exeter Book
o Plays that instruct the illiterate
masses in morals and religions
o Chivalric code of honor and
romances
o Religious devotion
o Styles / Genres:
o Oral tradition
o Folk ballads
o Mystery and miracle plays
o Morality plays
o Tock epithets
o Kennings
o Frame stories
o Moral tales
o Ex: Sir Gawain and the Green Pearl,
Domesday Book, L’Mortede Arthur
o World view shifts from religion and
after life to one stressing the human
life on earth.
o Popular Themes: development of
human potential
o Many aspects of love explored:
unrequited love, constant love,
timeless love, courtly love, love
subjects to change
o Style / Genres:
o Poetry : the Sonnet
 Metaphysical poetry
  Elaborate and
unexpected metaphors
called conceits
o Drama : Written in Verse
 Supported by royalties
 Tragedies, comedies,
histories
o Ex: Romeo and Juliet, Doctor
Faustus, To His Coy Mistress, Sonnet
75
The Neoclassical Period (1660 – 1798)
o Emphasis on reason and logic
o Stresses harmony, stability, wisdom
o Styles / Genres:
o Satire
o Essay
o Novel
o Poetry
o Letters, diaries, biographies
o Ex: An Essay on Man, Adventures of
Robinson Cruse, Paradise Lost
The Romantic Period (1798 – 1832)
o Introduction of the Gothic elements
o Nature: one can find comfort and
peace
o Style /Genres:
o Poetry : lyrical ballads
The Victorian Period (1832 – 1901)
o Conflicts between rich and poor
o Country vs city life
o Aristocratic villains
o Shocking life of poor are highlighted
o Style / Genres:
o Novel: bildungsroman,
political novels, detective
novels (Sherlock Holmes),
serialized novels (Charles
Dickens)
o Elegies
o Poetry: grammatic
monologues
o Drama: comedies of manner
o Effects: literature begins to reach
the masses
The Modern Period Years (1901 –
1965)
o Styles / Genres:
o Poetry
o Free verse
o Epiphanies
o Speeches
o Memoir
o Novels
o Effects: Stream of consciousness
African Literature
-consists of a body of work in different
languages and various genres, ranging
from oral literature written in a Colonial
languages
-first literature is circa 2300 – 2100
- Memphite Declaration of Deities (first
written accounts of creation)
- “Papyrus” – originate our word for paper
invented by Egyptians
Provides: useful knowledge, historical
knowledge, ethical wisdom, creative
motivation.
 TIMELINE
Pre-Colonial Literature
o Exposed to Western writings and
culture
o Plays in English started to emerge
o West Africa: Epic of Sundiata
o Ghana: Epic of Dinga
 o Ethiopia: Kebra Negast / “Book of
Kings”
o Timbuktu: 300,000 manuscipt
written in Arabic
o Swahili: Utendi wa Tambuka (The
Story of Tambuka)
o Oral Cultures takes forms:
o Proverbs and riddles
o Epic Narratives
o Praise poetry and songs
o Legends
o Chants and rituals
o Folk tales
o Oration and personal
testimony
o Trickster Stories – small animal uses
its wits to survive / outsmart
encounters with larger creatures
Famous Authors:
Chinua Achebe – the father of African
Literature in English
Wole Soyinka – Nigerian playwright and
poet
 Themes of African Literary Works:
For education and entertainment of
children:
Stories, History, Dramas, Myths, Riddles,
Songs, Proverbs
To remind the community about
their ancestor’s heroic deeds, past, etc. :
Oral Histories, Myths, Proverbs
21ST CENTRUY OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
LESSON 13: LITERARY CRITICISM:
FORMALISM
Literary Approaches / Criticism
-study, discussion, evaluation, and
interpretation of Literature
-helps to understand the relationship
between authors , readers and texts.
-ultimately enhances the enjoyment of our
reading of the literary work.
“Literary Criticism is the evaluation of
Literary Work. It includes the classification
by genre, analysis of structure and
judgement of value.” – Beckson Gatz
Critical Approaches
-different perspective we consider when
looking at a piece of literature.
-seeks to give us answer to these
questions, in addition to aidling us in
interpreting literature.
What do we read? Why do we
read? How to we read?
Different Critical Approaches
 Historical – Biographical Criticism
 Moral – Philosophical Criticism
 Psychoanalytic Criticism
 Romanticism
 Structuralism
 Mythological – Archetypal
Criticism
 Sociological Criticism
o Feminism
o Marxism
 Gender Criticism
 Post – Colonial Criticism
Formalism / Formalist Criticism
-derived from the word “form”, “ism”
-a belief or approach of looking at the
things
-the approach of looking at things strictly
adhering to their form
 Formalism – object – centered
theory of critical literature
- focuses only on the work itself;
ignores the author’s info and audience
perception.
- holds the true meaning can be
determined only by analyzing and
understanding
- emphasizes close reading of the
text to analyze the deeper meaning
 Formalist Criticism – analyzes the
form of a literary work to discover
its true meaning
- Evaluative; it differentiates
great work of art from
poor works of art
For Formalism …
Literature is a form of knowledge with
intrinsic element style, structure, imagery,
tone, and genre
Style and theme influence each other and
can’t be separated
“Extracting” element in isolation may
destroy a reader’s aesthetic experience.
The formal properties of a literary work
includes:
 Words
 Shape / structure of text
 Harmony
 Rhythm of the sentences
 Rhyming
 Meaning of the text
Not included:
 Time
 Background
 Symbolism
 Author’s personal life
 Author’s belief
Text (According to Formalism)
Literary work which is a finished product
and nothing can change its meaning and
form.
Form and contents of the text cannot be
separated.
It has a fixed meaning.
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
LESSON 14: HISTORICAL – BIOGRAPHICAL
CRITICISM
Works by looking into a literary work’s
background: cultural and social contexts
as well as the author’s biography.
Sees a literary work chiefly, if not
exclusively as a reflection of its author’s
life and times of the characters in the
work.
When applying…
The social structure of the time period
during which the author lived.
Events that took place during the author’s
life and also during the time period
The author’s attitude towards society /
events taking place.
Important aspects of the author
(Biographical Aspect):
 Personality of the author
 Life events
 Political and/or religious view
  Economic status
 Educational background
 Family
Historical Aspects during the author’s
time:
 Economic and political events
 Ideas and moral standards at the
time
 Cultural Milieu (Social and Cultural
Aspects of life)
Ex: (Historical Criticism)
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Les
Miserables (The Miserable Ones)
(Biographical Criticism)
Their Eyes When Watching God, Kite
Runner, The Tell-Tale Heart
21st CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
LESSON 15: STRUCTURALISM CRITICISM
-tries to reduce the complexity of human
experiences to certain underlying
structure which are UNIVERSAL
-taken to be an effort to link up the
culture, mind, and universe
-“should identify the general principle of
literary structure and not to provide
interpretations of individual text.” – Propp
and Torodov
-relates literary text to a larger structure
which may be:
 A particular genre;
 Range of intertextual
connections;
 A model of a universal
narrative structure or a
system of recurrent patterns
or motifs.
Example of Structurist Criticism:
Says that all text is part of a bigger picture
because of symbol and signs
 Typical horror story patterns
 Typical love story patterns
 Typical heroic stories – theorists like
Joseph Campbell and Vladimir
Propp believe that heroic stories or
epics in different culture all share a
pattern
o Call of adventure
o Assistance
o Departure
o Trials
o Approach
o Crisis
o Treasure
o Result
o Return
o New Life
o Resolution
Three Dimensions in Individual Literary
Texts:
 Textuality – involves looking at
works that function powerfully in
our world and considering both
what they mean and how they
mean
o The idea of textuality comes
along with the assumption
that the form in which a
message comes to you will
influence your interpretation
of the messages
 o For many people, different
textualities also mean
different experience
 Intertextuality – the
interconnection between similar or
related works of literature that
reflects and influence an audience/s
interpretation of the text
o Texts are unavoidably
influenced by other texts
o The way that one influences
another
o Fact about literary text – they
are all intimately
interconnected
 Binary Opposition – pair of related
terms or concepts that are
opposition in meaning
o Proves that 2 opposing
concepts cannot coexist
therefore producing
CONFLICTS
o Ex: Good and Evil, Rich and
Poor, Young and Old
Advantages of Structuralism
Can be used to study any kind of system
text or material
Enables awareness to underlying
structures and reveals their limiting and
conditioning nature
Disadvantages: does not enable analysis
of the literature, only the structure.
21ST CENTURY OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
LESSON 16: PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
Applies Freudian psychoanalytic ideas to
literature
Looks at the psyche and psychological
anxieties and issues of a literary text’s
characters and/or author.
Nothing you do, say or feel is simple.
Everything has a hidden meaning.
Sigmund Freud (The Father of
Psychoanalytic Theory):
-was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud on
the 6th of May 1858
-believes that: childhood experiences,
repressed erotic feelings, and unconscious
conflicts can affect adult behavior
Aim of Psychoanalysis: to bring repressed
memories, desires, and wishes to the
surface
Applying psychoanalysis in literature:
when reading a text, assumes that you are
a psychologist…
You will analyze:
Author: the theory is used to analyze the
author and his/her life, and the literary
work is seen to supply evidence for this
analysis. This is often called
“psychobiography”
Characters, Audience, Text
Level of Consciousness
 Conscious – what one is presently
aware of
 Preconscious – what one is thinking
 Unconscious – the site of conflict
and trauma, what one has
repressed, what one cannot know
without analytical help.
Repression – to repress something is to
hold it back
- Often driven by social
taboos
- Your repression when you
were a child makes up
who you are now as an
adult.
- Repression during
childhood lead into
Fixation.
Fixation – the tendency to stay at a
particular stage. The individual is troubled
by the conflict that characterizes that
stage and seeks to reduce it by means of
the behavior characteristics of that stage.
Types of Fixations
 Oral Fixation – focus of pleasure is
on the mouth
o A person with oral fixation
has a tendency to smoke,
swear a lot, drink alcohol,
over eat, be talkative or bite
his or her nails. They also
tend to become sensitive to
rejection because they easily
“swallow” the opinion of
others.
 Anal Fixation – focus of the
pleasure is the anus. Holding it in
and letting it go are greatly enjoyed.
o Anal Retentive Personality
 Stingy
 Compulsive seeking of
order or tidiness (has
OCD)
 Stubborn and
perfectionist
o Anal Expulsive Personality
 Lack of self-control
 Messy and careless
 Dependent
 Submissive
 Desire to be a victim
 Genital Fixation – repressed when
parents explains that children must
hide or be ashamed of their genitals
o Characteristic:
 Sex is just a game
 Vain
 Proud
 Exhibitionist
 Attention seeker
 Thrill seekers
 Wanting to be in a very
bad way
Oedipus Complex – young boy develops a
longing for his mother. He wants her
attentions, affection, and her caresses,
and her in a broadly sexual way.
Electra Complex – young girl is initially
attached to her mother, but then a shift of
attachment occurs when she realizes she
lacks a penis. She shifts her desires to her
father
Anxiety – emotion characterized by
feelings of tension, worried thoughts and
physical changes like increased blood
pressure.
Types of Anxiety
Fear of Intimacy – the chronic and
overpowering feeling that emotional
closeness will seriously hurt or destroy us
and that we can remain emotionally safe
only by remaining at an emotional
distance from others at all times. Fear of
function as a defense
Fear of Abandonment – the unshakable
belief that our friends and loved ones are
going to desert us (physical abandonment)
or don’t really care about us (emotional
abandonment).
Fear of Betrayal – the nagging feeling that
our friends and loved ones can’t be
trusted, for ex: can’t be trusted not to lie
to us, not to laugh at us behind our backs.
Low Self – Esteem – the belief that we are
less worthy than other people and,
therefore, don’t deserve attention, love,
or any other of life’s rewards.
Insecure or Unstable sense of self – the
inability to sustain a feeling of personal
identity, to sustain a sense of knowing
ourselves. This core issue makes us very
vulnerable to the influence of other
people, and we may find ourselves
continually changing the way we look or
behave as we become involved with
different individuals or groups.
Defense Mechanisms – guard the mind
against feelings and thoughts that are too
difficult for the conscious mind to cope
with.
Types:
 Selective Perception – hearing and
seeing only what we feel we can
handle
 Selective Memory – modifying our
memories so that we don’t feel
overwhelmed by them or forgetting
painful events entirely.
 Denial – believing that the problem
doesn’t exist or the unpleasant
incident never happened.
 Avoidance – staying away from
people or situations that are liable
to make us anxious by stirring up
some unconscious
 Displacement – “taking it out” on
someone or something less
threatening that the person who
caused our fear, hurt, frustration, or
anger
 Projection – involves taking our own
unacceptable qualities or feeling
and ascribing them to other people
 Regression – temporary return to a
former psychological state, which is
not just imagined but relieved
Structure of Personality
Id – the impulsive (and unconscious) part
of our psyche which responds directly and
immediately to the instincts.
Ego – deals with reality, trying to meet the
desires of the Id in a way that is socially
acceptable in the world. The Ego
recognizes that other people have needs
and wants too, and that being selfish is
not always good for us in the long run.
Superego – based on morals and
judgements about right and wrong
Dream Analysis
Dream – embody the involuntary
occurrences within the mind
- manifests what a person remembers and
consciously considers
- are a product of the Id’s expression of
internal conflict
Latent – hidden meaning of symbols in
dreams
Sex is the root cause for what occurs in
your dream (Freud)
Impulses and desires are suppressed by
the superego when the individuals
awaken, causing people to forget
Interpretation (Free Association)
 Yonic (vagina) – circular, wide open
 Phallic (penis and testicles) – long,
blunt, pointed
 Castration - separation
 Coitus – anything resembling sexual
behavior

*Criticism towards psychoanalytic

sometimes lead to “over – interpretation”