See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/327933120

Revitalization of Kamaishi - Mitigation of Social and Physical Vulnerabilities

towards Holistic Sustainability

Thesis · March 2013

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23131.82727

CITATIONS READS

0 296

1 author:

Khuplianlam Tungnung
Amity University
39 PUBLICATIONS   61 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

BODO CULTURAL INTERPRETATION CENTRE View project

EC4 Project : Make the planet great again, really, no bla-bla View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Khuplianlam Tungnung on 28 September 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 釜石の再生
□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□
- ホリスティックな持続可能性に向かって
Revitalization of Kamaishi
-□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□
Mitigation of Social and Physical Vulnerabilities towards Holistic Sustainability

Khuplianlam TUNGNUNG／総合デザイン専攻 11ID010 ● 指導教員／小玉祐一郎 印

トウンノン クプリャンラム

釜石は 3.11 後、深刻な社会的・物理的な課題に直面している。人口の約 31.2％が 65 歳以上である超高齢社会の釜石では、人やコミュ

ニティを力づけるために「全ての世代のための社会・環境」を作りたい。3.11 災害は、約 4548 戸、約 11 ㎢の地域を破壊した。現地調査に
よって、自然要因であれ、人的要因であれ、社会の持つ基本的な脆弱性が明らかになった。それは、災害はある意味でそれを克服する
好機である。プロジェクトの基本コンセプトは、社会的・物理的双方の意味での弾力性（resiliency）であり、それを実現するために、土地
利用計画を立て、市役所、メモリアル公園、集合住宅を設計した。低地部分は、非常時の避難システムを確保しながら、日常的な街の
にぎやかさを維持する業務地域と設定し、その中心となる施設として市役所を計画した。市民のための広場などさまざまなコミュニティ施
設を持つ複合建築である。地震・津波の力をかわす弾力的構造を持つ構造計画と同時に、パッシブデザインによる環境計画を提案し
た。メモリアル公園は、犠牲者の慰霊の記念的な場であると同時に、市民公園として使われ、また津波を緩和する防潮堤として役割も持
つ。住宅は原則として高地に配置されるが、低地と接する部分には、低地と高地をつなぐ役割を持つ集合住宅を考え、その設計を行っ
た。集合住宅では、社会的な絆を強化するために仕組みとして、「みんなのための空間」を提案した。

1. Research Background and Aims
Post 3.11, a vulnerable valley town, Kamaishi is confronted with
its morphological, economics and social challenges. This project
essentially seeks social and physical revitalization within the
vulnerable lowland, Tobu without relocation. It also fulfills the
citizens’ wish to live near their workplaces and the place they have
built up over the years. Its holistic revitalization mandates physical
and social measures for pre-disaster and post-disaster conditions.
The elderly ratio, above 64 years, 3.3% in 1955 and 31.2% in 2005
necessitates creation of a “Society and Environment for all Ages”.
3.11 disasters damaged 4,548(28%) houses, 11k㎡ of urban area
(2.4%) and 1228 people were missing or death (Fig: 1, 2).
Vulnerability, manmade or natural, like「危機, Kiki」, presents
challenges and opportunities.
When vulnerabilities meet hazard, disasters occur with damages
depending on the locality’s preparedness. This project’s responds
to “What Revitalization does and what it is?” It empowers the
people and community and provides social and physical resiliency.
The revitalization as a community based participatory planning that
aims to empower the people and community through participatory
planning to promote social kizuuna, design programs, festivals and
remembrance. It is a resiliency measure through design expressions
in the architecture and urbanism landscape and land-use planning.
Tobu district’s basic needs of social and structure resiliency, health
and renewable energy have to be accounted for. The micro
intervention measures like the city hall, memorial park and
collective housing integrates and connects the social and physical
resiliency requirements of the people.

Fig-1: Preconditions of damage existing in the project site, Tobu. Fig-2: Preconditions-Liquefaction, part damage concrete structure
2. Research Methods
2-1. Analysis of pre-conditions, challenges and opportunities
2-2. Environmental Performance Analysis by Computer Simulation
2-1. Analysis of Pre-Conditions, Challenges and Opportunities
Site as well as literature surveys highlighted the varied
vulnerabilities of physical structure and socio-economics. Damage
to concrete buildings was confined to non-structural elements,
lateral force of debris deformed steel frames and wooden structures
were devastated. In Kamaishi, liquefaction range between 20cm to
3m approx. (Fig: 1, 2). Flexible application of existing building
and land-use regulations to facilitate buying up of land to relocate
from vulnerable lowland and river bank needs to be expedited.
The pre-conditions of “challenges and opportunities” in fishery,
forestry, steel works, farming or eco-tourism, super-aging and
declining birth rates, etc needs to be tangibly incorporated in the
urban regeneration. The city of steel, fish and rugby, Kamaishi’s
dwindling Nippon Steel has barely 150 workers as of 2005. But,
manufacturing industry is generating and the planning should
envisage inviting industries towards eco-town revitalization.
Fishing industry with 29.7% of self-employment holds potentials
for development through consolidation and organization of fishing
cooperatives and sectoral fishing rights management. The fact that,
Japan as of 2009, consumes 90 million m3 wood products though
it produces only 19 million m3 have presented wood industry as a
possible economic opportunity despite the challenges of small
scale private ownership (58%), steep terrains, thinning
requirements and overseas competitions. Eco-tourism or farming,
besides its socio-cultural benefits could be use to evolve local
farming into “Local Culture” and turning that into an economic
industry. Towards inclusive design considerations, integration of
medical care, social welfare and nursing care through ubiquitous
ICT network could translate into 38% reduction in car journeys per
person per week. While the eco-town initiatives attract the younger
generations, eco-tourism and local farming aims to create locally
sustainable economy for the elderly. To facilitate JMA’s or mobile
companies’ initiatives in EEW (Earthquake Early Warning), Large
Zone scheme base stations can be installed. Climatically, Kamaishi
has 4 mild seasons due to its proximity to the sea. Kamaishi
Municipality, formed in 1955 by merging Kasshi, Kurihashi,
Unosumai and Toni to Kamaishi, has 2 main branches, the
legislative council (20 councilors, 2011) and the executive and the
independent administrative committees. The logistics of Kamaishi
includes JR-lines and NH-283 and 45 and the sea port. A series of
renewable energy generation and smart eco-town concepts of
recycling society are envisaged. (Fig: 3).
Fig-3: JR-Line over Kasshi River and energy plants
2-2. Environmental Performance Analysis by Computer
Simulation
This methodology analyze the environmental performances of the
proposed built environment to synchronize the Tono vernacular
architecture influenced design and local climate towards energy
saving. Fresh air enters through windward openings and gets
exhausted in the leeward opening. CFD simulation was carried out
with the prevalent wind direction, S-South East in August at
3m/sec with average air temperature of 26°C. In winter wind is
from the West or N-West and temperature ranges between -5°C to
15°C.
3. Proposals: Urbanism
The urbanism concept mainly aims to connect the socio-economic
and safety needs of the people with the physical interventions. This
people-centered reconstruction, besides valorizing the locality and
contexts to strengthen Kizuuna, social bonding, takes into account
Tobu’s basic needs of the economic and structure resiliency, health
and renewable energy through its urban and architecture
revitalization.. The main economic revitalization includes eco-town
initiatives to attract younger generations, eco-tourism and local
farming to create a locally sustainable economy by converting local
farming culture into an industry for the elderly and thereby,
integrate the elderly into the new town as an essential component of
the social fabric. Each intervention measure has been strategically
connected with the people’s social and physical resiliency
requirements. As an eco-town initiative, industries utilizing various
diversified energy sources, best combinations, local energy and
exhaust heat, etc could be invited. Land-use management
considerations envisaged relocating residences in highland and
using lowland as industries and commercial after land filling, TOD
(Transit Oriented Development) planning, creation of ARZ (Auto
Restricted Zones), integrating the elevated NH-45 with the
memorial park and shifting heavy machineries to the wharf
projected into the sea to humanize the waterfront Tobu and
Fig-4: Machineries that needs to be shift to humanize the coast line
revitalize the immediate sea front as an elevated memorial park
while creating a quiet, healthy residential zones near the mountain
foothills. (Fig: 2, 4). The macro structure resiliency planning
envisions varied composite redundant measures encompassing
non-infrastructure as well as infrastructure intervention measures
like land-use re-designation, festivals, elevated memorial parks,
evacuation towers, elevated rail and evacuation routes, mountain
foothill residences, etc. The basic resiliency strategies are
Circumvention (relocation of residences to higher altitudes),
Dispersion (gabion walls and tetrapods at the waterfront) and
Suppression (suppressed and reduce tsunami energy to prevent
catastrophic disasters through tsunami prevention forests grooves,
resilient passive building structures with pilotis that allows tsunami
to pass through but stops the debris from damaging the structures).
Towards citizens’ health, high quality urban landscape congruent
with the neighborhood and soundscape is envisaged. The
reconstruction timeline takes into account the experiences in Kanto
or Hanshin Awaji earthquake as well as the project schedule
proposed by Iwate Prefecture (2011-2018).
4. Proposals: Architecture
The micro architecture projects aims to respond to “What
revitalization is? and “What it does?” to rehabilitate a sustainable
resilient community. The concepts valorize “Reconstruction by the
People for the People” with the architects, engineers and
governments serving as enablers. Accordingly, based on the idea of
reconstruction as a way of rebuilding community bond, Kizuuna and
social resiliency, the City Hall is proposed first as a symbol of
resiliency and to be the locus of reconstruction initially and further
serve as the centre of the evolution of the society’s needs, values
and traditions in response to the times and conditions.
Fig-5: Torii gate & bamboo like structures as a passive resilient
expression surrounded by Rias Style Japanese Garden
4-1. City Hall
Located in vulnerable lowland, the design expression has been
conceptualized as a passive and resilient way of protecting the
building from debris in case of future tsunami. The City Hall
through the expression of Torii gate, bamboo groove and spatial
programs aims to conquer Tobu’s vulnerable environment in a
passive resilient manner while integrating the socio-economics,
resiliency and energy needs. It aims to be a catalyst towards
“Consciousness, Co-operation, Co-existence” in the face of
disasters. (Fig: 5). The city hall will be the locus of the evolution
of the society’s needs, values, traditions and above all an agora
where the city’s reconstruction will continue to evolve with
time as a dialogue in progress with the society and its environment.
The City Hall will offer a range of critical and experimental
self-experience from social, educational, eco-tourism to folklore
monogatari’s to residents as well as visitors besides serving as the
City Hall.
Fig-6: Social plaza at ground use as per diurnal motion of sun and
Kids area for education with iPad mapping on floor at the center
The City Hall’s program encompasses fluidal use social plazas at
the first floor, memorial theatres and exhibition halls in the second
floor and city offices, evacuation and belvedere terraces above.
The ground level social plazas are fluidal spaces that will be use as
per the sun’s diurnal motion and seasonal conditions as well as the
programs requirement of light. (Fig: 6). Operable mobius strips are
fixed in the double skin to control light entry. 70% or 30% light
entry is achieved by turning the twisted points of the strip. Further,
conduction, convection and radiation are regulated through the
insulating double skins, floor or ceiling and greenhouse effect. The
L-shape office block layout mutually shades each other and its
layout enables wind circulation through the creation of voids in
between office blocks. (Fig: 5). The passive resilient structure
includes deep piles and earthquake dampers as the substructure and
light ductile concrete slabs, lattice columns and bamboo like
vertical and oblique columns as the superstructure. The city hall’s
landscape is a symbolic representation of rias style coast to awaken
disaster awareness and further serves as bio-purifiers, bio-swale,
aquifer recharge and also provides communal and individual spaces
for repose and meditation. (Fig: 7).
Fig-7: Rock Garden with spaces for repose and meditation.
4-2. Memorial Park
The memorial park with the theme, “Landscape as Mindscape:
Memento Mori”, is a reminder of mortality to the people and serves
as a place for social events, place of prayer, social bonding, sea
view recreational belvedere and above resilient sea wall. (Fig: 8).
Towards tangible integration of social and physical resiliency.
Fig-8: A-Axis: Reflective Stainless Steel Cenotaph reflects sea to
mimic 3.11 and give self-experience of tsunami wave to visitors.
necessities, 3 design axis, Remembrance (A), Healing (B), Hope
(C) axis are proposed. Remembrance Axis-A seeks to provide the
people self-experience and remembrance of tsunami. (Fig: 9). The
Healing Axis-B is a symbolic traditional affirmation of life and
rebirth through deciduous trees that expressed renewal of life in
their own annual cycles. The Hope Axis-C would essentially
function as a viewing belvedere to its surrounding. The evergreen
coniferous trees represent Hope towards renewed resiliency.
Fig-9: View of the Memorial Park’s 3 Design Axis-A, B, C
4-3. Collective Housing
This social housing with the theme, “Socio-Praxis”, aims to provide
shared “Spaces for Everybody” through the terrace garden, veranda,
engawa or piloti ground community gardens. It aims to engineer
socio-community bond, Kizuuna and resiliency between the fishery,
farming, steel works, manufacturing and other communities. It’s
basically a high ground residence for people living in the lowland
areas before 3.11 disasters. The project aims to stretch housing
function as an agora style civic space, beyond providing mere
shelter. With abundant public spaces and the principles of Miesm’s
Plan Libre, these Gassho-zukuri style houses allows dwellers to
interact and gives the flexibility to make changes later. And, the
exposed wooden strutted or steel like the Gassho-zukuri houses
structure mainly provides a resilient structure-grid from debris, in
case of tsunami. The flexible walls and sliding doors allow share
housing or other modifications, later.
Fig-10: Improvised Gassho-zukuri style Collective housing with
terrace garden, veranda, engawa or piloti for collective usage.
Meteorologically, “Inner Garden ・ 坪庭” inspired large central
courtyard and the elevated building with pilotis will make way for
air changes to cool down the building, while primarily serving as a
community plaza. (Fig: 10, 11).

Fig-11: Inner Garden・坪庭” with pilotis used as socio-community

plaza, eco-tourism, wheel chair gardens

5. Meteorological Architecture: Environmental Performance

Analysis by Computer Simulation for City Hall
Meteorological Architecture seeks to integrate the metric design Fig-12: CFD Simulation with +ve & -ve pressure of wind with
parametric compositions with wind, heat and light design respect to summer’s S-South East wind and opening sizes.
parameters. In view of the S-South East wind direction in summer, Workstations proposed on +ve side and stationeries on –ve side.
partitions, window openings and shutters are arranged to scoop and
facilitate efficient wind flow and mixing. Work stations are located
on the +ve pressure side and stationeries’ on the -ve pressure areas
of the wind. (Fig: 12).

Volume of air flow depends on the area, height and location of

openings, etc. Greenhouse effect, heat vaporization, double skin,
external air source and air buoyancy due to temperature differences
are utilized to regulate the building’s thermal environment. In
winter, openings are closed and through greenhouse effect suns
radiation is absorbed by the trees, furniture’s, etc and converted to
heat energy. However, in summer S-South East Wind (3m/sec) will
be use to achieve force convective ventilation to exhaust the heat
and moisture. (Fig: 12, 13). Heat loss or gain would be further
control using trombe walls, ventilators at the ceiling level, radiant
heating on floor, moisture absorption with wooden ceilings,
regulating conduction in the walls through moveable furniture’s
like carpets or double skin glasses and permanent insulating
materials like fiberglass, rock wool, double glass, etc. Light
penetration is maneuver spontaneously and automatically with
mobius strips in the double skin. When the twisted points are
horizontal the longer ends becomes vertical to let 70% light
penetrate and 30% when the twisted point is vertical. (Fig: 13). Fig-13: Details of building skin to control Light, heat, wind,
conduction, convection, radiation controls.
10. References
1. Statistics bureau, Japan, 2012. Statistical Handbook of Japan
2012, p. 14. Retrieved from
http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/c02cont.pdf
2. Osaka, Demographics.” Wiki. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka
3. NODA Takenori, Dec 2011. Never give in, never give up,
Recovery and reconstruction from the Great East Japan
Earthquake. Retrieved from
http://www.unescap.org/idd/events/2011-December-Japan-Earth
quake/Never-give-in-never-give-up.pdf
4. http://www.city.kamaishi.iwate.jp/index.cfm/8,0,76,425,html
5. Kamaishi Future City Initiative, Kamaishi’s new challenges
leading other small-scale cities. Retrieved from
http://futurecity.rro.go.jp/pdf/torikumi/en/overview_image_iwat
e_kamaishi_en.pdf
6. The Kamaishi City Eco‐model City Project, The most
progressive small city in Japan: Kamaishi’s new challenge,
Kamaishi City. Retrieved from
http://futurecity.rro.go.jp/english/forum/kamaishi.pdf
th
7. 釜石よいさKamaishi-Yoisa, 12 Aug, 2007. Kamaishi Yoisa
Festival. Retrieved from
http://nippon-kichi.jp/article_list.do;jsessionid=397CED9A762
C8017AD99ADEE16DBD038?p=4047&ml_lang=en
8. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120306f1.html
9. Wakato Onishi, 2012. Post-disaster architecture: Ito proposes a
design for ‘everyone’, Asahi Shimbun, 2012.03.18.
10. Philippe Rahm, Sept 2011. Towards a Meteorological
Architecture, UIA2011 Tokyo. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLBCRhYlXZQ
11. http://csur.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/
12. Global Environment Centre Foundation, June 2005. Eco-Towns
in Japan, Implications and Lessons for Developing Countries
and Cities. Retrieved from
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/spc/Eco_Towns_in_
Japan.pdf
13. Nakamura Naofumi, Jan 2008. Is there any hope for
“Kamaishi”?: The Generation of a Former Company Town,
Hopology Research, p. 3.
14. http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/23/23sikin/home/ir/ir.htm
15. Nakamura Naofumi, March 2007. Hopology-The Kamaishi
Research, The role of hope, Social Science Japan. P. 6-8.
Retrieved from http://newslet.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ssj36/ssj36.pdf
16. Desrochers, 2001. Eco-Industrial Parks, The Case for Private
Planning. Retrieved from
http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_05_3_desrochers.pdf
View publication stats
17. Dr. Johannes Wilhelm, Sept 2011. Some preliminary thoughts
on the Special Zones for Disaster Recovery in Fisheries (Tokku)
18. JICA, 2011. Field Survey in the disaster affected area of the
great east Japan earthquake 2011
19. Prof. Akira Mano , Sept 2011. The behaviour of 3.11 Tsunamis
in the Sendai plain and the damage of the disaster prevention
system
20. Isao Nishiyama et al, 2011. Building damage by the 2011 off
the pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake and coping activities,
NILIM and BRI collaborated with the administration
21. Iwate Prefecture, Aug 2011. Iwate Prefecture Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami Reconstruction Plan, Basic
Reconstruction Plan, Provisional Translation
http://www.pref.iwate.jp/~hp0212/fukkou_net/pdf_doc/kihonkei
kaku_english.pdf
22. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/world/asia/japan-revives-a
-sea-barrier-that-failed-to-hold.html?pagewanted=all
23. http://www.lafarge.com/03122007-group-Thiais_Brochure_MIP
IM-uk.pdf
24. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_performance
25. http://www.coastalcooperation.net/part-II/II-5-1-f.pdf
26. http://www.sunmap.eu/weather/asia/japan/iwate-ken/kamaishi
27. http://www.windfinder.com/forecast/ofunato
28. http://arabidopsis.info/students/dom/mainpage.html
29. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_201
1/energy/heatrev3.shtml
30. http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/insulation
31. NTT docomo, April, 2011. Great East Japan Earthquake:
Damage and Restoration Status
32. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/MISC/phyt
orem.html
33. Taisuke SHIMADA, Oct, 2009. State of Japan’s Forests and
Forest Management, 2nd Country Report of Japan to the
Montreal Process, p. xiv
34. http://www.domusweb.it/en/interview/toyo-ito-home-for-all/
35. The Rand Corporation, 2011. Technical Report: Building
Community Resilience to Disasters
36. http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/0810basic_guidelines_re
construction_20110729.pdf (accessed 16.12.2012, 17:44)
37. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php
38. http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/kouen/kouenannai/park/eng
lish/yokoamicho.pdf
39. http://www.911memorial.org/
40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Early_Warning_(Japan
)
41. http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/2012/001574.html
42. http://www.spatialagency.net/database/john.turner