J Component Project

MGT1022-LEAN STARTUP MANAGEMENT

Social and Family Problem Associated with Old Age

Review - I & II
Submitted To
Dr. GEMINI V JOY

Submitted By
19BIT0359 SUKANT JHA
19BCE2646 MANOHAR KUMAR SINGH
19BBT0253 SHIVANGI THAKUR
19BCL0163 YUVA SAI VEERAVALLI
19BMA0034 NALLAMILLI SIVA SATYA REDDY
19BEC0857 DABBADA VARUN KUMAR

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INTRODUCTION:
Since there are more and more older people in India, there are difficulties that need to
be addressed if they are to live long enough to see their grandchildren and efficiently
develop the economy and society. According to Indian belief, old age people hold
position of power and prestige in the family. However, today they are inactive,
dependent, ill, and weak in terms of their financial, physical, and all of these
occurrences have psychological effects that cause various social and economic issues.
Because of technical advancements in the fields of health, education, medical facilities,
and the same, as well as other government plans or programs for the elderly, there has
been a steady rise in the number of persons in India who are 60 years of age and older.

The main issues older people encounter include a lack of financial resources, poor
health, a lack of emotional support, and disease throughout the post-retirement period.
Due to the widespread perception that this situation warrants attention, it develops into
a social or economic concern. The issue of insufficient income after retirement, the loss
of a spouse or plenty of free time, poor health, social isolation, were family relationships
and financial and physical dependence, etc. – all these situations are interrelated or
interdependent. The traditional joint family system in India is now in decline, and more
families are becoming nuclear. The proper situation of care and assistance for all the
elderly members of the family is explored in light of the surrounding circumstances.
Therefore, an effort has been made to understand the main issues that older people
experience, as well as their views on healthcare and how their family members treat
them.

Social issues affecting Elderly
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  Old age is accompanied by role change and, often, role loss.
 Most people can expect transformations in occupational, family, and community
roles, and for many, the number of different roles declines in later life

Some of the major contributors to social and psychological problems for seniors are as
follows:

1. Loneliness from losing a spouse and friends

2. Inability to independently manage regular activities of living

3. Difficulty coping and accepting physical changes of aging

4. Frustration with ongoing medical problems and increasing number of medications

5. Social isolation as adult children are engaged in their own lives

6. Feeling inadequate from inability to continue to work

7. Boredom from retirement and lack of routine activities 8. Financial stresses from the
loss of regular income

These factors can have a negative impact on overall health of an older individual.
Addressing these psychosocial problems is an integral component of seniors' complex
medical care
Environmental issues affecting Elderly
 Our bodies grow increasingly vulnerable to environmental health risks as we age,
which could exacerbate chronic illnesses. The bodies of older people have also
acquired a lifetime's worth of toxins from the environment and from their jobs.
Environmental exposure is one of the modifiable risk factors among the
numerous that influence the ageing process. Environmental toxins and chemicals
have a negative impact on the homeostatic status of ageing, frequently leading to
the onset of specific diseases earlier than anticipated. Environmental risk factors

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 are also believed to contribute to or at least have an impact on age-related
illnesses including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
 They may influence other organs or hormones involved in neurological processes
as well as the brain directly. Heavy metals like lead and mercury, aluminum,
solvents like toluene, pesticides, fine ambient air dust, and hormonal chemicals
like bisphenol A are only a few of the pollutants linked to these age-related
disorders. Environmental variables that affect cellular macromolecule damage or
that prevent them from being repaired speed up ageing. Chronic inflammation,
chronic infection, some metallic compounds, UV light, and other factors that
increase oxidative stress are prominent among these.

Economical issues affecting elderly

Economic problems are experienced by the aged people, belonging to deprived,
marginalized and socio-economically backward sections of the society. When the
individuals are engaged in minority jobs, when their income is meagre and is not enough
to meet their needs and requirements, then the individuals experience economic
problems.

In India, more than 65 percent of the aged people are dependent upon others for their
daily life activities and responsibilities. The aged women, who are independent
accounted for less than 20 percent, whereas men were independent to a major extent

 Medical and Health Care – With aging, individuals experience health problems
and illnesses. They need regular medical checkup, they are required to take their
medicines and in case of other health problems are even required to undergo
medical treatment.

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  Court Cases – Court cases are regarded as aspects that require spending of
money to a large extent. When individuals are involved in certain disputes or
court cases, they feel stressed and economic problems.
 Education of Children – There are aged people, who have to take care of the
needs and requirements of their grandchildren, especially when their parents are
not around.
 Management of Household – The management of the household is a difficult
task. There are numerous areas that need to be taken into consideration, these
include, cleaning, washing, preparation of meals, gardening, taking care of
electricity, water and other civic amenities and so forth.
 Social Causes – When the aged people are living alone, then usually they get
engaged in some social work. Social work keeps them occupied and eliminate the
feelings of loneliness.
 Pension, provident fund, gratuity and other retirement benefits are various
sources that make provision of financial security to the elderly individuals.

Cultural issues affecting Elderly
 Cultural beliefs are said to shape social norms and the values which is related to
the aging process in older people. Cultural beliefs are not the same, they change
as the society develops. There are certain myths amongst different social groups
which leads to stereotypes and as a result people have limited social perspective
on older people and thus older people are ill-treated. It is necessary for us to
oppose the aging myths that people make us believe. These myths and
stereotypes have a direct, in fact a negative impact on older people in terms of
receiving services and opportunities within the society.
 In Western Cultures aging is mostly associated with disgust, older people are said
to represent failure and lack of success. This point of view on aging is culturally
supported and negative characteristics are credited to older people just because

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 they are “old”. These types of beliefs are so much a part of culture that they are
thought of as facts instead of typecast.

 Greeting card, memes and cartoons joke about being old and basically saying
“sorry to hear you are another year older”. Being old and aging are undesirable
and birthdays represent death and decline.

 Older people are usually described as forgetful, frail, bad drivers, having lack of
strength, wrinkly and grumpy.

 In Western culture families don’t share a good bond usually so when members of
the family get old they are left out alone and there is no one to take care of them
but if we see the same thing in Indian culture people respect and take care of
their elders when they get old. Elders are considered as the most important
members of a family in the Indian scenario.

Health issues affecting elderly

 At the biological level, aging results from the impact of the accumulation of a
wide range of molecular and cellular damage over time.
 This leads to a gradual reduction in physical and mental capacity, an increased
risk of illness and ultimately death. These changes are neither linear nor
consistent and are only loosely related to a person's age in years.

 The diversity observed in older age is not accidental. In addition to biological

changes, aging is often associated with other life transitions such as retirement,
moving to a more suitable residence, and the death of friends and partners.

 Common conditions in older age include hearing loss, cataracts and refractive
errors, back and neck pain and osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, diabetes, depression and dementia. As people age, they are more likely
to experience multiple conditions at the same time.

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Some facts and Numbers

 12 Lakh Youngsters Die of Cardiac Arrest Every Year in India.

 According to the National Crime Records Bureau, nearly 24,012 people die
each day due to a delay in getting medical assistance. These patients have
suffered heart attacks, brain haemorrage, suicide attempts, accidents and
strokes.

 More than 50% of heart attack cases reach hospital late, govt data show

 About 82 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older.
At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men to die
from

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  The WHO's India report shows that age-adjusted CVD mortality rates are
higher for men than women (349 per 100,000 among men and 265 per
100,000 among women).

List of Six major problems

 Heart attacks in old age

 Death due to not reaching hospital on time
 Data Leaks
 Health is personal data it should be encrypted
 5
 6

1. Heart attacks in old age

 Aging is an inevitable aspect of life, and it causes changes to the various
systems that support our body and mind.[2]
 A process that causes blatant damage to our cardiovascular system known as
atherosclerosis is one of the most thoroughly studied, diagnosed, and treated.
[2]
 Whichever the case may be, with the ageing of our population, we must deal
with atherosclerosis' symptoms and signs, the disease it causes, strategies to
prevent it or at least delay the process, or, if diagnosed late, ways to treat it.
[2]

Causes of cardiovascular diseases

 An active search for methods to curb this epidemic is necessary given the
rising burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the ageing populations of
industrialized countries.[1]
 Age-related declines in heart rate variability are believed to be related to
cardiovascular disease, psychological risk factors, and other cardiovascular
risk factors.[1]

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  Depression, social isolation, work stress, and hostility are psychosocial
characteristics that are differently distributed by socioeconomic position and
are linked to a higher risk of CVD.[1]
 Reduced heart rate variability (HRV), a sign of autonomic dysfunction, is seen
to worsen with ageing and has been linked to an increased risk of developing
coronary heart disease (CHD), CVD mortality, and a worse prognosis in
patients with CHD or heart failure.

Preventive Measures in Old Age

 Even though ageing is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease on its
own, we should still urge everyone regardless of age to abstain from
smoking, encourage physical activity, manage their blood pressure,
give diabetics careful hypoglycemic therapy, avoid obesity, and take
any other steps to protect their hearts.
 Unexpectedly, statin medication to lower cholesterol has been proven
to cut mortality even when started in patients over the age of 80, and
in these patients, lipid levels comparable to those in younger people
are the aim.[2]
https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2261-5-33
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000086898.96021.b9

2. Death due to not reaching hospital in time

Introduction
 A significant policy concern is ensuring prompt access to medical care. It
has been discovered that slow access increases the number of non-
emergency conditions treated in emergency rooms and lowers patient
satisfaction.
 Most importantly, because of delays in diagnosis and treatment, delayed
access to health care is thought to have a negative impact on health
outcomes.
 Lack of wait time data is probably to blame for the paucity of empirical
studies on wait times and health outcomes. The period of time between

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 making a request and receiving a scheduled appointment is a standard
definition of wait periods for medical care.
 The majority of the time, estimates of how long people wait for medical
appointments are based on self-reported survey data.
 When contacting providers and asking when the next available
appointment for a new or existing patient could be scheduled, a few
studies of specific specialties have measured wait times, but generally
speaking, health care systems have not systematically collected data on
how long people wait for appointments.[3]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1955366/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
356265553_Blockchain_Technology_for_Healthcare_Record_Management

3. Data Leaks
Introduction
 Healthcare robots are widely used in the industry to carry out vital and
unstable jobs including remote surgery, rehabilitation, nursing, taking care
of the elderly, and diagnosis, in addition to monitoring patients.
 Healthcare robots give real-time patient health information to healthcare
workers, which is useful in situations where there are many patients, as the
COVID-19 pandemic.
 Healthcare robots have constrained onboard memory, bandwidth, processing
power, storage, and networks, which are some of the factors impeding
robotics advancement.[5]

Successful related works

Regardless of how expensive it may be, the seamless integration of a wide
range of big healthcare data technologies can help us enhance patient care,
safety, and quality of care while also allowing for faster and safer throughput of
patients and more efficiency. [6]

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 Privacy and security concerns in big data
 Big data security and privacy are significant challenges. The ability to
protect sensitive information concerning individually identifiable health
information is frequently defined as privacy.
 In order to guarantee that patients' personal information is being
gathered, shared, and used in the proper manner, it focuses on the usage
and governance of individual's personal data by creating policies and
setting authorization criteria.
 While availability and integrity are sometimes explicitly mentioned along
with security, security is generally defined as the defense against
unwanted access. Data theft for financial gain and data protection are its
main concerns.[6]

Security of big healthcare data

 The drawbacks are the lack of technological assistance and inadequate
security, even while healthcare companies store, retain, and transfer
enormous volumes of data to enable the delivery of effective and appropriate
care.
 The fact that the healthcare sector is still one of the most vulnerable to
publicly reported data breaches complicates matters. Attackers may really
utilize data mining techniques to identify sensitive material, release it to the
public, and cause a data breach.
 Even while putting security measures into place is still a challenging
procedure, the risks are rising as security controls are increasingly difficult
to circumvent.

Privacy of big healthcare data

 The advent of advanced persistent threats and targeted attacks against
information systems is regarded to be a developing problem in the field of
big data analytics with regard to the breach of patient privacy.
 Organizations therefore face a challenge in addressing these various
complementary and pressing problems.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41870-022-00997-8
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https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-017-0110-7

4. Health is Personal Data it should be encrypted

Encrypting Personal Health Information on Mobile Devices
Number 12 May 2007

What is encryption?
Ordinary text or data, referred to as "plaintext," is transformed into an
incomprehensible stream of seemingly random symbols, referred to as "cyphertext," by
the process of encryption. A digital "key" that permits access to the encrypted data
governs this operation.
Types of encryption
Device encryption: A portable storage device, like a USB key or "thumb drive," might be
used to store PHI as an alternative to keeping it on a laptop. This capability might also
be present in PDAs and portable music players. Because of how portable these gadgets
are and how frequently they are lost, encryption is even more important.
Enterprise encryption: This part is for health information custodians who are in charge
of a sizable number of computers, PDAs, or other mobile storage devices. It might not
be a good idea to rely on individual users to choose and use one of the encryption
alternatives mentioned above. Custodians can enforce encryption standards on all the
devices they are in charge of using enterprise-wide solutions. There are several
alternatives available if you conduct a web search or speak with your vendor about
"Data Leak Prevention," "Information Loss Protection," or "End Point Protection." These
solutions can encrypt data on their own or can cooperate with another encryption
product that is already installed to uphold corporate regulations.
Solutions :

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 The IPC is aware that persons who are in charge of protecting PHI data may not be
conversant with encryption technologies. Here are a few examples of the encryption
methods that are currently on the market. Although we made an effort to include
representative businesses for the many kinds of solutions that are offered, this is neither
an endorsement nor a recommendation.

https://www.ipc.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Resources/fact-12-e.pdf

Big data security and privacy in healthcare:

Karim ABOUELMEHDIa 1 , Abderrahim BENI-HSSANEa , Hayat KHALOUFIa , Mostafa
SAADIb
Healthcare organizations store, maintain and transmit huge amounts of data to support
the delivery of efficient and\r proper care. Hackers can use data mining methods and
procedures to find out sensitive data and release it to public. It is crucial that
organizations implement healthcare data security solutions
Various technologies are in use for protecting the security and privacy of healthcare
data. Most widely used technologies are:
Authentication: Authentication is the act of establishing or confirming claims made by
or about the subject are true and authentic. It serves a vital function within any
organization: securing access to corporate networks, protecting the identities of users,
and ensuring that a user is who he claims to be.
Encryption: Encryption is useful to avoid exposure to breaches such as packet sniffing
and theft of storage devices. Healthcare organizations or providers must ensure that
encryption scheme is efficient, easy to use by both patients and healthcare
professionals. Also, the number of keys hold by each party should be minimized.

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Although diverse encryption algorithms were evolved and deployed tremendously well
(RSA, Rijndael, AES and RC6 20, 22, 23, DES, 3DES, RC4 21, IDEA, Blowfish …), the right
choice of appropriate encryption algorithms to put into effect steady garage stays a
tough problem.
Data Masking: Data masking is one of the most popular approach to live data
anonymization. Masking replaces sensitive data elements with an unidentifiable value,
but is not truly an encryption. It uses a strategy of de-identifying the data or masking
personal identifiers such as name and social security number.
Access Control: Once authenticated, the users can enter an information system. Access
control policy is a powerful and flexible mechanism to grant permissions. cloud storage
efficient dynamic access control scheme cipher text based on the CP-ABE and symmetric
encryption algorithm (such as AES).

Privacy preserving methods in big data

 De identification:
De-identification is the process used to prevent someone's personal identity from
being revealed. For example, data produced during human subject research
might be de-identified to preserve the privacy of research participants
There are three methods of de Identification
1. k-anonymity
2. L-diversity
3. T-closeness
 HybrEx
It is a shared platform managed by a third-party with potential security risks such
as insider attacks and soft- ware vulnerabilities.
 Identity based anonymization
Data anonymization is the process of protecting private or sensitive
information by erasing or encrypting identifiers that connect an individual to
stored data. For example, you can run Personally Identifiable Information
(PII) such as names, social security numbers, and addresses through a data
anonymization process that retains the data but keeps the source anonymous.

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More than ever it is crucial that healthcare organizations manage and safeguard
personal information and address their legal responsibilities in relation to processing
personal data. There are some approaches and techniques for achieving security and
privacy in which healthcare organizations are likely to be highly beneficial, according to
our analysis.
Big data is being used to drive health research, knowledge discovery, clinical care, and
personal health management. Privacy and security issues in each phase of big data life
cycle are also presented. We will try to solve the problem of reconciling security and
privacy models using exploiting the MapReduce framework.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050917317015

ANNEXURE:
Questionnaire Framed

1. General Questions:
Q1. Age Group
a. 18-25
b. 25-40
c. 40-60
d. 60+

Q2.What is your major occupation?

a. Farming
b. Business
c. Government Servant
d. Student

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Data leaks

Q1. Do you think data leaks have any affect?

a. Yes
b. No

Q2. How will you protect your health data?

a. Keeping safe
b. Using scientific way
c. Sharing data with other
d. A and B

Q3. What can be the effect of data leaks?

a. Threat to privacy
b. Threat to health
c. Both A and B

Q4.

Q5.

Heart attack in old age

Q1. In every 4 death 1 death is caused by heart attack?

a. True
b. False

Q2. Which gender gets more panic attack?

a. Male
b. Female

Q3. Risk for heart disease include

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 a. High BP and cholesterol
b. Smoking
c. Lack of exercise
d. All of the above

Q4. Have you experienced any panic attacks?

a. Yes
b. No

Q5. Do you agree that old age people get more panic attack than young age?

a. Yes
b. No

Q6. When heart trouble is sensed, who waits at least two hours before help is called?

a. Men
b. Women
c. Both men and women
d. Children

Health is personal data it should be encrypted

Q1. Do the encryption of heath data is required?

a. Yes
b. No

Q2. How can health data be encrypted?

a. Hashing
b. Password protection
c. Encryption
d. All of the above

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Q3. Sharing data with whom are safe?

a. Doctor
b. Family
c. Friends
d. A and B

Q4. What is the advantage of health data encryption?

a. Protect patient information

b. Procedure of treatment
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above

Q5. Can someone misuse the health data?

a. Yes
b. No

Death due to not reaching on time

Q1. What percentage of death happens in India due to not getting medical attention?

a. 20%
b. 25%
c. 27%
d. 30%

Q2. What can be immediate action for any accident?

a. Calling ambulance
b. First aid
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above

Q3. Do you think death is caused due to not getting medical attention?

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 a. Yes
b. No

Q4. Why medical attention is not given on time?

a. Lack of knowledge
b. Lack of manpower
c. Lack of awareness
d. All of the above

Q5. What should government do to reduce death rate due to lack of medical attention?

a. Strict rules for manpower

b. Increment in the manpower and facilities
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above

Family caring for elders

Q1. Does elders require more care?

a. Yes
b. No

Q2. Do you care elders at your home?

a. Yes
b. No
c. No elders

Q3. How does your society people treat their elders?

a. Very nice
b. Nice
c. Not good
d. Bad

Q4. Are old people taken care carefully at old age home?

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 a. Yes
b. No
c. No idea

Q5. What can you do to aware your society to take care for elders?

Economical problems in elders

Q1. Do elders face economic problems?

a. Yes
b. No

Q2. Does government provide any financial assistance to elders?

a. Yes
b. No

Q3. What can be the solution of this problem?

a. Free healthcare for elders

b. Free facility for basic needs for elders
c. Both
d. None of the above

Q4. What percentage of elders are economically dependent on others?

a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%

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Q5. Will you support your elder economically in future?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Depends on situation

Q6. Do government need to take any step to solve economic problem for elders?

a. Yes
b. No

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