2022

S. Sanjay Kumar
Class 11 A
Roll No. 11

[STUDY OF EFFECT
OF ANTIBIOTICS ON
MICROORGANISMS]
 INTRODUCTION
ANTIBIOTICS
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against
bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for
fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely
used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may
either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of
antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not
effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza;drugs
which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather
than antibiotics.

Sometimes, the term antibiotic—literally "opposing life", from the

Greek roots ἀντι anti, "against" and βίος bios, "life"—is broadly used
to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual
medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced
naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-
antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are
fully synthetic. However, both classes have the same goal of killing or
preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in
antimicrobial chemotherapy. "Antibacterials" include antiseptic
drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas
antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more
specifically in medicine[6] and sometimes in livestock feed.

Some of the known and commonly used antibiotics are

Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Tetracyclines and also another
antibiotic which is used all over the world and very commonly known
and used is Penicillin.
MICRO-ORGANISMS
A microorganism, or microbe,[a] is an organism of microscopic size,
which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells .

Microorganisms include most unicellular organisms from all three

domains of life they can be extremely diverse. Two of the three
domains, Archaea and Bacteria, only contain microorganisms. The
third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms as well as
many unicellular protists and protozoans that are microbes. Some
protists are related to animals and some to green plants. There are
also many multicellular organisms that are microscopic, namely
micro-animals, some fungi, and some algae, but these are generally
not considered microorganisms.

Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways,

serving to ferment foods and treat sewage, and to produce fuel,
enzymes, and other bioactive compounds. Microbes are essential
tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in
biological warfare and bioterrorism. Microbes are a vital component
of fertile soil. In the human body, microorganisms make up the
human microbiota, including the essential gut flora. The pathogens
responsible for many infectious diseases are microbes and, as such,
are the target of hygiene measures.

Some Examples of Microorganisms are Staphylococcus aureus,

Staphyloccocus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida
albicans, Peniciliium rubens.