Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information

Technology
Rahim Yar Khan
Department Of Computer Engineering

Operating System Lab

Lab 01: Introduction to Operating System/Linux

Lab Instructor: Mr. Muneeb Yasir
Objective:
 Learn about operating system
 About Linux
 Why to learn Linux

Operating System:
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Linux:
Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. Linux was created in 1991
by Linus Torvalds. Android, is powered by the Linux operating system.

The Linux operating system comprises several different pieces:

1. Bootloader – The software that manages the boot process of your computer. For most
users, this will simply be a splash screen that pops up and eventually goes away to boot
into the operating system.

2. Kernel – This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called ?Linux?. The kernel is
the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The
kernel is the lowest level of the OS.
 3. Init system – This is a sub-system that bootstraps the user space and is charged with
controlling daemons. One of the most widely used init systems is systemd? which also
happens to be one of the most controversial. It is the init system that manages the boot
process, once the initial booting is handed over from the bootloader (i.e., GRUB or
GRand Unified Bootloader).

4. Daemons – These are background services (printing, sound, scheduling, etc.) that either
start up during boot or after you log into the desktop.

5. Graphical server – This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It
is commonly referred to as the X server or just X.

6. Desktop environment – This is the piece that the users actually interact with. There are
many desktop environments to choose from (GNOME, Cinnamon, Mate, Pantheon,
Enlightenment, KDE, Xfce, etc.). Each desktop environment includes built-in
applications (such as file managers, configuration tools, web browsers, and games).

7. Applications – Desktop environments do not offer the full array of apps. Just like
Windows and macOS, Linux offers thousands upon thousands of high-quality software
titles that can be easily found and installed. Most modern Linux distributions (more on
this below) include App Store-like tools that centralize and simplify application
installation. For example, Ubuntu Linux has the Ubuntu Software Center (a rebrand of
GNOME Software? Figure 1) which allows you to quickly search among the thousands
of apps and install them from one centralized location.

Why Linux:
1. High Security
2. High Stability
3. Ease of Maintenance
4. Runs on any Hardware
5. It is Free
6. Open Source
7. Ease of Use and Flexibility
8. Customization
9. Education and Support
10. Community support
 Windows Vs Linux:
Windows OS
Windows OS is very easy to use and
two of its major design characteristics
are simplicity and user-friendliness.
Windows is less reliable when
compared with Linux.
The majority of the Windows games,
utilities, and programs are commercial. source and free.
Windows provides online and
integrated help systems. Also, there
are many books available for all skill
levels.
Linux OS
An average user should gain some knowledge on how to use
Linux OS. And, to perform day-to-day operations, users need an
in-depth understanding of the underlying system.
Linux is highly secure and reliable. It focuses more on uptime,
system security, and process management.
The majority of the Linux games, utilities, and programs are open
There is massive online support available for Linux. This is
through a large community of websites and user forums.
 Windows OS Linux OS
Various academic, scientific, and corporate companies of every
Windows OS is usually used by novice
size use Linux. This OS is used to power servers and
users, gamers, and business users
development machines at NASA, Twitter, Facebook, Google, and
who depend on Microsoft software.
various other top organizations.
Windows installation is very easy but it Linux OS installation involves complications but this OS can
takes time. complete complex tasks faster.

Assignment:
Q1: Write Name of all operating systems belongs to Unix family

Q2: Write Files system of Windows & Linux and list down their differences.