AUDIO –Basic Sound Concepts

NAME:RANI MARIYA JOY

ROLL NO:24
MCA20
 CONTENTS
1.ACOUSTICS

2.SOUND WAVES

3.TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF SOUND

4.COMPONENTS OF AN AUDIO SYSTEMS

 ACOUSTICS
▪ Acoustics is the branch of science dealing with the study of sound
and is concerned with the generation, transmission, and reception of
sound waves
▪ The application of acoustics in technology is called acoustical
engineering.

The main sub-disciplines of acoustiocs are,

(a) Aero acoustics
(b)Architectural acoustics
(c)Bio acoustics
(d)Biomedical acoustics
(e)Psycho acoustics
(f)Physical acoustics
(g)Speech communication
(e)Ultrasonics
(f)Musical acoustics
 SOUND WAVES
Physical characteristics of a sound waves,

• Amplitude

• Frequency

• Waveform

• Speed
Amplitude
▪ Amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a particle in the path of a
wave and is the peak height of the wave.
▪ The sound with higher amplitude will be louder to hear than the wave with the
lower amplitude
Frequency
▪ Frequency measure the number of vibrations of a particle in the path
of a wave in one second.
▪ Frequency measured in a unit called Hertz and denoted by Hz
Wave form
• The actual shape of the waves ->it can be sinusoidal, square,
triangular etc.
• This characteristics is also help to distinguish between sounds
coming from different instruments.
Speed
• The speed of sound depends on the medium through which the
sound travels and the temperature of the medium but not on the
pressure.
• The speed is about 340 m/s in air and 1500 m/s in water
 TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF SOUND
Music vs. Noise
Music:-> Sounds pleasant to hear, it is normally originate from periodic
or regular vibrations.
Noise:->Sounds unpleasant to our ears, it is originate from irregular or
non periodic vibrations.
Musical note
• In music ,a note is a unit of fixed pitch expressed in notion system.
• In English the notes are given letter names A,B,C,D,E,F,G.

There are four ways to change the pitch of a vibrating string of musical
instrument.
❖ By changing the length of the string.
❖ By changing the diameter of the string.
❖ By adjusting the tension of the string.
❖ By changing the density of the string
Rhythm
• Rhythm is the variation of duration over time
• In western music ,rhythms generally specified in terms of a time
signature and meter.

Melody and Harmony

Melody :Melodies of consist of one or musical phrases and are usually
repeated throughout a song in various forms

Harmony: It related to chord, which means three or more notes playing

together over a period of time.
Tone and Note

Tone: A tone is a sound having single frequency. It can be represented

by sinusoidal curve.

Note: The sound we normally hear a composite mixture of various tone

of varying amplitude and frequencies. Such a composit sound is called a
note.

Lowest frequency ->Fundamental frequency

Other frequencies->Overtones
Dynamic range

• Dynamic range is the ratio between smallest and largest possible

values of a variable quantity.
• In music dynamic range is used to mean the difference between the
quietest and loudest volume of an instrument.
• Dynamic range compression->Electronic document use techniques to
fit the original large dynamic range to a smaller value which can more
easily recorded and stored.
White noise and other colors of noise

▪ White noise:->constant power density

▪ Pink noise:-> A signal whose power density decreases at the ratio of 3
db per octave with increasing frequency over a finite frequency
range.
▪ Red noise:->oceanic ambient noises from distant sources called red
noise, because of absorption of higher frequency.
▪ Green noise:-> the background noise of the world
▪ Blue noise:->A signal whose power density increases at the rate of 3
db per octave with increasing frequency over a finite frequency
range.
▪ Purple noise:->A signal whose power density increases at the rate of
6 db per octave with increasing frequency over a finite frequency
range.
▪ Gray noise:->A sound that is equally loud at all frequencies
▪ Brown noise:->A signal whose power density increases at the rate of
6 db per octave with increasing frequency over a finite frequency
range.
▪ Black noise:->A noise capable to canceling other noises and
producing silence.
Crosstalk
▪ In telecommunication , the term crosstalk is used to indicate the
noise introduced in a signal transmitted on one channel by a signal
on another channel.
Hi-Fi
▪ High fidelity is a term describing the reproduction of sound and
image almost identical to the original in quality.
RIAA Equalization
▪ Recording industry association of America
▪ Equalization is essentially a process of modifying the frequency
envelope of a sound.
▪ A peaking Equalizer---
▪ A shelving Equalizer---
 COMPONENETS OF AN AUDIO SYSTEMS

▪ Microphone
▪ Amplifier
▪ Speaker
MICROPHONE
▪ Acoustics energy converted into electrical energy.
▪ Microphone is divided into two,
--->based on the constructional feature:
(a)moving coil type
(b)condenser type
--->based on the functional feature:
(a)Omni directional
(b)Bi directional
(c)Uni directional
--->based on the constructional feature:

MOVING COIL MICROPHONE

• It consist of a thin metallic or rubber sheet called diaphragm .

• An attached coil of wire is mounted close to and touching diaphragm.
• A magnet produces a magnetic field that surrounds the coil.
• A sound hit on the diaphragm causing it to vibrate, also causes
movement of the coil within the magnetic field.

CONDENSER MICROPHONE
• The diaphragm actually one plate of a capacitor.
• The incident sound on the diaphragm moves the plate ,changing the
capacitance and generating a voltage.
--->based on the functional feature:

OMINI DIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE

• It is equally sensitive to sounds coming from all directions.
• It is used to record sound coming from multiple sources.

BI-DIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE
• It is sensitive to sounds coming from two directions .
• It is used to record two sources of sound simultaneously.

UNI-DIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE
• It is designed to record sound from a single sources.
AMPLIFIER

• In which a varying input signal controls a flow of energy to produce

an output signal.
• The amplifier takes power from a power supply and uses the energy
to produce an output electrical signal, which has the same shape as
the input signal but in larger in amplitude
• Amplifier circuits are designated as
---->analogue design
class A, class B, class AB , class C
----->digital design
class D, class E
LOUD SPEAKER

▪ A loud speaker is a device that converts electrical energy back to

acoustic energy.
▪ It ‘s function is opposite to a microphone.

Different units for handle frequencies,

Woofers--->handle low frequencies.

Mid range--->to handle middle frequency.
Tweeters--->to handle high frequency .
Sub woofer--->to handle very low frequencies.
THANK YOU………………