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Purple
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Byzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at Basilica of San Vitale
Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech
Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks
of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of
their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to
between 16,000 and 25,000 BC. [17]
As early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the
coast of Ancient Phoenicia, (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from
a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex.[18] Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was
mentioned in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil.[18] The deep, rich purple
dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple. [19]
The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the
tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of
empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails
were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a
basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There, a remarkable transformation took
place. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then
violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at
exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright
crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk
would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always
rich, bright and lasting.[20]
Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around
the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament); in
the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering
including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet," [21] to be used in the curtains of
the Tabernacle and the garments of priests. The term used for purple in the 4th-
century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian purple.[22] In
the Iliad of Homer, the belt of Ajax is purple, and the tails of the horses of Trojan
warriors are dipped in purple. In the Odyssey, the blankets on the wedding bed
of Odysseus are purple. In the poems of Sappho (6th century BC) she celebrates the
skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom of Lydia who made purple footwear, and in
the play of Aeschylus (525–456 BC), Queen Clytemnestra welcomes back her
husband Agamemnon by decorating the palace with purple carpets. In 950 BC, King
Solomon was reported to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics
to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem.[23]
Alexander the Great (when giving imperial audiences as the basileus of
the Macedonian Empire), the basileus of the Seleucid Empire, and the kings of
Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple.
The Roman custom of wearing purple togas may have come from the Etruscans; an
Etruscan tomb painting from the 4th century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep
purple and embroidered toga.
In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple
stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of
age,[24] curule magistrates,[25][26] certain categories of priests,[27] and a few other
categories of citizens.
The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the Roman
Republic, it was worn by generals in their triumphs, and by the Praetor
Urbanus when he rode in the chariot of the gods into the circus at the Ludi
Apollinares.[28] During the Empire, the toga picta was worn by magistrates giving
public gladiatorial games, and by the consuls, as well as by the emperor on special
occasions.
During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored
wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with
a purple stripe. However, during the Roman Empire, purple was more and more
associated exclusively with the emperors and their officers. [29] Suetonius claims that
the early emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for the splendour of
his purple cloak, and that Nero forbade the use of certain purple dyes.[30] In the late
empire the sale of purple cloth became a state monopoly protected by the death
penalty.[31]
According to the New Testament, Jesus Christ, in the hours leading up to his
crucifixion, was dressed in purple (πορφύρα: porphura) by the Roman garrison to
mock his claim to be 'King of the Jews'.[32]
The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from a reddish to a bluish
purple. According to the Roman writer Vitruvius, (1st century BC), the murex shells
coming from northern waters, probably Bolinus brandaris, produced a more bluish
color than those of the south, probably Hexaplex trunculus. The most valued shades
were said to be those closer to the color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the
robes of the Emperor Justinian in Ravenna. The chemical composition of the dye
from the murex is close to that of the dye from indigo, and indigo was sometimes
used to make a counterfeit Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished.
What seems to have mattered about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its luster,
richness, its resistance to weather and light, and its high price. [33]
In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the
German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed
twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a
handkerchief. In the year 2000, a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand
mollusks according to the original formula cost two thousand euros. [34][35]
China
Main article: Han purple and Han blue
In ancient China, purple was obtained not through the Mediterranean mollusc,
but purple gromwell. The dye obtained did not easily adhere to fabrics, making
purple fabrics expensive. Purple became a fashionable color in the state of Qi (齊,
1046 BC–221 BC) because its ruler developed a preference for it. As a result, the
price of a purple spoke of fabric was in excess of five times that of a plain spoke. His
minister, Guan Zhong (管仲), eventually convinced him to relinquish this preference.
China was the first culture to develop a synthetic purple color. [36]
Old hypothesis suggested links between Chinese purple and blue with Egyptian
blue, however, molecular structure analysis and evidences such as the absence of
lead in Egyptian blue and the lack of examples of Egyptian blue in China, argued
against the early hypothesis.[37][38] The use of quartz, barium, and lead components
in ancient Chinese glass and Han purple and Han blue has been used to suggest a
connection between glassmaking and the manufacture of pigments, [39] and to prove
for the independent Chinese invention.[37] Taoist alchemists may have developed Han
purple from their knowledge of glassmaking. [37]
The lead is used by pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han
Purple.[40]
Purple was regarded as a secondary color in ancient China. In classical times,
secondary colors were not as highly prized as the five primary colors of the Chinese
spectrum, and purple was used to allude to impropriety, compared to crimson, which
was deemed a primary color and thus symbolized legitimacy. Nevertheless, by the
6th Century, purple was ranked above crimson. Several changes to the ranks of
colors occurred after that time.
Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple. The color could vary from
crimson to deep purple, depending upon the type
of murex sea-snail and how it was made.
11th-century Byzantine robe, dyed Tyrian
purple with murex dye. Creatures are griffins
In England, pre-Raphaelite painters like Arthur
Hughes were particularly enchanted by purple and/or violet.
This is April Love (1856).
Pigments
Hematite and manganese are the oldest
pigments used for the color purple. They were
used by Neolithic artists in the form of sticks, like
charcoal, or ground and powdered and mixed
with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a
reddish iron oxide which, when ground coarsely,
makes a purple pigment. One such pigment
is caput mortuum, whose name is also used in
reference to mummy brown. The latter is another
pigment containing hematite and historically
produced with the use of mummified corpses.
[59]
Some of its compositions produce a purple
color and may be called "mummy violet".
[60]
Manganese was also used in Roman times to
color glass purple.[61]
Han purple was the first synthetic purple pigment,
invented in China in about 700 BC. It was used in
wall paintings and pottery and other applications.
In color, it was very close to indigo, which had a
similar chemical structure. Han purple was very
unstable, and sometimes was the result of the
chemical breakdown of Han blue.
During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue
pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with red ochre, cinnabar, or minium.
They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or
indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red.[62]
Manganese pigments were used in the neolithic paintings
in the Lascaux cave, France.
A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the
French impressionists.
Dyes
The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a
type of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history
section above).[52]
In western Polynesia, residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian
purple from the sea urchin. In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a
different sea snail, the purpura, found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while
the Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty. [62]
In the Middle Ages, those who worked with blue and black dyes belonged to
separate guilds from those who worked with red and yellow dyes, and were often
forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. [64] Most purple fabric
was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye
from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red. [citation needed]
Orcein, or purple moss, was another common purple dye. It was known to the
ancient Greeks and Hebrews, and was made from a Mediterranean lichen called
archil or dyer's moss (Roccella tinctoria), combined with an ammoniac, usually urine.
Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple
became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black
for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors. [65]
From the Middle Ages onward, purple dyes for the clothing of common people were
often made from the blackberry or other red fruit of the genus rubus, or from
the mulberry. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with
washing and exposure to sunlight.
A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the
Renaissance was made from the wood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylum
campechianum), which grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals
added to the dye, it produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of alum, a purple
color, It made a good color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing.
In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the
first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same
time. Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that can be used to
dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was developed by Dr
Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a
solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added
and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to
powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall
being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders
sworn to secrecy.
French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is
extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye
precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is
heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the
resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.
Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th
century, and is made by a similar process as cobalt blue, cerulean blue and cobalt
green. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists. In spite of its
name, this pigment produces a purple rather than violet color [51]
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first
synthetic organic chemical dye,[66][67] discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical
name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.
Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a
brilliant fuchsia color.
In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments
called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896,
but were not synthetized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The
colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the
molecular formula C20H12N2O2. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing,
and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in
automobile coatings and other industrial coatings.
A sample of fuchsine dye
Animals
Anthocyanins
Certain grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers may
appear purple due to the presence of natural pigments called anthocyanins. These
pigments are found in the leaves, roots, stems, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all
plants. They aid photosynthesis by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would
damage the leaves. In flowers, the purple anthocyanins help attract insects who
pollinate the flowers. Not all anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to
purple to blue, green, or yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
The purple colors of this cauliflower, grapes, fruits,
vegetables and flowers comes from natural pigments
called anthocyanins.
A purple pansy.
Iris germanica flowers
Lavender flowers.
A purple rose.
salsify
Microbiology
Purple bacteria are bacteria that
are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing
energy through photosynthesis.[68]
The more distant mountains are, the lighter and more blue
they are. This is called atmospheric perspective or aerial
perspective.
Mythology
Julius Pollux, a Greek grammarian who lived in the second century AD, attributed the
discovery of purple to the Phoenician god and guardian of the city of Tyre, Heracles.
[72]
According to his account, while walking along the shore with the nymph Tyrus, the
god's dog bit into a murex shell, causing his mouth to turn purple. The nymph
subsequently requested that Heracles create a garment for her of that same color,
with Heracles obliging her demands giving birth to Tyrian purple. [72][46]
Engineering
The color purple plays a significant role in the traditions of engineering schools
across Canada.[citation needed] Purple is also the color of the Engineering Corp in the British
Military.[citation needed]
Idioms and expressions
Purple prose refers to pretentious or overly
embellished writing. For example, a paragraph
containing an excessive number of long and
unusual words is called a purple passage.
Born to the purple means someone who is born
into a life of wealth and privilege. It originally was
used to describe the rulers of the Byzantine
Empire.
A purple patch is a period of exceptional
success or good luck.[79] The origins are obscure,
but it may refer to the symbol of success of the
Byzantine Court. Bishops in Byzantium wore a
purple patch on their costume as a symbol of
rank.
Purple haze refers to a state of mind induced
by psychedelic drugs, particularly LSD.[80]
Wearing purple is a military slang expression in
the U.S., Canada and the U.K. for an officer who
is serving in a joint assignment with another
service, such as an Army officer on assignment
to the Navy. The officer is symbolically putting
aside his or her traditional uniform color and
exclusive loyalty to their service during the joint
assignment, though in fact they continue to wear
their own service's uniform.[81]
Purple squirrel is a term used by employment
recruiters to describe a job candidate with
precisely the right education, experience, and
qualifications that perfectly fits a job's
multifaceted requirements. The assumption is
that the perfect candidate is as rare as a real-life
purple squirrel.
Military
The Purple Heart is a United States military
decoration awarded in the name of the President
to those who have been wounded or killed during
their service.
Politics
In United States politics, a purple state is a state
roughly balanced
between Republicans (generally symbolized by
red in the 21st century)
and Democrats (symbolized by blue).
In the politics of the
Netherlands, Purple (Dutch: paars) means a
coalition government consisting
of liberals and social democrats (symbolized by
the colors blue and red, respectively), as
opposed to the more common coalitions of
the Christian Democrats with one of the other
two. Between 1994 and 2002 there were two
Purple cabinets, both led by Prime Minister Wim
Kok.
In the politics of Belgium, as with the
Netherlands, a purple government includes
liberal and social-democratic parties in coalition.
Belgium was governed by Purple governments
from 1999 to 2007 under the leadership of Prime
Minister Guy Verhofstadt.
Purple is the primary color used by many
European and American political parties,
including Volt Europa, the UK Independence
Party, the Social Democrats in the Republic of
Ireland, the Liberal People's Party in Norway, and
the United States Pirate Party. The Left party in
Germany, whose primary color is red, is
traditionally portrayed in purple on election maps
to distinguish it from the Social Democratic Party
of Germany.[citation needed]
In the United Kingdom, the color scheme for
the suffragette movement in Britain and Ireland
was designed with purple for loyalty and dignity,
white for purity, and green for hope.[82][83][84]
Rhyme
Purple was a central motif in the career of the musician Prince. His 1984 film and album Purple Rain is one
of his best-known works. The title track is Prince's signature song and was nearly always played in concert.
Prince encouraged his fans to wear purple to his concerts. [85][86]
Business
The British chocolate company Cadbury chose purple as it was Queen Victoria's
favourite color.[89] The company trademarked the color purple for chocolates with
registrations in 1995[90] and 2004.[91] However, the validity of these trademarks is the
matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé.[92]
In flags
Purple or violet appear in the flags of only two
modern sovereign nations, and are merely
ancillary colors in both cases. The Flag of
Dominica features a sisserou parrot, a national
symbol, while the Flag of Nicaragua displays a
rainbow in the center, as part of the coat of arms
of Nicaragua.
The lower band of the flag of the second Spanish
republic (1931–39) was colored a tone of purple,
to represent the common people as opposed to
the red of the Spanish monarchy, unlike other
nations of Europe where purple represented
royalty and red represented the common people.
[93]
See also
Byzantium (color)
Carmine (color)
Cerise (color)
Lavender (color)
List of colors
Orchid (color)
Purple (cipher machine)
Purple Francis
Purple Mark
Raspberry (color)
Rose (color)
Ruby (color)
Shades of magenta
Shades of purple
Ultramarine
Violet (color)
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Further references
Ball, Philip (2001). Bright Earth, Art and the
Invention of Colour. Hazan (French
translation). ISBN 978-2-7541-0503-3.
Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur:
Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French
translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
Pastoureau, Michel (2005). Le petit livre des
couleurs. Editions du Panama. ISBN 978-2-
7578-0310-3.
Gage, John (1993). Colour and Culture: Practice
and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction.
Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from
French translation). ISBN 978-2-87811-295-5.
Gage, John (2006). La Couleur dans l'art.
Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.
Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs: pigments et
teintures dans les mains des peuples.
Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02084697-4.
Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Color in Art.
Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0111-5.
Roelofs, Isabelle (2012). La couleur expliquée
aux artistes. Groupe Eyrolles. ISBN 978-2-212-
13486-5.
"The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R.
(1990). Sensation and perception: An integrated
approach (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
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