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    Định Lí Turan

    Uploaded by

    Thanh Bao Nguỹen

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 30
    ‘Why 872919 Dinh lg Turan NCG. Vugng Xét bai t 7 : idan Ted a1 nt MAY. Cho n idm trong mitt mit phing. Tak che doen thing afi mal ob chp ahau, Ré rang ring, cho di ta o6 ké mt céch nglu nhien nt 86 ang ring, 173 0, nbu sb doaa thin ion 8 thy et Binmt am g letsdnh fed ban a. Ch i it dae ES c dink 96 doga thing ln nhft ma tao thi é sao cho Mang xulthita mp tam gc. cing 6 thé dat lel cau hdi dui dang: xéc dinh 6 dogn thAng nb} nbét ma luon luon dim bio i sy tén tal cla mot tam giée voi moi eéich ka. ‘Mot trong nhiing céu hdi du tign nhu vey duge trd lai bai Turéa. 1 Dinh ly Mantel ‘Ta bat du vot mot trutmg hop die bift, cing chink Ia eau t& ot cho bal toss mid ta dua r0'3 ten, dutge biét dén dudi tén goi Dinh 1y Mantel. - Dinh 1¥ 1.1 (Mantel). Cho G 1 mot ad thi (dom, v6 huaing) trénn dink, Néu G thong o6 tam gic tht G khong’ cb nhieu hon [3] cath. Déng dhte ady ra Khi vd chi Khi @ = Kg,g néun chin v8 Kazi ap névn B Ching minh thet nhét, Gia st G = (V,E) I mot 48'thi n dinh khong chia tam giée. Dida ign C Ikhéng chita tam giée n6i ring hai dinh k8 bét li kong o6 mot inh ké chung. Natt viy, d(u) +00) En, V {uo} eB. Ly tdng theo tht cd cic canh ta thu duge SY au) + alu) sen. fos Cha ¥ ring trong.v6 tréi cia bét ding thc trén, Bi d(u), we V xubt bien dng d(x) tn (mbt ln tng voi mgt canh {u,v} k8 vei u), Nhu vey, bit ding thie trea 06 thé duge viet li think Lew s on ~ Bay go, sit dyng cong thi bc 26 = Dyey d(u) va bit ding thite Cauchy-Schwarz ta 6 2 #.1(Eav) < Yalu)? '3. DA thi Tu 1a 40'thi BOE K+ l-clique e6 66 con lon nhlt. Hom nda, Ty ecg lo dd thi duy nhdi'cd inh cbt NOY. ‘Trude kht di vao ching minh, ta o6 nha xét don giin sau day. BG dd 2.2, Thong 6 ofc 48 thj k-phdn trén m dink, Ty la dd thi ob sb canh lon nid, Chang minh. Chi cha xét mot 48 thi G k-phan dy ai st c6 hai phiin cis G cO ich thut6c sai khée > 2. ‘Thé thi, bling naa ee ae oe “ut pha 66 Kich thutde J6n hon, ching hen z sang phin ¢é kich thude nhé han, ching han y < z —2. Céc eanh khong ke A khong thay 46, voi dinh A, ta o6 thm 2—1 carb tt” cpa tt phi nay ai, , ‘phin co chia A va mit di y can mA n6 méi‘duge ckuyéa 6. BB vi =~ 1 > y néa ta cb didu v0 »* a Ching mink Dinh lj Turén. D8 thy Ty 1a mot dd th} khong chita k + 1-clique. Dya v8o BS a8 0.4 ta chi cn chi ra ring néu mot dd thi trén n dinh G khing 06 k-+ 1-clique thi c6 thé thm duge mot dd thj k-phin G’ trén n-dinh véi s6 canh khong ft hon G. Ta ching minh diéu nay b&ng qui nap theo k. Néwk = 1, d8 thi G khong 6 canb, ta chi chin lby G = H. Cb diah mot sb nguyen k > 1 va gid sir tinh chit tren ding voi k~ 1. Ta chiing minh tinh chft trén ciing ding vi k. Gi sit G Ik mot 49 thj trea n dinh va khong chita k +1 clique. Ta xay dung mot 3 thj K-phAn G’ tzén tp din cia G nb sau, ’ Gei Ald mot dinh c6 b&e eye dai ciia G; Goi N(A) Ih tap cfc dinh Ke A trong G, goi M(A) 1a tap cfc dink nim ngodi N(A). Gol HT l& 48 thi con cbs G véi tp dinh 1A (A) (v8 cfc canb dutge sinh ra tit céc canh cha G). Do A kt v6i tht ch céc dink cha H va do G khong o6 k-+ 1-clique nén H khong 06 k-clique. Ap dung gid thiét qui ngp cho H ta tim duge mot dd thi k — 1-phin H’ tren tgp diab WV(A) vol 86 cazh Kkhong tt hon s6 canh cha #7. Gol G’ Ts 48 th) dugc siah ra bing céch néi méi dinh cha H’, nghia Ia N(A), voi mBi dinh cia M(A). 6 day, Inu ¥ la ta khong gitt c6c canh ci cia G voi mot dau mét trong M(A). « Nhu vay, M(A) la mot t§p dinh d6c lap trong G’)K6 hop didu nay v6i vigeH’ lak = L-phitn nén din dén G’ Ia k-phan. #86 cazh cita G’ khong ft hon s6 canh cia G. Tht viy, ta 06 = eG") = e(H) +k(n— B . = eG) < e(H) + Deer) 42e(B) ba vi téng Deena de6(B) tinh cfc canh cia G vot diu mét nim ngoai (A), mdi canh mot In. ~ deg(B) < deg A voi moi B vi ta d& chon A la mot dinh o6 BAe lon nhét, Ngoal re [M(A)] = n= n€n Yzexeay 42668) < R(m — 8)- Viec kiém tra tinh duy ab&t 1A don gidn va duige dé lai cho ban doc. ° 3 ~~ V (6) $ (Toa): eee Gin 8S Tre 18.48 th xay dung 9 tren. Vibt n= het Nou ¢ = 0h wing din nen inh ding voi moi d@ thj tren m dink v6l [9] <9: Te s8 eis Ms ka +r. Goi G = (V,B) la mot dé thi trén n dinh vol 36 cank eve del Mig SU keds __DE thy @ phit chia mot Ky vi nu khong, ta 06 thé them vio mot canh bit ii tren t8p.dink cla G ma d8 thj moi vin Khong chia Kg,1. Goi H Id mot 48 thi con dy a tren & ain nhy vay olla G. Ro rang ‘© mBi dink trong 96. — k cdn lai khong ke vdi qué k~ 1 dink cbs Hi; ‘© 43 thj cim sinh tren n—k dinh edn lal cing khong chia K-elique mio. Do [24] = q— 1 nen ta o6 thé 4p dung gid thi6t qu nap trea d8'thj cdm sinh ti n — k dinh ny. ‘Ta suy ra s6 canh cia G khOng vugt qué ' f o% 7 "9 mink khée eva Dink iy Turan, Taching minh qui nep theo a = [3] bAt ding shee, GED 4 (@=1(n— @) + enh) = e(Tan)- Va ta 06 didu cin chitng minh. ui o H6 qué 2.3. Cho hai s6 nowyén dutong k,n. wi k > 3. Néu Id’ mot ad thi tren n dink va khong chita bit ki mot k-clique nao thi sé canh e cila G théa mén Chting mink. Ap dung Dinh ly Turén. oa Vidy.2. Cho cdc #6 nguyen duang n,k voi k > 3. Trong mot nhém n ngudi, khong ob mbt nhém k ngudi d6i mot quen biét nhau. Ching minh ring o5 thé thm dugc mot ngudi sao cho s6 ngudi quen ea anh ta < [ Ching minh. Day I& be quis trye tiép.cha két qué trén va cong thite bac quen thuge. + Néu hong ta 06 x5 <.x4 <.x5, Khidé ta 06 I~ 351+ Ya —ysl = bes. +b a Yel = beam al + beg — sal +199 y414 Ly Jel >2, fu thuin, . Nhut vay, ta 06 didu miu thud 7 Nay. in trong moi tring hop, vata of thE kdag dinh Hing G Xing ‘Bay gid, theo Dinh ly Turan, sécanh cla G Khong vugt qué 3 100? Fg 797. ‘Ta kécluan rang cé khéng qué 3750 cp diém hii haa, Dé chira du bing, ta phan b6 100 diém rnhut sau: chia ching thinh 4 nhém, m6inhém gdm 25 diém gin fe dinh eta me hinh vugag v6t eée dinh (0 #7) v4 (22,0), 10 aonat ign United hi va chk nm trong hat sido Rid hau, ed nga tao 2) 2828 =3750 o '. Cho A la mét tip con 101 phin tit cba tp 5 = (1,2,...,1000000}. Ching minh ring ob thé tim duge céc $6 51,...,5109 trong $ sao cho cic tp hop A, = {x-+5);x €A),i= 1,...,10018 di mot rdi nhau, Gili, Ta xty ding a8 tj G trén fp inh s vei qui the: bai nh x,y la Kd nhau nu x-+An, ‘:y,+A=0. Bai todn qui vé viée chting minh ¢ chia Kjoo- eras ‘Dé thi c6 10° dinh nén bai todn duge gidi quyét dya vao dinh ly Turan mOt khi ta chi ra duge ring sb canh > 222", Theo xiy dung, x ++ y néux+Any+A=0 € vi moia¢ bE Ax+a¢ ytb > xy # b-a. (C6 cd thay 100 x 101 gid tri cd thé cha b—a. Tir dé suy ra voi x of dinh, c6 nhiéu nh’t 10100 inh y khong ké x, N6i céch khéc d(x) 2 10°—1—10100. Cong thite béc cho ta s6 canh e cia thod min: @2 } x10%a0°-1~10100), Dé két thtic, ta cdn kiém tra bit ding thite } x 10%10°—1~10100) > 29", hay 10° > 99499 x 10100= 10° —1, nhung bit ding thitc hién nhién ding. BAi ton duge chitng minh, o . (Trung Quée TST 87.) Cho mt dé thj don, vd huéng G trén 2n dinh (n> 2) van? +1 canh. rine Oi chi © x dda na tam gle eb chung naw mee ean. ae = k(k 2 2). Xa g Giek. Te ching minh bing qui nap. cid sit bai tin ding 428 8 "Os Cia G thod 2 {k+1) din va 2 +-2k + can Goede dh 18 v9 "9442" PP oxe3?| W242k+2> (2+ 2k+ = a chia tam r quit, gid sb nén theo dinh Iy Mantel G sé chia tam gide. Khong abt inh 88 . side yv4¥ sp pata yor tha ha tm Néu méttrong sb cde dinh v4. .¥aki2 Hae a ng hop niy. Gia sit ngude Tait voi ms nw ide chung canh. Nhu véy, khang dinh 18 di +, Nhit vay, so canh chéo gitta cAc Mol i=3,....2k-+2, ke vOi <1 trong 36 ede dinh vioY2 994 ra : tp (ys varia) VO (Yea) Rdg Ug gd 22+ 1=2k+5. deg(y,) + deg(v,) + degtvs) $+ 2k— ean ) < }(2k-+5). Didu aay cho thiy, : H deg(va) Gid sit deg(n,) 0. aPNg| = 0. Te dé suy ra Il + ING + |Ng] < 31-2, ‘M6t cdch tuong duong ((IN;| + 1NZI) + (IN{I + INI) + CIN{I+ INS) < 6n—4, Tt diy ta suy ra mgt $6 trong ba sb INj|-+ IN], INS + INSI,IN{1+ ING] KhOng vugt qué }(6n—4) =2n {hay 2n—1. KhOng mér tng quat, ta c6 thé gid sit IN{L-+1Nj| < 2n—1. Bay gid, xét dd thi G’ nhan duge tit G bing céch loai khdi G hai dinh v, » ¥; cling nhy ede canh ké véi mét trong hai dinh nay. Higa nhién G’ ¢6 2n dinh, Ngodi ra, digu kign vé s6 canh cla G va bat dang thie [N/] + [NJ] <2n—1 cho thy sé canh cia G’ kh6ng it hon w+2nt2-(Qn+1)=n?+1. ‘Th day, theo gid thiét quy nap thi G’ chita ft nhdt n tam gide. TH d6, G chita n+ 1 tam giée: n tam gidc trong G’ va v; v3. Bai todn duge chiing minh. a 10. Tai m$t cud h$i thao 100 ngudi, ngudi ta thy ring trong 3 ngudi bat ld cé it nhft hai ngudi quen nhau, va méi ngudi quen khéng qué 58 ngudi Khdc. Chiimg minh ring 6 thé xbp cde dai biéu vao 2 phong sao cho, trong méi phéng céc dai biéu dé 1a di mét quen nhau, Gidi. Goi,G 1a dé thj tren tap cdc dai biéu va cdc canh diéu thj méi quan hé Khong quen nhau. Diéu kign trong 3 ngudicé it nh4t hai ngudi quen nhau néi ring G khong chita tam. gidc, con sb ngudi quen cia méi ngudi < 58 dim bao sé ngudi khong quen > 99-58 = 41. Ta qui vé chting minh két qua sau day BG dé (Andrdsfai-Erdos-S6s). Moi d8 thi G trén n dinh, khéng chita tam gidc, vdi bdc méi dink > % la mér do thi hai pl . Chiing minh bé dé. Bing phan id sit G 1A mot dé thj khong chita tam giéc, bac mbi ane 2 va khong Ta ad cl hai phe chi ¥ rng G khéng 1a d8 thi hai phdn twong duong vi viée G cé mt chu trinh d6 dai 1é. Goi C 14 mét chu trinh d6 dai 1é ngdn nhét. Goi s 1a db dai cia C (= sb cdc dinh) va goiX 18 tap dinh ngoai C. Nh4n xét ring: * Git fink ci canh nio cée canh tao nén chu trinh (48 thj cim Sink take ding che ¢ heed) bidundy luge muy vie 8 i Cla nhs at * Méi dinh A eX chi ké véi nhidu obit hai dinh: néu khéng hojc G,s& c6 tam gidc véi dinh Aho&e G cé mét chu trinh dé dai I¢ ng&n hon. . SN ap? F806 phil, dink ciao hieu nh “ aC Ay wht ans) , a c. Nhung vie Dac cia, hid > “8) canh chéo giita x va cée dinh cia C- X va do ase uhonsdy gt Singh fh cm cn cabo #2 SHES vi Se = 25, vb ly. eZ a 11. Tron, cit ba ngudi thi 6 Trong mét nhém 20 ngudi, i chia hbt cho 4 va GS Oe . ngudi, sb ji quen caa mdi ngudi chia . sank neem ae eos abet she, 520 cho bie Gidi. ‘Ta chuyén v8 ngon ngit a thi: moe dé thi wen 20 din wing oa peak du nut cca m&i dink chia hie cho 4 o6 th ob ti da bao niu 08? ce dich vay 1a mot dd th 2 phdn, mét phan gdm 8 dink va mor pds 496 canh. Trsée hét, new “Ta sé chi ra lng me eB thj 6 ti chit nhu ba oén of RNOE NE TTT gee a thi cb nok dink db ce fe 12 th theo gid tide phi <8. Ki 46, theo O08 Uhéng gud 2x 20% 6=80, 2 i 6 i .. Thé thi r6 rang fA ta c6 diéu chi jinh. Bay sa, ta git st db thi co mot dink v bc > 12, t Se ee coir dp che din kb v0 v. Nh INI > 16. Theo aid ait, db ek on ‘dhifa tam gidc na kh6ng c6 2 dinh nao trong Tihau, Digu nay chiing t6 mbi dinh trong ta am lc nn ng rong db en Hoong sau 16, do 46 theo cong te MHC 25 eqnh cba dd thi cia ching ta bing 1 1 = tet S 76x44 AIOE do dé mt lin nita thi khang dinh duge chéing minh. Bay gid, ta xét trtdng hgp cubi : bic ola mbi dinh < 12 va ¢6 it nbit mét dinh 6 bac pang 12. Goi x I m6t dinh 6 bac ing 12. Goi N 1a tap che dinh ké x va M 1a tap cc dinh agoai N. Tuong nt nh trén, hai dinh bat ki cia N khdng ké nhau, do d6 bac cia mi dinh nim trong N khéng ntgt qué 8. Bac cia m6i dinh khong vugt qué 12, do dé bac eda méi dinh trong Mt kong qué 12. Tir dé suy ra theo cong thite béc thi sb canh cia dé thi khong vugt q 1 zdudesy $ (12x 8+8% 12) =96. y Nhut vay, ta 06 thé két lufin ring dd thi da cho eé tbi da 96 canh. a 2. Cho9 diém trong KhOng gian sao cho kh6ng cé 4 diém nao déng phng. Tim s6 nguyén duong nnd nhdt sao cho moi cach t6 mau bang hai mau xanh dé cla bat ki n6i 9 di Ju6n t6n tai mét tam gidc 06 c& ba canh cing mau. nema eH oh il at uv & Gidi. DB thi day dt Ky 06 36 canh. Ta sé chi ra gid tri n = 33. ‘Tréc hét ta chi ran < 33, nghia 1a néu 6 3 canh khong duge t mau cla Ky vi cic Aeudtage b bing 2 mau thl edn ton eal mOe am gidc don sf. DE thky lng’ thé chon ce 6 dinh sao cho khéng c 2 dinh nado ditge ndi véi nhau bai mot canh khdng duge td (vbi mai camh Khng duge t8, xoa di mét trong hai dinh). Ta biét ring mét dé thi day di trén 6 dinh duige t8 bai hai mau ludn cho ta mét tam gic don sfc. (Cu6i cing ta phai chi ra n= 33 bang cfch dita ra mt dé thj trén 9 dinh véi 32 egnh khong. chita mot tam gidc don sic. pé xfy dyng mot dé thi nhut viy, ta da vio két qua trén: ing ch 10 mau Ke bling hai miu Juén cho mét tam gic don sic va Ks khOng thod man tinh cht nay. Th§tra, moi céch x6 mau Kg bang hai mau sao cho khéng cd tam giée cho ta mot phan hoach canh cia Ks bing hai 5-chu tinh! ‘Ta bat du bing céch t6 2 mau Kg sa0 cho khOng cb tam giéc don she (ching han én Ajy+sA5¢ AA) 06 mau xan Khi va chi Khi i—j] = 1 (mod 5))- Bay gi, vol mBi dd ch etn k Alnh Khtng ob tam ge dom se, t 06 thé xy dung mt 4 chi Pax Elng edch thim moe dit X, nbi nd vbi th ch cde inh, ngoa tet mbt inh, ching han A va eb me ede canh mdi: BX gidng nut AB. Rb ring 4 th mdi khong c6 am gl don she vidu dd thi eG khong c6. XAy dung nay dé ding cho ta mgt d& thi erén 9 dh vi 36-4 = 32 canh khéng cb tam gide don sic. o y Mot 86 bai ton té hgp ’ NOG. Vuong 1 1. Gio 8 Ws0k ta Bop 06 w bin’ ‘Tim 86 céc c&p {A,B} céc tap con ca $ sao cho UB=S. Gidi. C5 dinh mdi tap hgp ‘A. Thé th) AUB = E ¢ B > $\ A. 36 che 2141, Ti d6 suy ra s6 c&c bp (A,B) nhw vay bang: \ ae oO) 98, o 2, Cho 51 mot tap n phn ti. Mot tap céc tap con cha $.doi mot giso nhau khée rBng e6 thé gdm nhidu nhét bao nhieu tap con ? Gigi, Voi n =3 tap cfc tap con cba {1,2,3} gdm: {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, (1,23). Bling tinh tofn: cfc t&p hop cite dat che tp con cia {1},£1,2}, {1,3}, (1,2, 9}, {2}, (1,2); {2 3},1,2;3}, {8}, (1,3), 12,3}, 12,3}. Cha § Hing tht cd déu 06 2? = 291 phn tit. Ta sé chimg minh 2-7 tho& mén. Hon nia, vige xy dyng cSc t8p con 2"? phin tit thod man difu kign da cho 1a d@ dang: bé ra 1 phn ti bét Ia rét Ify t6: €& céc tap con cia S chia phin tit nly. Ho nhut viy 06 2°-1 phn ti. Dé chttng minh 2"-? 1d cyé dai. Ta quan sét ring 2 = mt nita s6 che t&p oon cia S. Ditu ny goi f dfn vide “chia” cfc t8p con cha S thanh’éée ofp’ AU A* (phin bi cia A). Quan sét nay gid ta gidi quyét bai toda: mbi bo > 2°! phn ti, theo nguyen Iy Dirichlet, phil chia mt cip AU A®, do 46 khong tho& main tfah ch&t yeu cu. o Cho 30 diém tren mot mit phing sao cho Khong o6 ba diém nto thing hing. Sau d6 i biy diftng thing so cho ching khong di qua bét kt mot.diém nbo'troag sb cfs difzn da cho. BAL G6 hf hay Khong mBi doga thing n6i bai diém trong ba musi didm 48 cho déu ett nbkt mot trong bay dutag thing dé 7 ‘That ah . + ne ds ma pg HM niga nbien va mot mit diab ‘Nhu in mo" phi Kbbne OY Gi n-1- voy, n— jing dink 2nd 90 oy mot dudng thing, Bay chong U6. ~ 1 ging a nia doi mOt pin mit P «Ch os thing Knong Vu" 4! n(n +3) 14 Oo enelt z aan thanh khong qué Do dé kbiing dinh duiye ching minh. nang chia m&t PI the ake 7 dung thing 46 chio tang mot P' ae one cs noaytn If irchlet th c6 1) nbbt 2 iin to Thing dd nao. fadag tn i’ Don tng nal diay 0 rng KOO ong thine BU coin due gidi quytt. ét cho bai toan. O Nhfin xét. Dido kién khdng c6 ba diém thiing hing thuc ra khong cAn thiés 46 6 ngo’i 2 ngudi ed luat chat nhu sau. Ban dau co mot ban cd 1x 9, trong (aug ben ttl cot Glen Sau d6 2 ngudi A, B luan phién di aoe ane eo (wit cic cich sau: di chuyén ding xu sang bén phéi 1 6, sang pai 4 0 hogc sang tréi 2 6 (mi 1 dog xu khong ra khdi ban cd). Ngudi théag cuge la ngudi di chuyén duge dng xu t6i 6 ‘gpa chng ben phéi. Biét ring A ld nguti choi truéc. Héi ai c6 chién thust thing cudc ? Gidi. Ta dénh 96 1,2,...,9 cho cée 6 cia ban od, tit tréi qua phai, Ta QE me biog mo av tr thfag-thua khi da lugt cho cia minh: W cho vi trf thing Be tat Day sss Nh viy, bute dln tin ta 06 thé dita Z cho o thit9 vi kit dong vale 66 thir 9 thi o6 nghia IA ngudi dén lugt choi sau da th i dén Iugt choi sau, ngudi © thit9 theo lust choi, Pa ayde dine an sae ONE T WK dng xu 86 nly, ng chat U6 ip buge long " snake 0 th 8 va do d6 ngudi con lai thing eude theo eiae 48 eée vi tet ching tha da duge sche dja, SI718 Io LW thich trén day. Nhu vay, ta 06 so. 1j2is3iais W Dod 7 A mbt 08 vi te L nin W, bai vi Kei ding xu 8 mot va didu may dim bio di thi che © thar 3 va the 6 trong 2.0 nay thi ‘88 thus cuge. Bay halla che vj tet ‘gui chat 06 thé dt B10 te 06.00 48 san, 1121 3lalsloirje do 46 due dida n6 dén 0 thet 7, ‘chuyén day: Vi tri L nén ta 06 thé king di a . do ta bit rhng 0 thes rgudi choi KE tip 06 the geste ge rans thet 4 18.0 W vin co q = cs <= re * 5 Vita o6 thi di chuydn dng xu cute. 1a A la nguti 06 chin thust thing o . Tren mat phing c6.n > 3 diém khdog cng nim trén mot dung thing. MBi diém duge gén mot s6 thy. Gid string voi moi dubng thAag di qua ft nb&t 2 didm da cho, téng céc s6 nim trén dudng thing dé la bing 0. Ching mink ring tét cd cfc #6 du bing 0, Gidi. Ki higu cfc diém 45 cho lk P,,..., Pq va cfc s6 thye tuong ting voi ching 18 @1,...,0n. Dat S = a1 +--+ + an. Voi méi i, Ki higu nm 86 che dudng thing di qua Pi va tt nhft mot trong céc diém con Iai. Véi £ 1A mot trong ch dutmg thing 46, ta c6 8-Day =0. Pee ‘Ti dé suy ra, bing céc Iby tng tréa thi c& che dubng thing di qua P, te thu due 0= S(O) = S+ (mi —1)ai. ®) ee Néu S £0, ta ¢6 thé chon i sao cho o; # 0 va chng du voi S. Thé nhung Wi dé (+) 56 thé promt Vay, ta phai c6 $= 0. ThS nhung khi d6 (+) Iai dain dén a; = 0 v6i moi 4. Bai toin duge ching minh. o nguyen i 6 5. Vor moi 36 duong n, ki higu $(n) la téng' cia che’ nghich dio ca tit cd c&c cht khée 0 cita tht cb cfc s6 nguyen dutong tiv 1 t6in. Tim 96 nguyén dang k nhd nht sa0 cho K+ Store 1& mot 86 nguyén. Gidi, Trade tién, ta tinh Saeo, ri Sro9— S299, ti Saoxs ~ Sio96- nguyen 96 0 khong nu IA 001 t6i 999 va them c& 000 (do cfc cht Yi ce bats Sha) Ta el mal ho abe ig ng 0D ks el mB vt ng don ¥j, bang chye vi bag triim, do 46 < Déi wéi céc 86 tit 1000 ti 1999, néu so sénh vei ode 9b tir 0 16i 999, 06 ding 1000 chit of duge them. Ta suy ra S1so» — Soos = 1000 + Soos- Suy ra 1,1 L Savy = 1000 +600: (F-43 + +5 : . i nh Cuubi cing, tit 2000 tei 2016, chit s6 1 xuSt hign 2 lin nbu chit s6 hang aon i 3 7 Mo ont ‘chi s6 hang chuc, chit s6 2 xuit hign 2 lan nhw chit s6 hang don vi va 17 enaiet hing nghin, céc che 36 3, 4, 5, 6, méi s6 xudt hign ding 2 Jan nhu chit sé hang don vi sh 7, 8, 9, mBi chit s6 xuét hign ding 1 lan nhu chit s6 hang don vi. Ti d6 suy ra 2° 1 deus t ad li Sane Sin =9-1439-242(3424 242) 41-(F4 543 : ‘Tr d6 suy ra = 1609- 24602. (44342 Saoxs = 1609-1+ 619-5 +602 (j+i+3+ ame 342422, 2 6,1, 7 2p meptatateteta tata t pahee trong d6 m,n,p l& céc 6 nguyén duong va p nguyén t6 vai 29. 9?.5.7, +7. Suy ra k!Soo19 1a 96 nguyen hi va chi Kh H! chia h6t cho 5.3.5.7. TW day, ta d8 dang suy ra k > 7. Goat chy ZIP 6-7 Alin én 96 nguyen daong k nho nbit s80 cho E!Snig IA 85 nguyen ehinh ld Bai toén duge gidi quyét. o Ngudi ta viét céc 96 nguyen tir 1 dén 504 len téng cia 2 86 b&t ki cdn lei trén bang lA hop ing. Hoi phai x6a di ft nhft bao nhieu 96 dé x Gidi, Trude hét, dé ¥ ring néu ta x6a di t&t cd céc 86 18, hay tht cé céc a6 chin, thi téng cia hgp #6. Chang ta sé chi ra ring 25 2.86 b&t ld con Iai trén bang lun la 96 chin > 2, do d6 1 Ja con s6 t6i wu. Dé chi ra diéu nay, ta nh6m céc s6 tit 1 dén 50 thanh 25 chp, sao cho tng cia 2 sé trong mét c&p bit ki la mot 96 nguyén tb: (1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7, 10), (8, 9), (11, 12), (13, 16), (14, 15), (17, 20), (18, 19); (21, 22), (23; 24), (25, 28), (26 Do can xoé di ft nhAt mot 96 tix mBi cp, cAn phai xoé di ft nhAt 25 96 dé dat duge yeu chu cha bai toén. o [i 8. C6 In+1 (n> 1) dang as = ig xu, mi ddng c6 mau tring hoc der dng de tn by he ck igo nkog ois bas cl haa ope moe Me haial thoes. ie cadhenenting dase tafan Gidi. Ta dénh thit ty céc dds x ing xu 1,2, 2n +1 tit tréi sang |. Ta th eg es ge Wd tenon sbeebs en nin Be hl hand. Nhu vy, mot ding xu lca blng abu gi tri cia né bing n ~ Gi sit céc dng xu thi k vA k+1 06 miu Khée nou. dng xu tring trong eé¢ dng xu 1,2,.-.4—1 He nbn te 2 ee Sos oe K-12, b+ 3,...,2n-+ 11h bling nhan cho cb hel ddng xu tht k va kt 1. Ro ng ring nba Gddng. cu k c6 mu den va dng xu k-+1 06 man tréng thi tng nhy ddng thot bhng gis tr cba dng xu k vA dBng xu k +1; trong truong hop nguve Ii, ddng xu h-+ 1 mie Gen thts} one wu trding ben tr6i edn dng xu k mo tefng ob thém mot dng uk +1 min den hm ten phii, do 46 gid tri cia ddng xu thi k va k+ 1.cing bing nha ‘Tard suy r0; cho dh ai Abng xu'k va k-+1 06 mb gt icing ne th nba td CaS os Tarde made ho ti tiah di ica sede dag x cta bag ba Wong thay A easy 6 tri cha mbi dng x 1,2. Eo Tw R+2,.-.,2n4+1 khbng tay Bi sau kh to dBi chi CE cee vk rt I, con a Ot cfc ng xa tht kw K+ 1 tis nu ob oe oy 2 dd uth 5 OA Er hn cing ci on gn edo ico sha ss HAL kb of ne em Oh ita dig tral leg ni te chang, con nba, aha su En 8 cB, Dib chitg 1 o ng mn ag khong ééi, re noke gid 2 sau Kita 26 cB cde ng xe tht kA + aa a ca i od tn ge Bg ch tg hin be pp LG MS De ri Da a a bsg aca tng hg Hy dL Oe i ais nh Sh inc ch he Cu ingen che ot cng NS en pag nu den vb eg 2 eg, ty 2-3 2 Gi ig ae eng tang Nha att FSS o 9. an hint in eb tn cine oor ATE A TE AE Ban de nd at, ean 2 a i i iia A ea ee anh te we ny cn i me SE quan chiém 1 0- 7 bin ob vus que igi su oman ban o Bng bat mba den en Mon AG STS ci, Tm 2 En ee En Da Eten eo sce eka hy Cm oan sant 2 cn AB, do 2 qn mB dae hua pote giim 2. Not itng tink chk /6 Mae gc 100 qo mk hm e085 AS Ban tse quan mah kn @ ce 0 den: MBE trén ot thir k 1; . \( 8 di chun gage SelM ht Wh kab 18 Dit ay, tng wt ee BD I trea ay N Dio lai, a8 eh céc quan ma trén opt dau tien toi cot thit k thi k phai JA mot 96 1g.“ : Ta duge rling o6 thé di chuyén duge tht cd cfc quin ma t6i cot thi k.néu ky 86 18, t: da. Trade nae chi ra ring 06 thé di chuyén céc quén mé tit cbt tht nhét sang cot thet ba, ¢ hét v6i 3 quinn ma trén cing, ta o6 thé di chuyén ching sang cAc 6 tuong ting cig ct thit 3 bing hai lan bién déi nhu sau: CP + 3 SS Aa 2 2 3 14 quan mA cdn lai, ta di chuyén ting cp quan ma ké nhau sang céic 0 Cui ching, voi 201 tuong ing cia cot thit 3 nhu sau: A > B A Bal toin duge giai quyét. oa 10. ‘Ngudi ta viét 39 s6 khic 0 thanh mot hang. Biét ring téng cia hai sé lién tiép bit ki lA duong bn téng cia c& 39 6 thi am. HO) tich cia t&t c& céc 96 da cho 1a am hay duong ? Gidi, Ta s8 chi ra ring t{ch cla 39 s6 da cho lA duong, Ki higu céec 96 theo thit ty tir tréi sang phii 18 21,02, 03,..., 039. Trutéc h6t, x6t mot s6 aa441 Dt Ki, thé thi 38 s6 cbn Tat oo thé duge chia thanh 19 c&p 96 lien tiép (61,02); (a3, 04),--- »(@ak-1, O94), (aa442,dae43),--- (038, 030). Do tdng cia mbi c&p 14 mot s6 dang, nhung tdng cha cé 39 s6 1 sb Am nén te suy ra One <0. . MBt Keh6e, do azg-+az441 > 0 (vi. azes1-tann42 > 0) nén ayy > 0. TH dé suy ra.0102...639 > O- «21,20 1 mt vf dy: tag ea 296 en ep Dhng 1 cbo Nhin xét. Day s6 20, 21, —20,.. tdng ciia cA 39 86 th) b&ing —1. 11. Dido vao méi 6 ei mot hinh vubng 4 x 4 mot 66 nguyen. TEng méi ct déu bang nhau. Biét gié trj cia 7 96 trén bang nhu hinh vé, C6 thé khoi phye hay khong cba céc 96 trén méi hing vi bn céc 86 ohn Iai bi x68. a) ft nh&t mos 96 bj x6a 7 b) ft nhAt hai 86 bj x6a 7 Gidi. a) Cau tra li Bc. Gol sb nim ¢ 6 bén phai vA dudi cting 1A =. Tag cite hai cot 6 gitta bling téng cia hang trén cing va hang duti cing, Dé mt 6 céc c& hai vé, ta thu duye ding thie ese 4454+6+7=14243+2. Tir d6 suy ra z= 16, 'b) Cau tra 1ai 1a khong thé. Ta khong thé khoi phuc qué 1 s6 bj x6a, ngoai triy sb nim 3 © bén phai, dudi cling. That viy, gid sit ta c6 mot tap hyp 8 s6 thich hop (cho 8 6 cdn Ini). Néu ta them 1 vdo mdi mpt 66 trong 8 s6 dé thi téng cla mdi hang cong nh moi Ot ting thém 2, do dé tfnh cht cia bing khong di. Nhu vay, 06 vo han nghiém cho mbi bo 8 dn s6, vi thé khong thé Khoi phyc lei bt 1 s6 no trong 35 8 s6. o +2017} duge goi ld 06 tinh ch&t T néu 3 96 b&t kd cia BIA i. dien tich > 0). Hoi mot t&p 06 tinh cht T'e6 nhibu nhft bao Gidi, Gia sit B 1a mot t€p 06 tinh chit 7 va a,c tuong tng 1a cbc phn tit nhd nbit va Jon nh&t cia n6, Voi mol bE Bmka c. Do%>ath, tasuy mb> §. Dit r= §—a, nut vy, a = §—r. The th b> §-+r vinbu khong a + 6 < c. Tur a6 suy ra, néu ¢ > § til B Th mot Up om ch : 1,.-.5¢}, mot tap 06 [§] +1 phn ti, con néua <§ th r> > ONO Raer teehee eevee eer eee id 6 dang nhu trén du c6 tinh chit 7. Do B 6 nhiéu nbét [27] +1= 1008+ 1 = 1009 phan tit, o 13. Cho A Ih mét t8p hop che 6 nguyéa dang sao cho voi moi a,b € A tab la — > $8. HB: ‘Acé ohidu nhét la bao mhiéu phan tt? seeuiarnencty Gidi. Gia tr} cin tim 1a 9. Trude hét, bling efch phép tinh den gia be ue ring tp A= {1,2,3,4,5,7,10, 17,54} o6 9 phan tit va thod man didu Kien Gid sit A la mot tap hop tho’ man dita kign bai toén. D&t }. = {25, 26, 25, 5,6), = (7,89), D = (10.04) B= 15... MHF = C w t8 a,b khéng thé ddng thoi nim Gik sita > b > 25. Thé thi > a > [a—b}, Ditu mdy chit trong A. Nhu vay, |AN FI < 1. = 9, Do vay, a,b cing id stat 5. Tab ff > Ht = 9.6. Th ahung [a HS 7-18 8. Do vis, ‘khong thé déng thdi nlm trong A duge. Tir dé ta 06 |. s «a Wité ab cling kihtog Gid sit a,b € D. ThE tht @ > 19K = 4,4 va [a —H] S 14-10 = 4 ing thai nlm trong A. Vay, |AD] <1. Gi sit a,b € C. Th thi F > Be = 2,24 va a cing nim trong A, do 46 |ANC| <1. 7 _ Cubi cing, 2 phan tir 5,6 khong thé ding thdi nim trong A vi 53° = 1,2 >6 5. Vi vay, Ane] s5. Che lap lun trén cho thy —4 20-7 =2. Vay, a,b cing khong thé [A = |ANB|+|ANC|+|AND|+|ANE|+/AN F< 9. Bai toda duge gidi quyét hodn toan. o 14. ‘Tren mt con phb 6 100 ngol nh. Ce ngol nba dé duge chia thanh eéc c&p, trong d6 mdi Bp nlm @ vi trf 46% dien nhau trén con ph6 46. Céc ngbi nha mang s6 chin nim 3 phia ben hai ciia con phé, cin eéc ng6i nha mang s6 lé thi nhm 6 bén tréi, Tren m&i phia, cbc s6 nha duge déah thi wy tang dan ti mot du dén dau cdn Iai, tuy nhién céc 6 nhs khong nhft thiét 1a ede 26 lism tiép (mot 66 s6 o6 thé Khong duge ding dé dah sb nha). Voi mdi ngot noha nim é bén phai ciia con ph6, ngubi ta Ify s6 nha cia ngoi nha 46 trt di s6 nha cia ngpi nha d6i dign va nhfn thiy ring céc higu s6 nhin duge doi mot khéc nhau. Goi n la s6 nha J6n nbit tren con phé 46. Tim gié tr] nhé nhft cia n. Gidi. Gié tri nhé nhft cia n la 197. Céch 1. Dé ude Iugng higu s6 gita 65 nbd Ién nhSt va s6 ni nhé nbit tren con phé, ta cn xem xét sy phan b6 cita céc ngoi nha tai mdi phfa cia con phé va ltr § ring higu s6 git céc 96 nha déi dign la 96 1é va d6i mot khéc nhau. Tit dé suy ra tdn tai hai higu s6 sal khéc nhau ft nh&t 98. Ché ¥ ring cc s6 nha tai mdi phfa ciia con phé ting ft nh&t 2 don vi. Tir 46 suy ra higu s6 giita s6 nha 16n nhét vi s6 nha nhé nb&t trén con phé khong nhé hon 98 +2 x 49 = 196. 15. wince Soci ‘sau : 8 bén phi 1a céc 96 nha 2,4,6, Tee te og 86 tr nhd nbft cia n ta 197, . ad+2-49, Khong gidm téng quét, gid sit i > j. Khi d6, a; = bd 2 +200- J) ay — aj > D—d+ 24-1) 2265 -) +2 49. Tudo suy ra agg = 0) = a4 04 + 05 ~ 04+ 03 2 2(60— j) +265 ~ 8) +2 59426 —) = 2x 494+ 2 x 49 = 106. Tads suy ran > ax 2 01 + 196 & 1+ 196 = 197. Vid tren day cho ety it tri 197 dat dutge. Nb§n xét, Bai ton khong n6t ro 1h ebe higu phi TA che s6 dung, Néu ta tem gid thiét aa ane eong enh il 2 ho hy of abhi ft fmt Shag 28 TE du cho théy day «eee cd tim tong tng hop my Ic 9 nh Hea ie de ds 1, s6 cde 6 duoe t6 den khong vant qué sb cfc © khong due tO den. Hoi s6 c&e 0 duye to den nhidu abt bing bao nhieu? Gidi. Dat n = 3k, trong 46 k 1a mot s6 nguyen duong. Ta sé chi ra ring s6 cée 6 duige to den nbidu nb&t 1a 442, ‘Ta phin chia bing vuong n x n thaah #? bing con kich thude 3 x 3. ‘Theo gia thiét, trong mbi bing con $ x 3 6 khong qué 4 6 mau den. Do 46, téng cong c5 khong qué 4k? 6 den, Bay gid, ta s& chi ra mot céch t6 den 4k 6 o6 tinh cht nhu phét bigu cia bai tosn. Xét céch ‘0 sau day: 10 ‘rong cach 10 trén, moi den. Do dé tng cong ob 4k* 0 den. Cae Sree cen an Mang hay mB ot cha bing x cic w de ip lean 0A sé lap lun bing quy nap theo m > 2 ‘ing moi bing con Kich thwde m x m o6 Khéng qué mt nifa 6 mau den. bang con 3 x 3 chtia ding 4 0 “Voi m = 2, Vhong ikh6 4é kiém tra dure ring moi bing cha che bang con 3x ‘con 2x 2 cia 9 chu hah +8 khde nhau 'S trong ofch 6 trén chefs khong “qué 26 den. Do d6 khiag dink Ia ding cae eeee eg. Bay ei, gid st Khfing diah ding vi m = 2,3, vay8 — Le Ta 68 et ra ring met ‘ne con ki tube 8 x 9 cata dng av | | den. 6 mat bing con Mich thie + # chia, Te chia bing con ich thute 2 2 chia nila mau den. By gid, ta xét trudag hyp s 1bs6 We. Trude hét xét truting hep + Id 86 gid thiét quy nap, mbi Dang con con x 9 o6 khong qué mot ‘sx 8 thinh cfc bing con? 2. Theo ‘Khing qué 2.0 miu den. Do 66 bing ace ahd bom stuco tif qu nop, tng sf fe aden cia BE ices VW. @=2P—1 2 sax (x25) 9 2 2 lie pls? -4s+4-144s— 1249-1) = a Nam ban hoe si ee mae pal a thong minh ng@i xung quanh m9t chiéc ban tron. Thay gio duta cho che soe ht ‘Va n6i vOi céc em: "Thay dua cho mét s6 cic em mot s6 qué téo, va khong, Pt cing 66 téo. Hon nia, mi em sé biét $6 téo cila mdi ban trong hal ban ngbi = ann ee agli a oe ban ngdi Pe ‘ben phai)." Thay giéo néi cho cfc em ma chic sinh 6 va di cbc inh doén higu s6 ci: ‘téo ma hai ban ngdi d6i dien mdi em cé, te alin mean’ a) Gia sir tng s6 to nhé hon 16. Ching minh ring o6 ft nh&t mot em hoc sinh doan duge chinh xéc higu 35 duye hdl, « b) Chimg minh ring thay giéo c6 thé dua cho eée em tdng cing 16 qua to sao cho khong ‘ban nao c6 thé don duge chinh xéc higu s6 dutge hoi. Gidi. 0) Gia sit khong em ndo 6 thé dodin duge chinh xéc khi tng s6 to nhd hon 16. Ta sé chi ra digu mau thufin, Nhén xét ring do m6i em hoc sinh bit s6 téo cha minh va cia hai ban ngbi canh minh cing ahu téng 96 téo nen mdi ban biét téng o6 t60 cia hai ban ngdi d6i dién minh. Bé d8. Téng 06 téo cia hai ban ngdi canh nhau khong nhé hon 5. Ching mink Ba dé. Truc ht, 16 ring téng 6 t6o cia hai ban ngdi canh nhau khong thé blng 1. BOi vi trong trudng hop 46, kha ning duy nit dé tdng s6 téo bing 1 1a mot ban c6 1 qui téo va ban cdn Iai 06 0 qua téo, Do do ban dét dien voi hai ban nay s€ doén duye higu 3 téo cia hai ban ngdi canh nhau nay bing 1, miu thufin. Téng s6 téo cia hai ban canh nhau cing khong thé bing 2 vi kha nang duy nhft A mot ban c6 2 qua téo va ban con lai c6 0 qué t4o (vi theo gid thiét, Khéng c6 hai ban n&o c6 cing s6 téo) va do d6 higu s6 téo cia shai ban phai bing 2. Néu tng s6 téo cia hai ben bing 3 thi ¢6 hai kha ning: mot 1a 96 t6o ia hai ban lan lugt TA 1 va 2, hai la s6 to cia hai ban 18 0 va 3. Trong cd hai tru’ng hop 86 téo cia be ban cdn lei khong thé nim trong tap hop {0, 1, 2,3}. That vay, gid sit hai ban ngdi canh nhau 06 sb téo Ia {0,3} va mot trong 3 ban con Iai c6 86 téo 1a 1 (hokc 2, do sb téo cia céc ban 1A khéc nhau, khéng cin ban ndo c6 66 téo 18 0 hoe 3). Ban ngdi d6i dign ‘v6i cdc ban c6 86 téo 1&0 va 3 06 céc thong tin: tdng s6 téo cia c&c ban d6i dién bing 3 va hai ban nay khong c6 ban nao c6 s6 téo 18 1 (hoc 2) vi ban nay da biét 3 ngudi (gém chinh ban dé va hai ban bén canh) c6 mt ngudi o6 s6 téo bing 1 (hoe 2). Chinh vi thé ban ngti d6i dien c6 thé dodn dugc 6 téo cia 2 ban déi dign lb 0 va 3 va vi thé higu s6 téo cia ho bang 3. Thé nhung, khi 46, tng 86 téo ciia 3 nguti odn lei khSng nhé hon 4+5+6=15 va do d6 téng s6 t6o cia 5 ban khéng nhé hon 3 + 15 = 18, mau thufn. ‘Twong tu, néu tong s6 to cia hai ban ngdi canh nhau bing 4 thi hobs IAhai ban may c6 0 va 4 qua téo hofc lA c6 1 va 3 qué téo. V6i lép lugn tong ty nh trén, trong tridmg hop nay, 3 bon dn Iai khong thé o6 s6 téo nim trong ‘Ap {0,1, 3,4}. Ta suy ra t8ng 96 to che o&c ben khOng ft hon 4+2+5+6= 7, mBu thudn. 2 Nhut vay, BS d8 duge chimg minh, Néu tn tai mot bi an khong 06 : > g 06 to th ; 5,6 qUA t40, Cing van theo BS di, tng ona ean Re oa tng tho ihdng nha hon 6-1 the tba a ba mii ‘ug phal o6 ft nhit mau thudn. Bay gid, xét truting hop tht e& tht cd che ban kong abi hon 045 Wont uy ad as cne ba aan Ean ti otro doa ch brag Se , ban 66 1 qua téo 06 thé xéc oo ak te. 2,3 qud tho va do d6 higu ob tho cha os boa blag 1 That ae an i : ting 96 téo bln pagieteaernedispcenin bars situs 6 15, 96 tho cia minh va hai baa ngbi iS do tae otis ce hai ban ngbi d6i dien bang 5 oe hal tes Selle been diene toc at a 3 in pea to cla ac bm pl Ung Xét vi dy sau day: nam ben hoc sinh JAn iba i : 1,4,3,2,6 qué téo. Téng s6 téo cia hai ao a nena? Ber a eek Tabs ng gt te ny 06 0, qué to. Ching i bi i ‘Ban ng abt dign vo bal ban niy ch was tase wag 15 ts ta che bon 5 elton cl y esong Ce a ata enna ee Q 18. Trén m&t ban o6 2000 ding xu. Hai ben A, B luan phién oe tie di trude, theo cfc qu the sau: a iaaiiamaniaal i) “Bi lugt, mot ngxti chi duge Idy 1,2,3,4 hoe 5 ding xu. ii) ‘Mot neti khong Auge phép Idy 26 cu bling of xu md nguth Kia G8 ly @ uot ngay te- H@i ban nao e6 chién thust thing cudc ? Gidi. "Ta sé chi ro ring A 1A nguti o6 chién thust thing exde. ‘Teate fe, ea thay Ai mot est ust ci ng cch cho ep 26 xu cm ren Win int vay, aged tua cuge IA ngwti ign o xu trén ban tu duong ehhsh Bs - aaa ng chck hha me may fu sy aac Ss ES Tan ring met ng 7s) gin dan Hog. nt ac IL wa Ta sé chi ra ring A 06 cbch choi sao cho 4) mBi bude nhay déu do B thue bien; Ate ny xb to 62 AEE é g ring, a6 “A ob eb chot nh viy #8) chién ting of tate : tht VOY oral cine "euoing tng, vei bude nhiy khién #6 #8 [n/13] chuyéa ta 0 v8 1. 13 Nh&n xé Nhe va, 2000 = ety 4 ai tl. Ban A be du luge bing ofch Ihy ra 4 dng xu thc hien buée nhay. Tiép theo, ATT Gmod 5), Haute, Oa chet oi A Hog + Nb 13 oy fg xu tht A 98 hy 9 ding xu, dibu ndy Khim edn lo 1992 = 158 x ne Nea not) dng xu, Trong tring hop miy, B 96 khong thé ly 3 dng xu wees By 32 ut 4 2 ly tung dng 18. 2,1 xu va do d6 kif 96 xu edn . = wi 6 B phai thyc hign bute nhiy 2B My nhidu hon 3 xu th e6 ghia Ia B dA thye hign bide nay the ca Hem New chance rc c6e didu kign i), ii) duge thod mé ‘bude nhay cho t6i bute nhay thtt k; hon nta ta gid sit te Deed chua tina cade ba Khi B Ify di mot 96 xu va thye hign bude nay thd k, tren ban cdn lal mot s6 sb dit khi chi ; Ot SO ray ia cho 13 la mpt trong céc s6 (8,9, 10, 11,12} © Néu 56 dur la 12 (mod 13), tung ting 11 (mod 13), thi theo ii), 8 luge trude 46, B Khong thé Iéy di 5 dng xu, tuong ing 4 ding xu, dugc. Nhu vay, A 06 thé lly di 5 ding xu, tuong ting 4 déng xu, va do d6 96 xu cdn Iei tren b’n = 7 (mod 13). # Néu 86 dur Ia 9 (mod 13), tang tng 8 (mod 13): do B vita thye hign mot bude ahdy, B vita léy di ft nb&t 4 xu. Do dé A c6 thé léy di 2 ho&c 1 xu dé cho s6 xu cdn lal =7 (mod 13). Nhu vay, trong céc trudng hgp trén, A 6 thé choi nhit trong céc bute dau tién din t6i buéc nhay dau tién cia B dé dam bao cde diéu kién i), i) » Néu 6 dir la 10 (mod 13): theo ii) B khong thé vita Ify di 5 déng xu. Do dé A cé thé Idy di 5 ddng xu. $6 xu cdn Iai do 46 = 5 (mod 13). Sau lugt nay, B khong thé My di 5 dng xu, do dé chi c6 thé Ify di 1, 2,3 hot 4 déng xu. Trong moi trusng hgp, A 06 thé choi lugt tiép theo dé khién cho s6 xu cin lei = 0 (mod 13). Diéu nay khién cho B phii thy hign bude nhay thit +1. Trong moi tinh hudng, 15 rang céc diéu kien i), 4) duge thod man & bude nhiy thir k + 1. Bang qui nap, ta thu duge két Ingn mong muén. a > 2,m > 2. C6 m thing phiéu duye xép thanh mot hang, Baa du, cée » oe oa, Hal gui A vB cha rd choi sau day, méi ligt A va B ludn phién choi, voi “ sgfdi choi trade. Tai mbi lugt cho, A chon ra 2 thang phiéu va bd vio mi hag # ogi do B chon m0: thing phibu va bé di tht ch cfc 16 phiéu trong d6. Newdi A thiing aie ge Iugt choi nto d6 c6 1 thing phitu chia dang n 6 phifu (sau khi P dk eh), Vat ae ge en n> 2, xhe dich gi tr} nbd mhht cham seo cho Ab eién thats thing oP, . a * sage cho moi céch chat cia B- ce thing phiéu thit 1, 2,.. choi ndo 46, néu 96 cbc Ié phiéu trong ra ee rong ing x6 diém tei thoi dim do . 4 PCQis---y4m) = f(o,), os trong d6 F(e) = 21 nba 2 > ova f( r (0) = 0. Ta sé cht Fj PRONG ao BHO vot qué m~ 1. Chink veh, nb A cd ae eh hed Phi th 9 rang ta phi ep 2° Sm~1. Tacing 6 chi rarhng nd gh Se ing & re ao fang. su mot sb bude, eb mat him ehia ding m. Hneare acy ut SOAs inh trén duge kiém chtmg thi ta c6 thé két Ign rng gi tri hi nhlt ota m noel ee nhiéu cia thing chita nhidu Sate one Dude khong vugt qué m— 1, That vay, ta lap luda Ding qua au bude du tien, 15 rang s6 didm la 1+1—1= 1 < mn. Gia st king : Xét bude thtt k +1: = see * néu A chon 2 thing chua tuong img r > s > 1 phiév, thi B phii chon bé di be phiéu cita thiing chia > r+ 1 phiéu, bling oéch ady 26 didm P thay déi mot lugog S271 429-1 — 2° <0. Do dé, sau bude thit k +1 thi s6 diém vin 1 phiéu thi sau d6 B phii chon bé di che lé phiéu cia thing chia > r-+1 phiéu sau khi A choi, trong trutng hop nay 36 didm P thay déi mot lugng Ik <1+2'-! — 2" <0 va dodo 86 diém vin < m—1 * néu A chon 2 thing ring thi sau khi A choi, s6 diém ting lén 2: néu 6 1 thing chia > 2 phiéu tht sau khi B choi, 26 diém gidm di > 2, do dé sau lugt k+ 1, 6 didm khong ting va do dé < m — 1; nbu khong, chi 06 cfc thiing ring hoge chita 1 phiéu, trong trvtng hgp nay, sau khi B choi thi céc thing vin ring hoc chifa 1 phiéu nhimg phi 6 ft nhit 1 thing réng, chimg t6 86 diém sau ligt nay

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