Tusime Robert

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEB BASED RESERVATION
SYSTEM FOR A HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

A CASE STUDY OF PARAGON HOTEL
I
BY
YASHIR ADAMS
BIT/41052/91IDU
dl
AND
TUSIME ROBERT
B1T140375/91IDF
A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF APPLIED

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A
BACHELOR DEGREE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY OF KAMPALA
INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
AUGUST 2012
_ _ _ _-~ ~- ~ — = = -~. =- ~. -=. I

DECLARATION
We declare that this project has no any duplication of it from any institution of higher learning
either for the reward of Certificate, Diploma, Degree or beyond in the field of computer studies.
It is the work achieved for our research and analytical study. We are presenting this work for the
award of a Degree at Kampala International University for the year 2011/2012.
Name: YAS r~Ai ms ~

Signature
Name: TUSIME Robert Date. &4~2~i ~YJ~LZ

Signature.. ~
APPROVAL
This is our research and is submitted to the college of computer studies with the approval of our
supervisor from the department of Applied Science and Technology of Kampala International
University.
Name: Mr. Grace Kamulegeya Date

Signature. ~
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to acknowledge to Mr. Grace Kamulegeya for the lecturing of web-based database
Development. The PARAGON HOTEL IT staff for the logical database design techniques which
are the parts of web-based database modelling and development techniques used in the project.
Special thanks go to my father Captain Bosco P’Ogwaro who has managed to pay my tuition fee
from my Kindergarten to university, my mother Khadija Ramadhan, and my daughter Xari
Adams Atim who have given me moral support to finish this report.
Special thanks go to my father Mwumvaneza Cyrille who has managed to pay my tuition fee
from my Kindergarten to university, my mother Uwamariya Yolande, and my Sisters Sabine
Ingabire, Mireille Asiimwe and Martine Ituze who have given me moral support to finish this
report.
More thanks go to our supervisor Mr. Grace Kamulegeya who has given us the continuous
support throughout the project.
111
ABSTRACT
This system has mainly been made for an online reservation of a Hotel. The system has been
designed with front-end as Html!php/javascripts and backend as MySqi. The project Online
Reservation System for Hospitality Industry manages and maintains the records of guests and
rooms in the hotel. The rooms have different categories such as Single Rooms, Executive Twin,
Executive Deluxe, Executive Suites and Apartments etc. So there charges and records will be
maintained accordingly.
This system has been made in a user friendly interface, so that:
~ Guests can easily make reservations online,
Receptionist can view all the reservations made and can as well make feed backs to
Guests if necessary.
The Administrator can View, Delete and Assign Reservations.
A reservation is the end result of the decision process, but to better understand the value of an
online reservation system, getting to that end result, this study investigates the pre-purchase
decision thinking of guests. It evaluates the effectiveness of the system to all guests looking at
how purchase decisions were made within other industries relating it back to the hospitality
industry.
Keywords: Hotels, Online Reservation Systems, Pre-Purchase Decisions
iv
SET OF ACRONYMS
DBMS Database Management System

ERD Entity Relationship Diagram
RAM Random Access Memory
DDL Data Definition Languages
LAN Local Area Network
PK Primary Key
FK Foreign Key
MHZ Mega Hertz
CD/DVD RW Compact Disc/Digital Versatile Disc Rewritable
GB Giga Byte
MB MegaByte
CAT 5 Category 5
~ WBRSHI A Web Based Reservation System for Hospitality Industry
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION i
APPROVAL . ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
SET OF ACRONYMS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER ONE 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 1
1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2
1.2. THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 4
1.3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5
1.4. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5
1.4.1.Intimeandspace 5
1.4.2. The domain 5
1.5. CHOICE AND INTEREST OF THE STUDY 5
1.5.1. Choice 5
1.5.2. Interests of the study 6
1.5.3. Choice and study interest 6
1.6 METHODOLOGY 7
1.6.1 Data collection methodology 7
1.6.2 Software development process methodology 7
1.6.3 Design and analysis tools 7
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 7
CHAPTER TWO 9
LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.0. INTRODUCTION 9
vi
2.1. WEB BASED RESERVATION CONCEPTS . .9
2.1.1. Reservation 9
2.1.2. Importance of online reservation 9
2.1.3 What is an online reservation process? 10
2.1.4 Online reservation process design guidelines 10
2.1.5 Overall structure of an online reservation process 11
2.2. DATABASE CONCEPTS 13
2.2.1. Database 13
2.2.2. Data 13
2.2.3. Entity or table 14
2.2.4. Relationship 14
2.2.7. Normalization 15
2.3. INFORMATION SYSTEM .16
2.3.1. System 16
2.3.2. Information system 17
2.4. WEB CONCEPTS 17
2.4.1. Computer network 17
2.4.2. Web page 18
2.4.3 Website 18
2.4.4. Protocol 19
2.5 TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGES USED 20
2.5.1 Internet 20
2.5.2 Web Server 21
2.5.3 Web client 21
2.5.4 Apache 21
2.5.5 MYSQL 21
2.5.6 CSS 22
2.5.7 HTML 22
2.5.8PHP 22
CHAPITER THREE 23
METHODOLOGY 23
3.1. STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 23
3.1.1. Introduction 23
vii
3.1.2. Supporting tools analysis .23
3.3 ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS 27
3,4 DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS 27
3.5. METHODS AND TECHNICALS 28
3.6 DATABASE CONCEPTS 30
3.7. TOOLS, THECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGES USED 33
3.7.1. INTERNET 33
3.7.2 CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE 33
3.7.3 WEB APPLICATION 34
3.7.4. WEB SERVER 34
3.7.5. APPLICATION SERVER 34
3.7.6. MYSQL 34
3.7.7. APACHE 35
3.7.8PHP 35
3.7.9 HTML 35
3.7.10 JAVA SCRIPT 36
CHAPTER FOUR 37
IMPLEMENTATION 37
4.0 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM 37
4.1 SYSTEM ACTORS 37
4.2 ACTOR GLOSSARY OF WBRSHI 38
4.3 SYSTEM OUTLINE OF WBRSHI 38
4.4 DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS (DFDS) 39
4.4.1 DFD S~bols 39
4.4.2 Data flow Diagram 39
4.6 DATA DICTIONARY 41
4.7 .REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS 44
4.7.1. Software and hardware requirements for the proposed system 44
4.7.2. Functional Requirements 44
4.7.3. Non-Functional Requirements 45
4.8 INTERFACE DESIGN (User Interface) 46
4.9 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 54
4.10 VERIFICATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS 54
viii
CHAPTER FIVE .55
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 55

5.0. CONCLUSION 55
5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS 55
5.2 FUTURE WORK 56
REFERENCES 57
APPENDICES 59
Appendix A 59
Sample Interview Question 59
Appendix B 61
Budget 61
Appendix C 62
Time Frame 62
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Process symbols .23

Figure 3.2 Data flow symbols 23
Figure 3.3 Data store symbols 24
Figure 3.4 Duplicate data symbols 24
Figure 3.5 External entity symbols 24
Figure 3.6 Duplicate external symbols 25
Figure 3.7 Entity Relationship notations 26
Figure 3.8 General overview of waterfall level 29
Figure 4.1 Actor glossary 37
Figure 4.2 system outline 37
Figure 4.3 DFD symbols 39
Figure 4.4 Level 0 data flow diagram 39
Figure 4.5 Entity relationship model WBRSHI 40
Figure 4.6 Administration table for WBRSHI 41
Figure 4.7 Flight table for WBRSHI 41
Figure 4.8 Guests table for WBRSHI 42
Figure 4.9 Receptionist table for WBRSHI 42
Figure 4.10 reservation table for WBRSHI 42
Figure 4.11 room categories table for WBRSHI 43
Figure 4.12 Rooms table for WBRSHI 43
Figure4.13 home page 45
Figure 4.14 Accommodation page 46
Figure 4.15 Gallery page 47
Figure 4.16 Gallery + page 47
Figure 4.17 Recreation page 48
Figure 4.18 Business centre page 42
Figure 4.19 Reservation page ~49
Figure 4.20 Thanks page 50
Figure 4.21 Employees page 50
Figure 4.22 Receptionist page 51
x
Figure 4.23 Administrator page .52
xi
CHAPTER ONE:
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
LO HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
The history of PARAGON HOTEL spans the twentieth century, beginning in 1999 as a simple
guest cottage and now, the 98 room resort is renowned as one of the Uganda’s great landmark
properties.
PARAGON HOTEL began as one of the first hotel in Kampala’s spectacular West Shore. Never
had anyone built on Busaabala. However, Mr. Balondemu James the Ugandan owner, had only
great success over the ensuing 16 years with the newly burgeoning tourist trade of visitors who
wished to stay in close proximity to the island’s famed pink sands.
In 2002, Balondemu James sold his guesthouse to Mr. Ogwambi Kenneth, who realized he was
purchasing the finest hotel site near the island, Mr. Ogwambi Kenneth renamed the hotel
PARAGON HOTEL and over the next twelve years he reinvested his earnings to eventually
expand the hotel to 200 rooms, adding two wings and the front entrance area. Guests, who then
arrived by ship, disembarked in nearby Busaabala landing site and were transported to
PARAGON HOTEL by private cars or public taxi. Due to its ideal location and magnificent
beach (Busaabala), PARAGON HOTEL was also the place to be during College Weeks from the
90’s through the 2000’s. Thousands of students came to the hotel over the holidays breaks to
enjoy live music, a beauty pageant and to socialize.
Today, PARAGON HOTEL Kampala is an intimate luxury hotel. Guests enjoy personalized
service and privacy is assured. PARAGON HOTEL has recaptured the spirit of when it was the
grand dame of Kampala, a quality hotel with a sense of place and history with the most modern
operations.
PARAGON HOTEL overlooks the sparkling blue waters of South Shore and is within close
distance of Busaabala beach. PARAGON HOTEL is a brilliant assemblage of 98 rooms and
I
suites spread amongst 50 acres of lush manicured gardens that gently slope down to a signature
pink sand beach.
Guests will be delighted to find that the newly refurbished 98 guestrooms are gracefully arranged
along paved paths that wind through a tamed jungle of subtropical flora, exotic plants and
manicured green lawns. The guest rooms and suites herald a distinct Rose flowers with pastel
interiors, tile and wood floors, open-beamed ceilings and private patios. Nestled around the
temperature controlled 25-metre swimming pool, the fitness room, Kid’s Club and spa inhabit
the Garden level of the hotel. The newly renovated gift shop, new Desmond Fountain Art
Gallery and business centre are directly behind the majestic lobby.
PARAGON HOTEL, now managed by PARAGON HOTELS Group, lies in Kampala central.
PARAGON HOTEL is thirty five minutes from downtown Kampala’s capital, and one hour
thirty minutes from the airport in Entebbe.
ABOUT PARAGON HOTELS GROUP
PARAGON HOTELS Group is the award-winning owner and operator of some of the east
Africa’s most prestigious hotels and resorts. The Group now operates, or has under development,
44 hotels representing almost 11,000 rooms in 5 countries, with 9 hotels in east Africa, 1 in
Uganda and 2 in Burundi, 1 in Tanzania, 2 in Rwanda and 3 in Kenya Africa. In addition, the
Group operates, or has under development, 3 Residences in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania
connected to its properties.
Li. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Based on the research conducted, the proponents (us) found out the problem of this
study is: How will this system help the management and the staff of Paragon Hotel to have an
accurate service at the same time to monitor the records of the Guests?
Li.i Main Problem:

The main problem of this study is the inaccurate reservation of the guests.
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LL2 Specific problem
1. Low in security
2. Time monitoring
3. Less data integrity
4. Difficulty in searching and retrieving files
5. Possible loss of records and retrieving files
6. Difficulty in finding the availability of rooms
L1.3 General Problem

When starting new hotel, owners need to build their business. As a potential customer, there are
hundreds of hotels to choose from, just miles from your doorstep. More and more hotels have
turned to online reservation systems as a way of getting their name out into the market faster
(Online reservation).
Systems have become popular to independent hotels and upscale chains. For both categories of
hotels, you get access to a way of getting your name out there, as well as table management
sofiware to run your business successfully. However, chain hotels have an advantage over an
independent hotel, in that chain hotels have an established brand name and brand image attached
to their location.
Guests have an idea what to expect before walking in the door or doing an information search on
the particular company/hotel.
New chain hotels enter the market with brand recognition. Most potential customers in their
target audience know what to expect from the hotel already.
Chain hotels already have allocated money to marketing, public relations, advertising; all ways
of reaching potential customers. Pre-decisions are based on better information, customer
preference, and consumer’s control. Customers rarely rely on one source as a means for making
decisions.
This raises the question, with all ways of reaching potential customers, are online reservation
systems profitable for chain hotels?
3
This study will investigate customer’s pre-purchase decision in choosing a hotel and then
booking a reservation. Studies have been conducted on customer’s pre-purchase decision
making; however, few studies have looked at what factors go into a guest’s decision in booking a
reservation at a specific hotel.
LL4 Justification
Hotels spend thousands, possible millions of dollars a year trying to reach potential guests,
depending on the hotel or hotel chain. With all of this money that goes into reaching potential
new guests, or bringing back old guests, what really works?
Online reservation systems have combined two issues that hotels face into one.
Online reservation system industries configure the information technology aspect of managing
reservations and a way to market your hotel out to the public. Online reservation systems are not
just a place to book a reservation, but a search database for potential guests to find the right hotel
for the occasion, in the right location, and at the right time.
Through the internet, there are so many ways of getting your name out potential guests.
While these online reservation systems do create ease in the IT area of the hotel, does it make
sense for chain hotels to use them?
This study will look into why guests choose to make reservations through which ever method
they choose and what factors go into their final decision.
1.2, TflE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purposes of this study are to propose and test a theoretical model to find out if chain hotels
should utilize online reservation systems to attract new customers and regain the old customers.
This study is conducted looking through the customer’s pre-purchase decision making process;
the specific objectives of this study are to:
To investigate how guests make a decision in making a reservation for a hotel,

~ To examine the impact of online reservation systems in the customer’s decision process,
And to determine why guests choose a particular reservation method.
4
1.3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
To achieve the objectives of this study, the following hypotheses were investigated:
~ The purpose of your hospitality experience is most important when considering options
where to have the hospitality.
Word of Mouth is the strongest variable in making your final decision for a reservation.
Online reservation systems have no significance on repeat guest decisions.
Online reservation systems are not creating incremental revenue; in other words the
customer would have gone to the hotel anyway. They are only using the online
reservation system to make the reservation.
1.4. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
L4.1. In time and space

In terms of space, our study took place in Uganda in the Central region, in Kampala district
especially in the divisions.
The progress of technology and its wonderful speed make our research useful and valid. In our
country the technological companies like MTN Uganda, Uganda Telecom, Airtel Uganda, and
Orange etc. make the information diffusion rapid and precise.
1.4.2. The domain

Our study is only about the field of information technology in the case of linking and connection
allowing the communication ways of the divisions with the help of new technology ie; using the
internet. We know that here in Uganda, the internet has been used since 90’s by the Ugandan
telecommunication (UTL) and now it is wide.
At the apparition of this new technology, it was the peculiarity of the great public institutions,
superior institutes and universities. But now it is available in different cities of the country and in
coming days the whole country will be connected to the great cable in Indian Ocean.
1.5, CHOICE AND INTEREST OF THE STUDY
1.5,1. Choice
The choice of this study is due to the lack of appropriate use of internet in different activities of
the hospitality industry. The use of this wonderful tool remains in need and there are no doubts
that the workers and the people are in high will of this technology.
5
L5~2~ Interests of the study
L5.2~L Personal interest

The interest of this work is first of all for us who dream to be experts in information technology,
because the latter wishes to make our continent a true society dominated by technology.
L5.2.2. Academic interest

We will be able to apply this knowledge to the course of “Web-based database”.
L5.2~3~ Public interest

This study has also an important public interest because it wants to destroy the problems caused
by the long time spent by the people who make the endless line in front of the hotel receptions.
1.5~3~ Choice and study interest

The communication plays a very important role in different fields of activities. It makes easy the
huge task and insures the progress of all activities of all domains.
Every enterprise or institution has to seek the powerful means in order to live in conformity with
the modem communication. It is obvious that our country is not left behind about the information
technology and we have to be proud of it.
The choice of the subject is motivated by the wonderful means of communication characterized
by the speed, low cost easy information exchange among different divisions of Kampala district.
The process of using internet and other scientific tools of our modern world will adjust all
mistakes and misunderstandings caused by the classic and then appropriate means.
6
1.6 METHODOLOGY
1.6.1 Data collection methodology

In this project as a part of research methodology, the following tools will be used as data
collection:
The study will be conducted at Paragon Hotel using interviews to gather the necessary
data helpful to the realization of our project.
The college of Applied Sciences and technology library will provide us with books
elucidating basic concepts and terminology used in our project.
~ Point of view from other Web designers and programmers, internet tutorials and online
forums to test the effectiveness of the system.
1,6.2 Software development process methodology

The methodology will be used in this project is based upon the standard of analysis and design as
well as software engineering process. It covered some of the steps used in a system analysis and
software engineering. The Waterfall model was chosen to be followed during the development of
this project because the Waterfall model reduces schedules time and rework task.
1.6.3 Design and analysis tools

To understand deeply the analysis and the design domain, some tools will help to achieve the
aim of this project. Tools that will be used are:
Front end (interface tool): html, JavaScript, php, Photoshop, css etc
Back end (database tool): MySQL 5.0.45
Server: APACHE
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This project is composed with five chapters:

1. The first chapter will focus on the general introduction that shows the general
introduction the statement of the problem, the scope of the problem, motivation and the
objectives of the project.
2. The second chapter will deal with the theoretical concepts (literature review) on which
we will base our development process.
7
3. The third chapter will deal with the methodologies used in the new system, which specify
the standards of development process used and the system analysis.
4. The fourth chapter will deal with the implementation (design and conception) of the
project.
5. The fifth chapter will concern with the conclusion and recommendations.
8
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief description about the terms that are used during the
development web based application on client-server architecture. It provides definitions and
characteristics of technologies used.
2.1. WEB BASED RESERVATION CONCEPTS
2.1,1. Reservation’
The act of reserving, or keeping back; concealment, or withholding from disclosure; reserve
something withheld, either not expressed or disclosed, or not given up or brought forward.
2.1.2. Importance of online reservation
Speed and Flexibility

With online reservation systems, customers have the freedom of choosing the service or merchandise
among what is available and knowing precisely what they are getting. Since the reservation is made in
real time, the customer receives immediate assurance that what he wants is or is not available. Also,
because customers conduct their own transactions and receive confirmations, they are free to make
changes during or even afler the process, with a minimum of complicating factors.
Guarantees against No-Shows and Fraud

Merchants can also protect themselves with online reservation systems because many systems require
payment upfront or a credit card guarantee to hold the reservation. Requiring valid email addresses and
website registration, along with having software in place, which collects IP addresses, also helps to guard
against online fraud. Reservation systems can also be adjusted to require minimum stays or minimum
purchase levels for users.
1 http: //en,Wikipedia.org/wikilreservation
9
Precise Head Counts
By using an online reservation system, merchants can have a precise running head count of
purchases and reservations. Precise head counts can circumvent the problem of under booking to
avoid disappointing customers, or overbooking to make sure a sufficient number of actual
transactions go through. The system can also be set up to record unique visits to the website to
help the merchant collect information on how well the site is working to attract customers.
2.1.3 What is an online reservation process?
An online reservation process determines how the user navigates through a series of sequential
phases in an online hotel reservation system.
For example, a user may:
Enter required city and stay-date
~ Review options from available hotels, rooms, and rates
~ Select a suitable hotel, room, and rate
Enter guest and payment details
Confirm reservation
2.1.4 Online reservation process design guidelines
The following guidelines indicate what we consider best industry practice. They are not ‘set in
stone’ but should be considered in context with your own site-design goals.
We do not want to stifle innovation; we simply want to draw your attention to the factors that
will work in a majority of hotel booking website scenarios. You can use the guidelines as a
checklist for existing and proposed designs.
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2.1.5 Overall structure of an online reservation process
A. Travel and hotel reservation agency
In order of preference, you should aim to implement:

Reservation process style B (all relevant rates displaying)
Reservation process style A (range of rates displayed — FROM> TO)
Reservation process style A (FROM rate showing)
B. Hotel chain
If you only have a few properties with minimal overlap in any particular location, use either
directory style E or F.
If you have multiple properties in a particular location, your requirements will be similar to a
travel or hotel booking agency.
C. Generally
If you are planning an ‘exotic’ reservation process, ensure that the difference is clear to users and
that it is explained well.
Consider creating functionality that gives users a quick overview of the rough costs for different
quality hotels in a city, to help with budgeting prior to deciding to travel. This will save users
from devising their own navigation strategy on how many dates or rates to check in order to
generate their own average price.
If you are using a booking-process style, such as style A, where a user has to select a hotel prior
to seeing what rates are available, ensure that the hotels that the user has previously viewed are
marked in some obvious way. This will help to stop users accidentally selecting the same hotel
again. A simple method of implementation is to use the default browser behaviour of letting the
font colour change on visited hyperlinks.
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ft Multi-room reservations
Aim to allow all multi-room and uneven occupancy combinations to be booked online:
~ one room, for two adults
~ one room, for one adult
two rooms, each with two adults (same room type / rate, same occupancy
level)
two rooms, each with one adult (same room type / rate, same occupancy level)
E~ Displaying rate values

~ Let users know whether the rate is for the total stay or per night, whenever a
rate or rate range is stated.
~ Let users know whether the rate is per person or per room, whenever a rate or
rate range is stated
~ Let users know whether the rate is inclusive or exclusive of tax or
supplements.
~ Let users know whether the rate is inclusive of value added elements, such as
breakfast
~ Let users know whether the rate is quoted for single or double occupancy — in
particular if the user has not yet supplied that information at the start of the
booking process.
Aim to show rates that are inclusive of sales tax, wherever possible.
Display the currency for each rate.
R Children
If you allocate children to rooms, ensure that it is clear to the user whether
they have to allocate at least one adult to each room
Ensure that you mention, in the help section, an explanation of the regulations
surrounding reservations including children
~ Ensure that the age that a child is considered an adult, within each hotel, is
clearly shown
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G0 Multi-room check-out
Special requests — Allow users to input a short text message specifying a
request for each room in a multiple-room reservation
Smoking / non-smoking — Allow users to specify whether each room in a
multiple-room reservation is a smoking or non-smoking room
Enable the user to enter a guest name for each room they are reserving
~ Indicate that these requests are requests only, and cannot be guaranteed by the
hotel
2.2, DATABASE CONCEPTS
2.2.L Database2
The term database means a collection of related data organized, in a way that can be processed
by application programs. By related we mean that the data describes a domain of interest to a
group of users and that the users can use the data to answer questions concerning that domain.
By organized we mean that the data are structured so as to be easily restored, manipulated and
retrieved by users.
2.2.2. Data3
Data consists of series of facts or statements that may have been collected, stored, and/or
manipulated but have not been organized into context. When data is organized it becomes
information.
Information is data that has been processed in a way that it makes it meaningful. Databases are
designed to provide meaningful information. This information can only be provided if
appropriate data exists in the database and the database is structured in such a way to support that
information.
2http:I en .wikipedia.org/wiki/database
3http:/ www .webopedia.com! TERM/data
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2.2,3. Entity or table4
Entity is a conceptual or physical thing that can be identified in the user’s work environment,
something about which the organization wants to hold information. In the case of the project,
entity may be physical thing such as student, or conceptual thing like saving.
2.2.4. Relationship5
A relationship works by matching data in key fields usually a field with the same name in both
—
tables. In most cases, these matching fields are the primary key from one table, which provides a
unique identifier for each record, and a foreign key in the other table. A foreign key is a column
or combination of columns used to establish and enforce a link between the data in two tables.
A. One to one6
One-to-one: one instance of an entity (A) is associated with one other instance of another entity
(B). For example, in a database of employees, each employee name (A) is associated with only
one social security number (B).
B. One’.to-many7
One-to-many: one instance of an entity (A) is associated with zero, one or many instances of
another entity (B), but for one instance of entity B there is only one instance of entity A. For
example, for a company with all employees working in one building, the building name (A) is
associated with many different employees (B), but those employees all share the same singular
association with entity A.
4http;!www.wikipedia.org!wikldatabase/entity
~ http:/www.wikipedia.org/wikldatabase/relationship
6 http://pub1ib.Bou1der./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW/one to one/zs.jsp?
~‘ http://publib.Boulder./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW/one_to_many/zs.jsp?
14
C. Many-to-many8
Many-to-many: one instance of an entity (A) is associated with one, zero or many instances of
another entity (B), and one instances of entity B is associated with one, zero or many instances of
entity A. For example, for a company in which all of its employees work on multiple projects,
each instance of an employee (A) is associated with many instances of a project (B), and at the
same time, each instance of a project (B) has multiple employees (A) associated with it.
2.2.5 A primary key9
A primary key consists of a column or columns whose value uniquely identifies a row. There can
only be one primary key per table. When you define a primary key for a table, you create a
constraint on data in the table, which ensures that any row in the table can be uniquely identified
by its key columns.
2.2.6 A foreign key’°
A foreign key consists of one or more columns in a table whose value in one row uniquely
identifies another row in the same or another table.
2.2.7. Normalization”
Normalization is a method of organizing your data to prevent redundancy. Normalization

involves establishing and maintaining the integrity of your data tables as well as eliminating
inconsistent data dependencies. Normalization requires that you adhere to rules, established by
the database community, to ensure that data is organized efficiently. These rules are called
normal form rules:
8 http://publib.Boulder./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW!manyjo_many/zs.jsp?
~ http:// databasev.co.uk/ primary- foreign-key-constraints.html
‘°http:// databasev.co.ukl primary- foreign-key-constraints.htmi
“http://www.databasev.co .uklnormalization.html
15
A. First normal form (1 NF)
Table faithfully represents a relation and has no “repeating groups”.
B. Second normal form (2NF)

No non-prime attribute in the table is functionally dependent on a part (proper subset) of a
candidate key.
C. Third normal form (3NF)

Every non-prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on every key of the table0
D. Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)

Every non-trivial functional dependency in the table is a dependency on a super key.
2.3. INFORMATION SYSTEM
2.3.1. System’2
A system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities real or abstract, forming an integrated

whole. The concept of an integrated whole can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a
set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and
from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.
12 http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/systems
16
2.3,2. Information system’3
The term information system (IS) refers to a system of people, data records and activities that
process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organization’s manual
and automated processes. In a narrow sense, the term information system (or computer-based
information system) refers to the specific application software that is used to store data records in
a computer system and automates some of the information-processing activities of the
organization. Computer-based information systems are in the field of information technology.
The discipline of business process modeling describes the business processes supported by
information systems.
A. Management information system’4
Management Information System (MIS) is a computer system, usually based on mainframe or

microcomputer designed to provide management personnel with up —to —date information on
organization’s performance ; ex: inventor and sales .These systems output information in a form
that is useable by managers at all levels of the organization :strategic , tactical and operational.
B, Decision support system’5

Decision support system is an information system that either helps to identify decision making
opportunities or provides information to help make decisions.
2.4. WEB CONCEPTS
2.4.1. Computer network’6
A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified

according to a wide variety of characteristics.
~ http://wikipedia.org/wiki/information-system
14 http://wikipedia.org/wiki/management-information-system
~ http://wikipedia.org/wiki/decision-support-system
16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computer-network
17
A. PAN (Personal area network)17
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer
devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are printers, fax
machines, telephones, PDAs and scanners. The reach of a PAN is typically about 20-30 feet
(approximately 6-9 meters), but this is expected to increase with technology improvements.
B. LAN (Local Area Network)18

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home,
office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. Current wired LANs are most
likely to be based on Ethernet technology, although new standards like ITU-TG.hn also provide a
way to create a wired LAN using existing home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power
lines).
C. WAN (Wide Area Network)19

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e. any network
whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries. Less formally,
a WAN is a network that uses routers and public communications links. Contrast with personal
area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or
metropolitan area networks (MANs), which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or
specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
2.4.2. Web page2°

A web page is a block of data available on the world-wide web, identified by an URL.
2.4.3 Wcbsite21
A website is a set of interconnected web pages, usually including a homepage, generally located
on the same server, and prepared and maintained as a collection of information by a person,
group, or organization.
17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/networkingIpan
18 http:I/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/networking/lan
19 http:I/ en.wikipedia.org!wiki/networking/wan
20http:// en.wikipedia.orglwikilHTML/web-page
21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML/website
18
A. Static web page22
A static web page is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored, in contrast to
dynamic web pages which are generated by a web application. A static web page displays the
same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modem capabilities of a web server
to negotiate content-type or language of the document where such versions are available and the
server is configured to do so. Static web pages are often HTML documents stored as files in the
file system and made available by the web server over HTTP.
B. Dynamic web page23

A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based
on certain criteria. Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content.
Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.
2.4.4.Protocol24
In human communication, the protocols are separate rules about appearance, speaking, listening
and understanding. All these rules, also called protocols of conversation, represent different
layers of communication. They work together to help people successfully communicate. In
information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a
telecommunication connection use when they communicate.
Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are
protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange
at the application program level.
In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more
protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must
recognize and observe. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard.
22 http:!/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/static-web-page
23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wikildynamic-web-page
24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/protoco1
19
A~ HTTP25
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a request-response standard typical of client-server
computing. In HTTP, web browsers or spiders typically act as clients, while an application
running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server. The client, which submits HTTP
requests, is also referred to as the user agent. The responding server, which stores or creates
resources such as HTML files and images, may be called the origin server. In between the user
agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels.
B. URL26
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator, previously Universal Resource Locator) - usually
pronounced by sounding out each letter but, in some quarters, pronounced “Earl” - is the unique
address for a file that is accessible on the Internet. A common way to get to a Web site is to enter
the URL of its home page file in your Web browser’s address line. However, any file within that
Web site can also be specified with a URL Such a file might be any Web (HTML) page other
than the home page, an image file, or a program such as a common gateway interface application
or Java applet. The URL contains the name of the protocol to be used to access the file resource,
a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet, and a pathname, a hierarchical
description that specifies the location of a file in that computer.
2.5 TOOLS, TECHNIQUES ANI) LANGUAGES USED
2.5.1 Internet27
Internet is a publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data
by using IP, the Internet Protocol.
25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intemetIhttp
26http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/internetlurl
27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet
20
2.5.2 Web Server28
A web server is computer program using client/server architecture that is responsible for
accepting HTTP requests from clients, which are known as web browsers, and serving them
HTTP responses along with optional data contents, which usually are web pages such as HTML
documents and linked objects (images, etc.).
Two popular web servers are Apache, the most widely installed web server, and Microsoft’s
Internet Information Server (uS). In the case of the project, Apache has been used.
2.5.3 Web client29
Web clients are known as web browsers, clients are computers program that uses HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf
of the browser user. Most browsers support e-mail and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) but a
Web browser is not required for those Internet protocols and more specialized client programs
are more popular. is often used in conjunction with CSS and/or JavaScript.
2,5.4 Apache3°
Apache is short for Apache HTTP Server Project, a robust, commercial-grade and freely-
available open source HTTP Web Server software produced by the Apache Software
Foundation. It is the most commonly used web server on the internet, and is available on many
platforms, including Windows, Unix/Linux and Mac OS X.
2.5.5 MYSQL31
MySQL is a very fast, robust, relational database management system (RDBMS) which controls
access to data to ensure that multiple users can work with it concurrently, to provide fast access
to it, and to ensure that only authorized users can obtain access. Hence, MySQL is a multiuser,
multithreaded server. It uses Structured Query Language (SQL), the standard database query
language.
28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/web_server
29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/webc1ient
30 http: //en.Wikipedia.org!wiki/apache
31 http:/ en .wikipedia.org/wiki!mysql
21
2.5.6 CSS32
CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a W3Copen standards programming language for specifying
how a web page is presented. It allows web site designers to create formatting and layout for a
web site independently of its content.
2.5.7 HTML33
HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is the W3C standard language with which all web pages
are built. It is the predecessor to XHTML, but HTML is often still used to describe either one. It
is often used in conjunction with CSS andlor JavaScript.
2,5.8 FlIP34
PHP is a recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor. It is a popular server-side

scripting language designed specifically for integration with HTML, and is used (often in
conjunction with MySQL) in Content Management Systems and other web applications. It is
available on many platforms, including Windows, Unix/Linux and Mac OS X, and is open
source software.
32http://www .webopedia.com/TERM!css
~ http:/!www.webopedia.comJTERM/html
34http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/php
22
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes all methods and techniques used to conduct this research.
3.1. STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.LL Introduction
With the development of information technology, system analysis also develops more and more
vigorously and has a significant role in a life cycle of an IT application and of IT projects in
general. At the moment, there is no method that ensures success and that can be viewed as a right
way for analysis but the application of structured system analysis increases the chance of success
for most of typical applications and it proves efficient in a range of analysis in real life. Until
today, system approach is still viewed as a sound foundation for structured system analysis.
Structural system analysis is a modem approach to different analysis and design phases of the
system development process which is accepted because of its strong points over other traditional
approaches.
3.1,2, Supporting tools analysis
In the process of system analysis, models are constructed to give an overview or stress on aspects
of the whole system. This enables analyst to contact users in the best way and when users’ need
is changed, it is possible to modify or construct a new model. Two important modelling tools
used in system analysis are:
3.13 Data flow diagram (DFD)35:
A data flow diagram describes the information flow in the system. There are different sets of
symbols available for data flow diagrams, depending on accepted conventions:
~ http://publib.Boulder./bm.com/infocenter/db2/MW/data_flow_diagram/index.jsp?
23
3.1 .4Process36:
A process is an organised set of activities which transforms inputs to outputs. The symbol for a
process is a rounded rectangle.
Unique identifier Where/by whom it’s done

~erAccoun~
Output data ~ Create User ~In put data
is done
Figure 3.1 Process symbol37
3.1.5 Data flow38:

A data flow is a path for data to move from one part of the system to another. A data
flow is shown as a directed line on the diagram.
From Use meaningthll name ~ To
Figure 3.2 Data flow symbol39
36topic=/com./bm.db2.vdb.olap.doc/process.Html
~‘http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukktdrewry/dfds.html
~ http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/data-flow
~ http://www.dbnormalization.com /database-anomalies
24
3.1.6 Data store40:
A data store represents data that is retained for later processing. A data store is shown as an
open-ended rectangle.
Data store name

1i~r Account file
Figure 3.3 Data store symbol4’
As with external entities, it is common practice to have duplicates of data stores to make a
diagram less cluttered.
Duplicate data store
Data store name
User Account file
Figure 3.4 Duplicate data store symbol42
3.1.7 External entity43:
An external entity represents a person, organization, or other system that provides data or
receives output from the system. An external agent is depicted by an overlapping rectangle.
~~~—~——ExternaI entity name
Figure 3,5 External entity symbols44
It is common practice to have duplicates of external entities in order to avoid crossing lines, or
just to make a diagram more readable.
3.1.8 A duplicate external entity
40http://www .webopedia.com/data-fiow
41 http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukl’—tdrewry/dfds.html
42 http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukl—tdrewry/dfds.html
‘~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row
~ http ://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukktdrewry/dfds.html
25
External entity name
Figure 3.6 Duplicate external entity symbols45
3.2 ENTITY-RELATIONSifiP DIAGRAM (ERD)46:
An entity-Relationship diagram is a network model that describes stored data of a system at a

high level of abstraction. ERD has a major benefit: it highlights the relationship between data
stores on DFD which would otherwise only be seen in the specification process. The main
components of an ERD include:
3.2.1 Entity47:
An entity is a subject, a duty, or an event that has a significant meaning to the future system and
is displayed by a rectangle with round corners. Each entity has its own name.
3.2.2 Attribute48:
Attributes are the characteristics of the entity displayed by fields or columns of a table.
3.2.3 Relationship49:
A relationship shows connections among the system’s entities. These connections are displayed
by triangle headed arrows. There are four major types of relationship used in ERDs: One - one
relationship, One many relationships, Many
- — One relationship, Many many relationship.
-
~ http://www.cems.uwe.ac.ukktdrewry/dfds.html
46 http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/—tdrewry/dfds.html
“i http:/!www .webopedia.com/entity
‘~ http://www .webopedia.com/attribute
~ http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal-forms
26
EntitY\ ntity Name
name
r Deptld
Project 1
ErQJ~etIdk<
Attribute Name
Manadatory Optional
Existence Existence
Figure 3.7 Entity Relationship Notations5°
3.3 ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS
Structured method is understandable

Powerful and expressive notations
~ Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are good for communicating with users
~ The method is complete—it covers architectural design to low level design
Modularization criteria are part of the method
3.4 DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ANALYSIS
Little guidance for creating data flow diagrams or refining structure charts
Poor for algorithmically intense systems with little data, e.g. mathematical systems
50 http://www.utexas.edu/its/windows/database/datamodeling/dm/erintro.html
27
3,5. METHODS AND TECHNICALS
There several mainstream process models:
3,5,1 seat-of-pants, do-it-, or adhoc51:

This is no plan at all and no organization or serious developer would admit to using such an
approach.
3.5.2 Prototyping52:
It is the practice of building an early version of a system which does not necessarily reflect all
features of the final system, but rather those which are of interest.
3.5.3 Waterfall model53:

It is a popular version of the systems development life cycle model for software engineering.
Often considered as the classic approach to the system development life cycle, the waterfall
model describes a development method that is linear and sequential.
3.5.4 Spiral model54:

This combines different features of waterfall model and those of prototyping. The main feature
of the spiral model is the recognition that there is often enormous uncertainty at many stages
during a software development project.
In this study, the methodology used is the linear sequential model or waterfall model which is a
standard model for development systems.
In “The Waterfall” approach, the whole process of software development is divided into separate
process phases. The phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Specifications phase, Software
Design, Implementation, Testing and Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other
so that second phase is started as and when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it
is signed off, so the name “Waterfall Model”, The stages of “The Waterfall Model” are:
~ http://wikipedia.org/wiki/adhoc
52 http://wikipedia.org/wiki/prototyping
~‘ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waterfall
~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spiral
28
i. Requirement Analysis and Definition: All possible requirements of the system to be
developed are captured in this phase.
ii, System and Software Design: Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important
to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like?
a. The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and
system design is prepared.
iii. Implementation and Unit Testing: On receiving system design documents, the work is
divided in modules/units and actual coding is started.
iv, Integration and System Testing: As specified above, the system is first divided in units
which are developed and tested for their functionalities.
v. Operations and Maintenance: This phase of “The Waterfall Model” is virtually never
ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed come up afier
its practical use starts, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of
the system.
We can summarize the waterfall in analysis and design, coding and tests of a system. Among this
model, the great part of study is covered at the time of the analysis and systems design.
29
General Overview of “Waterfall Model”
Figure 18: General overview of Waterfall Model55
3.6 DATABASE CONCEPTS
3.6.1 Data56
Data are distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. Data can exist in a
variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic
memory, or as facts stored in a person’s mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a
single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural
form of the word.
~‘ http://www.buzzle.comlshowlmage.asp?image= 1449
~6 http :/!www.softpanorama.org/SE/software_life_cycle_models.shtml.
30
3.6.2 Database57
A database is an organized collection of logically related data. The term organized means that
data are structured so as to be easily stored, manipulated, and retrieved by users. The term related
means that the data describes a domain of interest to a group of users, and that those users can
use the data to answer questions concerning the domain.
3.6.3 Database Management System58
Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables you to store,
modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMSs,
ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on
mainframes. The database management system manages user requests. In handling user requests,
the DBMS ensures the integrity of the data and security. The most popular DBMS are MS
access, Oracle, Sql Server, and MySQL.
There are two essential parts in database management system:
The database
~ The database management system
Three objectives always drove the development and evolution of database technology:
The need to provide greater independence between programs and data thereby reducing
the maintenance costs
The desire to manage increasingly complex data and structures and types
The desire to provide easier and faster access for users who have neither a background in
programming languages nor a detailed understanding of how data are stored in databases.
Database technology was developed largely to overcome the limitations of file processing
systems. The database is processed by the DBMS, which is used by both developers and users,
who can access the DBMS either directly or indirectly via application programs.
~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database
~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilDatabase-management-system
31
In a database system programs uses DBMS to access the stored data, all the application data is
stored in a single facility called the database. An application program can ask the DBMS to
access stored data.
With well structured database processing, the duplication is minimal. For example for a
customer’s number, name, telephone, and address in any given database for any given customer,
they are stored only once and whenever these data are needed, the DBMS can retrieve them ,and
when they are modified, only one update is necessary. Because data are stored in only one place,
data integrity problems are less common.
3.6.4 Data Base Processing
Database processing reduces the dependency of programs on file formats. All record formats are
stored in the database itself and they are accessed by the DBMS, not by application programs. A
database contains four main elements:
i, User data59: Database represents user data as relations. A relation is taken as a table of
data. The columns of the table contain fields or attributes, and the rows of the table
contain records for particular entities in the business environment.
ii. Metadata60: A database is self-describing, which means that it contains a description of
its structure as part of itself. This description of the structure is called metadata. Since
DBMS product are designed to store and manipulate tables, most products store the
metadata in the form of tables, called system tables.
iii. Index61: It is a type of database data that improves the performance and accessibility of
the database.
iv. Application metadata62: An application metadata is the final type of data that is stored
in a database system, which is used to store the structure and format of user forms,
reports, queries and other application component.
~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/user-data
60 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metadata
61 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index
32
3.7. TOOLS, THECIINIQUES AND LANGUAGES USED
3.7.1. INTERNET63
The term “Internet” was originally coined in the 1970s and refers to the global network of public
computers running Internet Protocol. The Internet supports the public WWW and many special-
purpose client/server software systems. Internet technology also supports many private corporate
intranets and private home LANs.
3.7.2 CLIENT/SERVER ARCfflTECTURE64
Client-server architecture is network architecture in which each computer or process on the

network is either a client or a server. Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to
managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers).
Clients are PCs or workstations on which users run applications. Clients on server for resources
such as files, devices, and even processing power. Shortly after computers were used in business,
programmers realized that most business applications had three distinct components:
i, The User Interface.

ii. The Business Logic.
iii. The Data Management.
Client/Server systems are those computer applications that are developed with a conscious effort
to identify the three components above and to determine where these components reside in a
system of networked computers.
Client and Server often have two meanings in the same context. The client can be both a
computer type and the software that contains the user interface code. The server can mean a
computer type or the software that provides services.
62 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/application-metadata
63 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intemet
64 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/c1ient-server~architecture
33
3.7.3 WEB APPLICATION65
A web application is an application delivered to users from a web server over a network such as
the World Wide Web or an intranet.
3.7.4. WEB SERVER66
A Web server is a program that, using the client/server model and the World Wide Web’s
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), serves the files that form Web pages to Web users (whose
computers contain HTTP clients that forward their requests). Shortly, a web server is a computer
that delivers (serves up) Web pages. Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain
name.
3,7,5. APPLICATION SERVER67
A server is a program that handles all application operations between users and an organization’s
backend business applications or databases. Application servers are typically used for complex
transaction-based applications. To support high-end needs, an application server has to have
built-in redundancy, monitors for high-availability, high-performance distributed application
services and support for complex database access.
3.7.6. MYSQL68
MySQL is an open source RDBMS that relies on SQL for processing the data in the database.
MySQL provides APIs for some programming languages like C, C++, Java or PHP. MySQL is
most commonly used for Web applications and for embedded applications and has become a
popular alternative to proprietary database systems because of its speed and reliability. MySQL
can run on UNIX, Windows and Mac OS.
65 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/web-application
66 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/web-server
67 http://en.wikipedia,orglwiki!application-server
68 http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/mysql
34
3.7.7. APACHE69
Apache is generally recognized as the world’s most popular Web server (HTTP server).
Originally designed for UNIX servers, Apache has been ported to Windows and other network
operating systems (NOS). The name “Apache” derives from the word “patchy” that the Apache
developers used to describe early versions of their software.
Apache provides a full range of Web server which supports plug-in modules for extensibility.
Apache is reliable, free, and relatively easy to configure.
The Apache HTTP server is free software distributed by the Apache Software Foundation. The
Apache Software Foundation promotes various free and open source advanced Web
technologies.
3.7.8 PHP7°
Hypertext Pre-processor is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially

suited for Web development and can be embedded into Hyper Text Markup (HTML) pages that
are then saved with a ,PHP file extension. PHP is an open source server side programming
language extensively used for web scripts and to process data passed via the Common Gateway
Interface from HTML forms. In an HTML document, PHP script is enclosed within special PHP
tags. Because PHP is embedded within tags, the author can jump between HTML and PHP
instead of having to rely on heavy amounts of code to output HTML. And, because PHP is
executed on the server, the client
3.7.9 HTML7’
Hyper Text Markup Language, the coding language used to create hypertext documents for the
World Wide Web. In HTML, a block of text can be suffounded with tags that indicate how it
should appear (for example, in bold face or italics). Also, in HTML a word, a block of text, or an
image can be linked to another file on the Web. HTML files are viewed with a World Wide Web
browser.
69 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/apache
70 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/php
‘~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/languages/html
35
3.7.10 JAVA SCRIPT72
A scripting language developed by Netscape to enable Web authors to design interactive sites.
Although it shares many of the features and structures of the full Java language, it was developed
independently. JavaScript can interact with HTML source code, enabling Web authors to spice
up their sites with dynamic content. JavaScript is endorsed by a number of software companies
and is an open language that anyone can use without purchasing a license. It is supported by
recent browsers from Netscape and Microsoft, though Internet Explorer supports only a subset,
which Microsoft calls Jscript.
72 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1anguages/java_scripts
36
CHAPTER FOUR
IMPLEMENTATION
4.0 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The new system will be a dynamic web based system that will help Guests, System administrator
and other stakeholders to access the information on web based hotel reservation system; the
information of this new system will be from basically any computer and the server computer
through the web browser and internet connection.
The guests who will visit the system for the purpose of viewing the current amount or reserving a
room in the hotel shall be given full information about the rooms available for reservation and
their specification.
The System administrator will be able to view the transactions of the Guests.
4.1 SYSTEM ACTORS

An actor is a person, organization, or external system that plays a role in one or more interactions
with a determined system.
The WBRSHI has two categories of the system users. They are:
> Administrator
> Guests
37
4.2 ACTOR GLOSSARY OF WBRSffl
ESCRWT.JO
Staff in charge of administering the hotel reservation system.
Administrator He reserves the right of:
~ Modification of password
View Guests transactions
“ Print the report
Guests Guests who have reserved with Paragon hotel. They reserve the right of:
“ Reservation request
c~’ Cancel the reservation request
“ Print his/her transactions or status
Figure 4.1: Actor glossary

Source: Own Drawing
4.3 SYSTEM OUTLINE OF WBRSHI

INPUTS
First Name
Middle Name PROCESS
Last Name Registration
Gender ~\ Verification
Phone V Valid usemame & password for admin
E-Mail Generate reports
Country
City
Address
I1)Type
ID Number
ID Country
Date of Reservation
Date of Arrival OUTPUTS
Date of Departure Confirmation messages
Category of Room Transaction displayed
Number of Beds Status displayed
Bath Availability Print the transaction report
Air Conditioner Print the status report
Remarks
Flight Number
Airline
Time of Arrival
Figure 4.2: System outline
Source: Own Drawing
38
4.4 DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS (DFDS)
A data-flow diagram is a graphical representation of the “flow” of data through an information

system. DFDs is also an excellent tool for summarizing and organizing detailed information
about a system’s boundaries, processes, and data entities, providing the analyst with a logical
map of the system.
4.4.1 DFD Symbols
External entity
H Process
-,~
Dataflow
Data Store
L~
Figure 4.3: DFD Symbols

Source: Owner Drawing
4.4.2 Data flow Diagram73

The context diagram represents the entire system under investigation, It is used to clarify and
agree to scope of the investigation the system under investigation is represented as a single
process, connected to external entities by data flows and resource flows. On the following pages
detailed higher level DFDs are elaborated in PMAS logical system.
~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/data-flow_diagram
39
~GUESTS
Guest’s identifications Confirmation message
Reservation
Flight information
4
WBRSHI
A WEB BASED RESERVATION SYSTEM

FOR HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Display transaction
Display status Login and password
SYSTEM
ADMINI STRATOR
Figure 4.4: Level 0: Data flow Diagram
Source: Own Drawing
40
1.5 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DESIGN
The entity-relationship model is mainly used as a language for conceptualization of the structure
of information systems applications. Conceptualization of database or information systems aims
in a representation of the logical and physical structure of an information system in a given
database management system (or for a database paradigm), so that it contains all the information
required by the user and required for the efficient behavior of the whole information system for
all users. Furthermore, conceptualization may target to specify the database application processes
and the user interaction. Description of structuring is currently the main use of the entity-
relationship model.
flight_number
airline
arrival_lime
guest_Id
guest Id
first_name rc5€C.asfOfl~
middle_flame reservation_id
last_name reservation_date
gender arrIval_date
addresS departure_date
city remarks
coufltiy guest_id i~ room_number
phone room_umber categoryJd
c_mall
IdefltIfICStIOfl_tYPe
IdentIficatIOn_number
identificatiOfl_cOUfltIY
room_ca~e<JOIi~
category_Id
category_flame
number_Of_beds
bath_avaIlabIlIty
air_conditioner
Figure 4.5: Entity Relationship Model of WBRSHI

Source: Own drawings
4.6 DATA DIC IONARY
41
Data dictionary is an organized listing of all data elements pertinent to the system, with precise,
rigorous and definitions.
The following table shows both Guests and system administrator a common understanding of all
inputs, outputs, and components of WBRSHI.
~ ~ ~
4. ~ —-
~J S..v.r locathoet C ~ Dat.bes.: pwegonhotel_dztebsse —-
administrators
Dataflese Tetae cmiinei1~ b~oDB free 11264KB

p~hnte(databaS
_______________ Fleid 1~.p. Wufl Defeult Comments
Jiateldelabese ~ vardiai(30) No
(7) pesomed vardtat~3O) NO
B~fl~fl1O VBlttl6t(30) NO
B laBjeene vardtajt3O) No
Figure 4.6: Administration table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSHI)
flights
Tette cocine,I~ NOGOB free 11264 KS (guestjd) REFER peregOnj~el_daSeQUe~SC~
Field lype NuU Default Comment.

~LtMt~t eedis~5) NO
auestjd uf(IO) Yes MiLL
efitne vard1~t(3O) No
ainvat tune vatdnv~30) No
Figure 4.7: Flights table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
+ locates
__________________ guests
Table coniTtertS finDS flee 11264 KS
O~tabese Field ?~pe Null Default Comment.

P-M~c&~~ u*(1O) No
trstJlame vatdiarçlo) No
on_Ji tS ntdele_naine vardtar(30) No
(7) taints vardw(30) No
gender vardsar(9) No
ad~ess vardwt3d) No
sty vardiat(3B) No
S —
___ cctltry vacdiaz(30) No
B ~°~°‘~.°~° geone vardlat(30) No
ejnalt vardlai(36) No
idettiflcaSonJWe valdiat(15) No
I~ltcatneffiST~ vantar(30) No
idaitjtCldCol_Coeiny vagdias{30) No
Figure 4.8: Guests table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSffl)
42
recepdonlsts
Taec~nlaS hiioDBti~e 11264 IcE
Retd 1~p. Nu~ O~cE
~ .ardiart3O) No
pas9acKd ~ No
blstj~rne vard~(3O) No
Ia~name va~3O) No
Figure 4.9: Receptionists table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
‘~ +
+ I.~ae.
~eeme ~ia1ar~3J) iw
reservations
Oalatrese Table cmmnetls hreDB tree. 11264 KB, (~ieEjd~ REFER ~

p~J1o1eiRatatr3S - Reid 1~’pe NKB DefaKB Comment,
reoens~i_M b~(6) No
0m,Jrlajbltabase ~ieatfd bE(S) Vee MILL
roonijuIt~ uS(S) Yes NULL
resemaBeLdate rd10430) No
amsaLdate satdw(30) No
d~attrzedate vardw(30) No
rmTeflCS vardial(30) No
Figure 4.10: Reservations table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
rocin_categoiles
Table coownels bEs~O8 free 11264 KB
Reid 1~pe Nil D.4reSt Comment,
catemm Id 1(4) No
cateQocyjsene vardse(35) No
aaismbljeda 5(5) No
baIb_evatIabitty vardlatib) No
air_cmabbofler seidwtB) No
Figure 4.11: Room Categories table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
room’s
Table conanerSu biloOti tree 11264 KB (cateQoryjd) REFER pra000jaI&databaslrOlflSateQO
Raid 1~pe Nil Detail Commenia
room i~si5aI u5I5) No
categoi~Jd uS(15) Yes MILL
Figure 4.12: Rooms table for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
43
4.7 .REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS
4.7.1. Software and hardware requirements for the proposed system

4.7.1.1 on the server-side
~ Windows operating system (XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7)
A windows-based server application that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests. The
package must include: Apache 2.2.6, MySQL 5.0.45, PHP version 4 or 5
~ PhpMyAdmin version 2.10.1 for database management
Ethernet Card and internet connection.
4.7,1.2 .on the client —side
~ Windows or Linux operating systems;
—~ Web client;
Ethernet card and internet connection.
Anti virus
4.7.1.3. Hardware Requirements for the System
Computer Pentium 4 processor of at least 1.8 GHZ
~ Random access Memory (RAM) at least 516MB.
~ Hard disk drive (HDD) at least 40 GB.
CD ROM drive and writer.
Monitor
UPS unit and stabilizer
4.7.2. Functional Requirements
Functional requirements refer to the features that must be included in the system to satisfy the
business needs and be acceptable to the users.
WBRSHI reservation system met the following functional requirements:
— The system Allows users (Guests) to browse on the system for the hospitality industry
(hotel) in order to know more about the hotel, and make reservations.
The system Allows the Administrator (or anyone who has authorized access) to use the
database or accessing information from the database and produce a list of Guests who
have reserved and their reservations.
44
4.7,2,L Guests
In this software, a guest is anyone who is intends to make a reservation in Paragon Hotel. He has
limited access to the whole system. Before making reservation, the following options are
available: Guest’s identifications, Reservation, Flight information.
Guest’s identifications: The Guest can fill in the following information: First
Name, Middle Name, Last Name, Gender, Phone, E-Mail, Country, City,
Address, ID Type, ID Number and ID Country.
Reservation: The Guest can fill in the following information: Date of
Reservation, Date of Arrival, Date of Departure, Category of Room, Number of
Beds, Bath Availability, Air Conditioner and Remarks.
~ Flight information: The Guest can fill in the following information: Flight
Number, Airline, and Time of Arrival.
4.7.2.2 System Administrator
The system administrator in Paragon Hotel is in charge of administering the system i.e. Ensure
all reservation go to their righteous guests there after making that mission accomplished, The
administrator will have all privileges. After logging in as the administrator of the system, the
following options are available: user name and a password.
4.7.3. Non-Functional Requirements
Non functional requirements describe the features, characteristics, and attributes of the system as
well as any constraints that may limit the boundaries of that system. The following were
identified as the non functional requirements for the reservation system in the department of
information technology.
The system is reliable and always available.
The user interface is consistent throughout the application.
45
co~.: -
1.8 INTERFACE DESIGN (User Interface)
User interface design is the specification of a dialogue between the system user and the
Domputer. The user interfaces were developed as html and Php based interface, with a menu-
driven strategy that requires the user to choose an action from a menu or a list of alternatives.
~p~~H~d1
TO
rAft.&ftO~
HOThL
~OMtAS
ii i11!I
A QuEST
~— &
MARE YOUR
-• RESERVAflORS ~I1AV~
• FRW.ND
~—
• .,__.&., —
: ~ ~
— ~ ~ ~ I
• - - I -
• . — ~•p. ~ ~ ~ ~
-~ II
- ~~ 7.d..~.’4 d.gkt~r~th~~” ~ I
~ ~ ‘•‘•~ i~~~•j
TL-’.l. •2~~ f’.I
Figure 4.13: Home page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
46
______ +
S fl~. -~ ~jv~I~
~ ~ ~ ~~
S .~
~1 ~ ~ 5 ____ 50 ~ i50~b~d~ ~ S
•S~ B~e.’ ~
“~ ~
R~
-. C~ct~
t~AKE YOWl
RRSERVATIOflS
150
150
~s0
550
+
0 ~
550
3000
C4A#W3 USW50pum7~’
IA1.~ ~
~ .s~
~ c~cdU l~SS50 p~p

~ ~ t•SSI2
~ ~ *tSSl - CSS2 p~ &~*
80K
~
~ .-~64l4 117550
~—2!64l434090
~3A1L7th~~-~’
Th. ab.e ~iz.i 50X ~d .~ics ~e

C~& c~ds —
o ~
0 Mo~
0 •
0 A~o~mC~*
~o thooeoo~ OR
~ta wo
— — — 7f~57 .1—
0 1~i ~
Figure 4.14: AccommodatiOn page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
47
..H~dI -:
zz:c1z~
-
~
N
N
N G~3~y
N R.....~..
N ~
N ~
N C.~’
RE5~RVAflOø -
(d~ iI_,llI !.~
~
Figure 4.15: Gallery page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.
~~
~ ~
N fl..
N
N R...~
N ~ ——
N
N Cd~.
rj~
Figure 4.16: Gallery+ page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.
48
—
..:~ ~ ——— ~
- ~ —~ ~.
N H..
N Aoo.~.
N
N ——~,
N ~ ~
J ~ P~p.N~d~
N ~~
~~
___________________
~ ~‘
Figure 4.17: Recreation page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.
Source: a web based reservation system for hospitality industry (WBRSFII)
- ~ ~
N
N
N
N
C.D..~
~ ~.b...
r’——~—~~
L
N
N Ct~S
TJ~ o
o
o
~
D ~..
~ l.dE
.
0 T ~ -
Figure 4.18: Business Centre page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.
49
4.
H....
S A.=.dat4..
mit N.... MI~4.N~. L.it N.e.
S G.~e.y
S
G.~.r L-M~I
S H..4.... ~
~ I~.
S C. yitr.it&ic. C~
~
HOTEL ID C~i ID isp. ID ~
TEE ONLY
IPb~•• u4.d~D4~ P~~o~t
Dat. itR.w,idti D~. .tMdiit 0.1.

~i
Cit. of R.o.. of B.do B.1b MaIbbHI~
0~..it.. T~t(S.9o) —
A4.C
Y..
f~ ~b.r Md1.. Dit. & TI... of M,*.I
b...~PqetP~~H~d1 +
Ph.a. L-MiI
a..b...
~4.
R~z~
C~id.~°. C~i
(p4.... .it.d. .o~oy)
HOTEL MPLOTEES ID C..W~ ID T~p. ID ~..boi
USE ONLY (p4..t..ofta.cc..~y) P...p04
0.14 .tRao.~o Dit.itA.diit 0.1401

~i
Cd.p.idRoota ‘~b.rdBlth BitS
Eo.o.~.. To4.(Sà*(
*4.
Ye,
1II~4. ‘1...b.e *4.0.. 0.1. A ~ dM04.41
OAAR
P4~I4..4 z....v........A,.o.1.DvIDf..I4...ycA~I1UAITEl ~A_’TE

~ d..._.__,e,
....~oy.’ ftir~Abe
I
~tt -
Figure 4.19: Reservation page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry.
50
~Th..*p.9.tp~.9~H • +
-. ~ flS,rr:~fl3I4S-,cTCIAI~.t...l~.~Icflp
_~J~
-~
‘~j n._.
Thank you !!!

~J G~..y
~N
•~J ~.,. ~ Your reservation has been submitted and we will
~J ~ get back to you using the email address you
~J provided
MAKE vOLm
RESERVAflOt4S
Figure 4.20: Thanks page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
fJ p.~P~HKdI :+: -
bca,..p.raGcuelom ____________________
C~d ts
MAKE YO~
RESERVAnOWS
Figure 4.21: Employees page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
__~.j.__, .-——-—-.-.—-——-—-.-——-——-——---—-------—-—.——-——-——-—-
- - ~ H~4 -
~ ~?~hCHHOTtL Ii$1F~’~11OtI 5,~1t~.I ~ ~ p
____ —
~ ~ ~
~3VA~l~1O ~~GO FLI~1U~TO
I~1b
‘I.
— — — ~
~- ---f - -~
~SE3CVAflOU I~O R~U l~FO Ft~G~T IktO
T~. ~
.b~ 1-1 o~4
Ci~ t~ MF.~I~ ~ ~o.th k
&iaflhn
1 1
Icl1’3
Figure 4.22: Receptionist page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
52
A&,*an= P.90 IP.o900 HAAdJ +
TLWaASTA&t GLStStSlAflf AfsztAArr,NS Tan!
n{arnn%rs AS! SAltS Ant 5t)UCATTCHAVSIAP.tt
itCtAnZAmt ~LSAA&t nzLr,ATIoAstAzat

- - -.
SCAnIAnITS Ant A~tItLAI~ TAIL! SA-CATACL*AS TALL!
.h..o 1-4.14
MFlt44I
~pl~F~ (nnlthu
~ ~ (and, Sd4t~, (La nnn,Ta Pt, n.
U 1L4! ‘~ ~ )Ad. .q.b L~ t±UIP(1~47,. Y~.AI
XIs I~ DIpAILL R. lhto K.~ob tp.k •~flJ~fl0(~$7 4.0.1.

1~k G~ LJ0U
U ~ t~ ~0(. lIola K...p ~q.b CG
Figure 4.23: Administrator page for a web based reservation system for hospitality industry
4.9 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
To implement this application, the apache server is used, along with MySQL as the database
server; PHP is a server-side scripting language. WAMP Server is a WAMP software bundle that
installs web server services into the windows computer and allows quick-and-easy development
of PHP and MySQL on a localhost (also known as 127.0.0.1),
Is it possible to develop a web based reservation system for hospitality industry, under the online
application to promote good mutual understanding with Guests?
4.10 VERIFICATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis of this project is to make it possible to develop a web based reservation system
for hospitality industry, under the online application to promote good mutual understanding with
Guests. This will help the Guests and Administrator reserve or cancel through the WBRSHI for
the daily activities.
The tested and verified software clearly proves that a web based reservation system can be
managed online; and also, it demonstrates how every guest reservation can transfer, view status
online, access the database and retrieve the needed information about the Guests and their
reservations status. The researcher worked hard to make the system efficient, accurate and
satisfying to the Hotel management. Thus the hypothesis has been successfully achieved since
the results are as the hypothesis expected.
54
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0. CONCLUSION
The main objective of the current project was to provide a web based application, which will be
used by Paragon Hotels in the management of the hotel. We tried to analyze the existing hotel
management system offered by Paragon Hotel to its guests, and we clearly showed how the
system can migrate from paper-based to a web application system.
This objective has been successfully achieved with a practical solution which shows that using
Web based reservation system for hospitality industry is effective. A data-processing tool has
been developed for the service of managing Web based reservation system for hospitality
industry through a web application.Therefore, the Online hotel reservation System came up with
various features in which we would attempt to number the following ones:
~ List all guests and their transaction.
This work shows that the project with the above features can make the reservation
department more effective in order to improve the time saving and quality of services and
reduce the wasted paper during the reservation and payment to the hotel.
5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on experiences, investigation carried out and some constraints encountered, to finish this
research the following recommendations are mentioned, for the great success of the present
system:
The project ended with software product. The wisdom of software engineering
teaches that software is never completed .Thus; we suggest this software to be
considered as product in progress.
~ Some imperfections must be revised and corrected before the deployment and
functionality of Web based reservation system for hospitality industry.
55
For further research, the researcher is suggesting to use this system which can
manage Web based reservation system for hospitality industry such as online
transfer, payment among the guests Worldwide.
Further, object oriented or waterfall models are recommended as the basis of a
final deliverable since a prototype is limited in functionality such as involvement
of administrator and guests.
For Paragon Hotel, I recommend to implement this software in professional
environment of Web based reservation system for hospitality industry.
5.2 FUTURE WORK
Lastly, the project to be hosted by any service provider to ensure that whatever intended in the
project doesn’t back fire, i.e.: To make sure that the project does importation and exportation of
data to php myadmin (Retrievable).
56
REFERENCES
Books:
PRESCOTT, M, & All. (May 1999). Modern Database Management: 5th edition.p.4. Addison
Wesley Lonman, Inc.
RICHARD, T, &Watson. Data Management: Databases and Organization. 3’~ edition.p.25.
MILLER, T. & Schuh, J. H. (2005). Promoting reasonable expectations: Aligning student and
institutional views of the college experience. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-B ass.
R. Blair Smith, OH (June 2003). Learning HTML: l2thedition. Charles Babbage Institute,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
ROGER S. Pressman, Ph.D. (1998).Software engineering: 5th edition.
JENNIFER Niederst Robbins. (July 2000). Learning Web design: 3th edition.
ELIZABETH Naramore, Gerner, Jason. (2001). Beginning PHP5, Apache, and MySQLWeb
Development: Yann Le Scouarnec, Jeremy Stolz and Michael K. Glass
GERAL, V, POST. (2002).Database Management Systems: 1st edition, P34. Designing and
Building Business Applications.
Web references:
1. http://www.dbnormalization.com /database-anomalies
2. http://www.databasev.co.uk! data-redundancy.html
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki!Normal-forms
4. http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Database-management-system
57
5. http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-architecture
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-Network
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiJ1ntemet
8. http://www.softpanorama.org/SE/software_life_cycle_models.shtml
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfa11_mode1
10. http://www.site.uottawa.calschoollresearchllloseng/supportMaterial/slides
edition 1/htmlSlides/Chapterl 1 /tsldOO9.html
11. http://www.softpanorama.orgISE/software_life_cycle_models.shtml
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
13. http://eu.wikipedia.org/wikilCascading_Sty1e_Sheets
14. http://www.php.net
15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki1Adobe_Dreamweaver
18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache
19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_F1ash
20. http://www .webopedia.coml TERM/C/Computer system.html
21. http://publib.Boulder./bm.comlinfocenter/db2/MW/V8/index.jsp?
22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row
23. http://databasev.co.uk/ primary~ foreign-key-constraints.html
58
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Sample Interview Question
Sample interview questions for Paragon Hotels.

Introduction
“Our names are Tusime Robert and Yashir Adams, We are third year students at Kampala
International University and we are pursuing a Bachelors degree in Applied Science and
Information Technology. The purpose of our visit at this company is to study, investigate,
analyze and examine the performance of the service offered to customers. Thereafter design an
appropriate web based system for your company that will handle the customers’ management
problem. The desire of the company is to attain large market for their services as the company
desires to expand in the near future.
We intend to use the information for our research project which is a partial fulfilment for our
award degree in Applied Science and I infonnation technology.
59
Questions
1. What is the name of your company? _________________________________________

2. Who is the head of the company?
3. When did your company begin to operate? _______________________________
4. What type of service do you offer?
5. What is the market coverage of your services?____________________________________
6. What are the specific market places? ____________________________________________
7. What problems do you encounter in the market?_______________________________

8. How is the problem of poor services performance brought about?_________________
9. Do you have specific customer(s) or not?
10. Are customers aware your company services?
11. Are you interested in having a web based reservation system? No ~ Yes ~
12. Is the company ready to support the developer in implementing the prototype for the
company system? Yes LI No []
13. Is the company staff ready to assist the developer to identify errors or identify
requirements when a prototype is presented for test? Yes LI No LI
60
Appendix B
Budget
ITEM UNIT COST QUANTITY AMOUNT
Library and Internet 40.000/=
Transport 150.0001=
Feeding 50.000&
Typing and printing 25.000/ 1 copy 25.0001=

Report
Binding and printing 20.000/ 3 copies 60.000/=
ryping and printing report 30.000/= 4 copies 120.0001=
Binding report 10.0007= 4 copies 40.000/=
Photocopying 30.000/=
Vliscellaneous 36.0007=
TOTAL 55L000/=
61
r
Appendix C
ime Frame
Activity Months (2011) Months (2012)

October November December January May September October
Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks
Proposal
Writing
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Report
Writing
Report
Editing
Report
~ Submission
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEB BASED RESERVATION

SYSTEM FOR A HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF APPLIED

_ _ _ _-~ ~- ~ — = = -~. =- ~. -=. I

Name: YAS r~Ai ms ~

Name: TUSIME Robert Date. &4~2~i ~YJ~LZ

Name: Mr. Grace Kamulegeya Date

DBMS Database Management System

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 55

Figure 3.1 Process symbols .23

LO HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

ABOUT PARAGON HOTELS GROUP

Li. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Li.i Main Problem:

L1.3 General Problem

1.2, TflE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To investigate how guests make a decision in making a reservation for a hotel,

1.4. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

L4.1. In time and space

1.4.2. The domain

1.5, CHOICE AND INTEREST OF THE STUDY

L5.2~L Personal interest

L5.2.2. Academic interest

L5.2~3~ Public interest

1.5~3~ Choice and study interest

1.6.1 Data collection methodology

1,6.2 Software development process methodology

1.6.3 Design and analysis tools

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This project is composed with five chapters:

2.1. WEB BASED RESERVATION CONCEPTS

2.1.2. Importance of online reservation

Speed and Flexibility

Guarantees against No-Shows and Fraud

2.1.3 What is an online reservation process?

2.1.4 Online reservation process design guidelines

A. Travel and hotel reservation agency

In order of preference, you should aim to implement:

E~ Displaying rate values

2.2, DATABASE CONCEPTS

3http:/ www .webopedia.com! TERM/data

2.2.5 A primary key9

2.2.6 A foreign key’°

Normalization is a method of organizing your data to prevent redundancy. Normalization

B. Second normal form (2NF)

C. Third normal form (3NF)

D. Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)

2.3. INFORMATION SYSTEM

A system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities real or abstract, forming an integrated

A. Management information system’4

Management Information System (MIS) is a computer system, usually based on mainframe or

B, Decision support system’5

2.4. WEB CONCEPTS

2.4.1. Computer network’6

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified

B. LAN (Local Area Network)18

C. WAN (Wide Area Network)19

2.4.2. Web page2°

B. Dynamic web page23

2.5 TOOLS, TECHNIQUES ANI) LANGUAGES USED

2.5.3 Web client29

PHP is a recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor. It is a popular server-side

3.1. STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN