Domestic Water Supply System

1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Some civil engineers are responsible for designing systems that provide a
reliable and clean water supply.

✓ A water supply system begins at a water source.

✓ Water is transported to a treatment facility where the water is treated.
✓ Once treated, the water is transported to a storage facility (for example, a
water tower)
2 ✓ When a water faucet is opened or a fire sprinkler is activated, water is
transported through the distribution system to the consumer.
 2 AQUIFERS (GROUNDWATER)

• Primary source of drinking water

• Porous consolidated rock or
unconsolidated soil
• Groundwater fills spaces
• Wells and pumps used to remove
water

Aquifer

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 2 SURFACE WATER

• Lakes, reservoirs, rivers

• Rivers dammed to create
reservoirs
• Reservoirs store water during
heavy rain/snow

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 3 WATER TREATMENT

✓ Amount of treatment
depends on quality of the
source
✓ Ground water requires
less treatment than
surface water

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 4 WATER STORAGE

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 3 WATER TREATMENT

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Pressure Filter Tank
 5 WATER DISTRIBUTION

Consists of water lines, fittings,

valves, service lines, meters, and
fire hydrants

Loop system more desirable

than branch system
• Isolation valves
• Water flows in more than LOOP BRANCH
one direction SYSTEM SYSTEM

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 5 WATER DISTRIBUTION

Typical new system pipe

• Thermoplastic or ductile iron
• Reinforced concrete in larger
mains
Older system pipe
Cast-iron or asbestos cement
Typical distribution pressure of 65-
75 psi
Designed for less than 150 psi

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 5 WATER DISTRIBUTION

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 5 WATER DISTRIBUTION

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 5 WATER DISTRIBUTION

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 6 CONSUMER

Residential, commercial, and industrial

facilities
Residential
Min. distribution pressure = 40 psi
Max. distribution pressure = 80 psi
Pressure-reducing valve

Commercial or industrial facilities

May require higher pressure
Pumps can increase pressure

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 7 PRINCIPLE OF PIPE FLOW

Head
Relates energy in an incompressible fluid
(like water) to the height of an equivalent
column of that fluid

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 7 PRINCIPLE OF PIPE FLOW

Static Head
• Potential energy of the water at
rest
• Measured in feet of water
• Change in elevation between
source and discharge

Pumped to Storage Tank

• Water pressure
o psi
o 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water

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 7 PRINCIPLE OF PIPE FLOW

Static Head
Ex: What is the static head at a residential supply line
if the water level in the elevated tank is 943 ft and the
elevation at the supply line is 890 ft?

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943 ft – 890 ft = 53 feet of water
 7 PRINCIPLE OF PIPE FLOW

Calculate friction loss in a cast iron pipe of diameter 300 mm carrying a

discharge of 200 L per second to a distance of 1000 m.

4Q
R=
 vD
vwater ,30 = 8 10−7 m2 / s
4  0.2
R= −7
= 1,061,033
3.14159  8 10  0.3

As the R is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent. Using the given table, the
roughness height for CI pipes is Ɛ = 0.25 mm(2.5 x 10-4 m).
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𝞮/D = 0.25 mm / 300 mm = 0.00083
 7 PRINCIPLE OF PIPE FLOW

2
  
  2.5  10 4
5.74  = 0.0193
f = 1.325 ln +
(
  3.7  0.3 3.389 105
) 
0.9
  
8  0.0193 1000  0.22
hf = = 26.248m
3.14159  9.81 0.3
2 5

hf is pressure loss due to friction in term of the

equivalent height of a column of the working fluid
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 7 PRINCIPLE OF PIPE FLOW

Water at 10 oC (ρ=999.7 kg/m3 and μ=1.307x10-3 kg/m.s)

is flowing steadily in a 0.2 cm diameter, 15 m long
pipe at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s. Determine;
a) the head loss, and
b) the pumping power requirement to overcome this
pressure drop

Re =
( ) (
vD 999.7kg / m3 (1.2m / s ) 2  10−3 m
=
)
= 18.36
 −3
1.307  10 kg / m.s

Which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Then , the friction
factor and the pressure drop become

64 64
f = = = 0.0349
Re 1836

P = PL = f
L V 2
= 0.0349
( )
15m 999.7kg / m3 (1.2m / s )2 

1kN  1kPa 
  = 188kPa
2
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D 2 0.002m 2  1000kg.m / s  1kN / m 
 The head loss in the pipe

PL L V2 15m (1.2m / s )2

hL =
g
= f
D 2g
= 0.0349
(
0.002m 2 9.81m / s 2 )
= 19.2m

The volume flow rate and the pumping power requirement are;

 D2    (0.02m)2 
V = VAc = V   = (1.2m / s )  = 3.77  10−6 m s
3
 4   4 
 
 
 3   
W pump = VP =  3.77  10 m (188kPa)
− 1000 W
6
3 
= 0.710W
 s
 1kPa m 
 s 

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 8 PLUMBING SYMBOL

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 8 PLUMBING SYMBOL

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