Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Lea) Comparative Police System
(Lea) Comparative Police System
(Lea) Comparative Police System
SYSTEM
Police = The governmental department charged with the regulation and control of the affairs of a
community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order, enforce the law, and prevent and
detect crime. (Frenchword)
GLOBALIZATION
= package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and authority.
= growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas.
= The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and
sustain a global economy.
Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the
communityorthepeople. This theory prevails in EnglandandUnitedStates. It is also the police service
which prevails in country with decentralized form of government. This is likewise the police service theory
that should prevail in the Philippines based on the existing laws, concepts and principles.
b. Modern police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the
absenceofcrime.
Deviance Control = is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce
communityvaluesandlaws. This was adopted by Germany,ChinaandJapan.
Civil order control = is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular
street police in the country of EnglandandUnitedStates.
C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to
an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of a
“3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum”which means
“amiraculousdecision.”
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of
France). When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and
changed the concept of crime being committed against the state.
A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-
five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve(head-manorlieutenantofthearmy).
The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called shires.The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no
one could questions his or her actions.
Two “Constabuli”or “The Keeper of the Horse” were
appointedtoeachvilagetoaidtheRievein hisduties. It became the source of the word Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve”is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”
C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
• Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
• Policeman becomes public servant.
• The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called
“citizen’sarrest.”
• Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto
the facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-SaxonTrialor “TrialbyOrdealSystem.”
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of tenneighboringmaleresidentsovertwelveyearsof
agewere required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people
A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the
appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while
checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.
1798 = Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates.
= initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was
responsible for preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as being the firstmodernpoliceforcein
theworld, in the sense that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of
crime.
LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822
METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
= the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of
London Police and the British Transport Police)
= finest police force around the world.
IMPORTANT DATES
• 1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the
MetropolitanPolicewithcontroversialuseofforce.
• 1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorbtheBowStreetHorsePatrolinto its control.
• 1838 = incorporates MarinePoliceandBowStreetRunnersinto the Metropolitan Police and the
disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the large and
varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a
general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
> Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
> Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff
> Inspector/Commander/Colonel
> Major/Deputy Inspector
> Captain
> Lieutenant
> Sergeant
> Detective/Inspector/Investigator
> Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal
CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”
= is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the word being a
national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920bytheMergerofRoyal
NorthwestMountedPolice(1873)withtheDominionPolice(1868).
= headed by the Commission under the direction of the MinisterofPublicSafetyCanada.
AUSTRALIA
Australian Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking strong lead in the
fight against 21st century crime.
• Commissioner = highest rank
• Constable = lowest rank
HONGKONG
Hong Kong Police Force
= is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's
second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May
1844.
in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for
their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again named the HongKongPoliceForce
Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners:
a. DeputyCommissioner–Operations= supervises all operational matters including crime and
b. DeputyCommissioner–Management = is responsible for the direction and coordination of
force management including personnel, training, and management services.
Motto =WeServewithPrideandCare
Hong Kong Police College = s responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training provided by the Police College
includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation training, police driver training and weapon
tactics training. The information technology training, command training, local and overseas management
training, some specialist courses and periodic courses on firearms and first aid are also provided by the
Police College.
Service Quality Wing = is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to force
customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review,
ResearchandInspectionsandComplaintsandInternalInvestigations(C&II)
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) = includes the ComplaintsAgainstPoliceOffice
(CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made both externally
and internally against members of the force.
For Inspector
Academic Requirements
• Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
• An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution / A Higher Diploma from a
Hong Kong polytechnic / polytechnic university, or a Diploma from a registered post-secondary
college awarded after the date of its registration, or equivalent; or
• A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (2A) plus
three other subjects at Grade C or above in the HKCEE (3O), or a combination of results in five Hong
Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New Senior Secondary (NSS)
subjects, “Attained with Distinction” in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of
two ApL subjects) and Grade C in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and English Language, in the HKCEE, or
a combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in
New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a
maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade E in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
RANKS OF HKPF
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Inspector of Police (IP) Probationary
Inspector of Police (PI) Station
Sergeant (SSGT)
Sergeant (SGT)
Senior Constable (SPC)
Police Constable (PC)
TAIWAN
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE = is the unified police force of taiwan
= under the supervision of NATIONALPOLICEAGENCYwhich is directly under the
MINISTRYOF INTERIOR
= under effective civilian control
FUNCTIONS
1) to maintain public order,
2) 2) to protect social security,
3) 3) to prevent all dangers, and
4) ) to promote the welfare of all people.
MYANMAR
Myanmar Police Force = formally known as ThePeople'sPoliceForce(Burmese: PyiThuYaeTupPwe)
= established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was
reorganized on 1 October 1995.
There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police Forces
TRAINING CENTERS
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years;
Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6
Month
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which normally
takes around 6 months to complete.
SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) = the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
= paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing security for VIP and vital
facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence
RANKS OF RMP
INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF POLICE = equivalent of director general
(Philippines) POLICE CONSTABLE = equivalent of police officer 1
(Philippines)
Singapore
Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819.
• Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the
city-state. It is formerly known as RepublicofSingaporePolice. Organized with split staff (15)
and line functions (13) roughly modeled after the military. Headquarters at New Poenix Park in
Novena. The highestrankisCommissionerofPoliceandthelowestisPoliceConstable.
• Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = constitution of the SPF
Recruitment/training
• Highschoolgraduateswho were interested in law enforcement as a career can be recruited and
those who are selected for officers had to be approved by the Public Service Commission.
• Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior officers are required to travel
oversees for training such as in Police Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat’l Academy in US and
PoliceAcademyinJapan.
• Nine(9)monthstraining. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a one year probation period.
RANKS OF SPF
Commissioner of Police = equivalent of director general in the Philippines
Constable = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP
ORGANIZATION OF NPA
1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible for the administrative
supervisionofthepolice. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA) = a totally gunless police force, except for its special
attack team.
3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides
support with the prefectural police.
Director General = heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the Commission
General of the NPA.
Regional Police Bureau = the local organizations to carry out part of the NPA’s functions. There are about
7Bureausin the majorcitiesexceptforTokyoandHokkaidowhereinTokyo,MetropolitanPolice department
(headed by Superintendent General) has long been established and shares the same location with
the NPA. PrefecturalPolicehasthewholeofHokkaidounderitsjurisdiction.
4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) = administrative commission functioning under the
representative system which supervisetheprefecturalpolice. Under the
JurisdictionoftheGovernor. Though not empowered to give order to the Commission.
5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs and
shopping areas and in residential districts which forms the first line of police response to the public.
= Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho-
staffed by a single officer). About 20%ofpoliceisassignedtoKoban.
Kinds of police
1. People’s Armed Police (PAP), 1980’s deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police
and guard’s government compounds and foreign embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called
sometimes to back up local police.
2. State Security Police = (1983)
safeguardsstatesecurity,preventforeignespionage,sabotageand conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and directly
accountable to the State council.
3. Prison Police = a part of the correctionalarmoftheoverallpolicesystem stationed in prisons and
correction units. This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintainingthesecurityandorderincourtsandservinginstruments
and some also executing death sentences.
5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out
some unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land.
Branches of UN
1. UN general Assembly = This is the main decision- making and representative assembly in the UN
through its policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states , is headed by a
presidentelected from the member states, and meets from September to December
2. UN Security Council = is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all
the branches.
FUNCTIONS
a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening, and may
involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land
forces Five Permanent Members of Security Council
1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the
GeneralAssembly
3. International Court of Justice = Located in the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the
judicial matters of the UN.
4.Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data needed
5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3 year
term.
6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and the general assembly in the administration of
the International Trusteeship System
UN CHARTER = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international persons.
Technically, it is a Treaty.
TREATY = an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by
international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever its
particular designation.
INTERPOL
• Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal Police Organization) is the police forces organization that
primarily manifest global or international cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its
headquarters was initially located in Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was founded) but at
present it is transferred to Lyon France.
• INTERPOL = is the world’s largest international police organization, with 190membercountries.
It exists to help create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat
crime.
• It aims to facilitate international police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat internal crime.
= the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or
communicationlinefortheexchangeofinformation,dataandrequestforassistancebetween
andamongthemembercountries.
• It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and transnational crimes; (2) protect minorities against the
dominant groups; and (3) Maintain law enforcement regardless of race or religion.
INTERPOL’ s Structure
• General Assembly
• Executive Committee
• General Secretariat
• National Central Bureaus
• Advisers
• The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.
Executive Committee = consisting of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and comprises the
president, three vice –presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.
It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets threetimesayear,usuallyinMarch,
JulyandimmediatelybeforetheGeneralAssembly.
9 Delegates
• Pieter Jaap AALBERSBERG (The Netherlands)
• Fath ELRAHMAN Osman (Sudan)
• Emmanuel GASANA (Rwanda)
• Francisco GIL MONTERO (Spain)
• Nobuyuki KAWAI (Japan)
• Tariq KHOSA (Pakistan)
• Sanna PALO (Finland)
• Marcos VASQUEZ MEZA (Chile)
• Timothy A. WILLIAMS (United States)
General Secretariat = (Lyon, France) operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary
General. It Works with Officials of more than 80 countries side-by-side using four official languages:
Arabic,English,FrenchandSpanish. It consists of seven (7) regional offices across the world namely:
Argentina,
Cameron,
Cote D’Ivoire,
Kenya,
El Salvador,
Thailand, and
Zimbabwe.
National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central
Bureau staffed by National law enforcement officers. The NCB is the
designatedcontactpointfortheGeneral Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring
assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.
Advisers = these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) = this is an independent body whose mandate is
threefold:
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the
Organization’s regulations,
(2) to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter concerning the
information contained in INTERPOL’S files.
INTERPOL’s Governance = comprises the General Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is
headed by the President.
The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of four(4) years.
His role is to chair the General Assembly and Executive Committee and ensure that INTERPOL’S activities
conform with decisions made at these meetings.
INTERPOL’S NOTICE
1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrestorprovisionalarrestofwantedpersonswitha
viewtoextradition.
2. Blue Notice – this type of notice isissuedinordertolocate,identifyorobtaininformationonaperson
of interest in a criminal investigation.
3. Green Notice – to warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered to be a
possible threat to public safety.
4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are
unabletoidentifythemselves.
5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seekinformationonunidentifiedbodies.
6. Orange Notice – to
warnofanevent,aperson,anobjectoraprocessrepresentinganimminentthreat anddanger to persons or property.
7. Purple Notice – issued to provideinformationonmodusoperandi,objects,devicesand concealment
methods used by criminals.
8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued forindividualsandentitiesthat
aresubjecttoUNsanctions.
The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation against
transnational crime:
Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;
Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states;
European multilateral cooperation via Europol.
*System of policing that serves as a grass root approach to bring the people and the police together in
cooperative manners:
Problem Oriented Policing
Community Oriented Policing
Cooperative Policing
Team Policing
IMPORTANT DATES
• 1983 (Jakarta) = Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo
• 1984 (Kuala Lumpur) = Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual conference
• 1996 (Kuala Lumpur) = Vietnam joined as a new member
• 1998 (Brunei) = Laos joined ASEANAPOL
• 2000 (Myanmar) = Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a new member
• 2005 (Bali) = The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a
permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
= Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL
• 2008 (Brunei) = The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL
Secretariat
• 2009 (Vietnam) = Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
• 2010 = On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
ORANIZATION
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the
annual ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the
Head of the Delegation
Tenure of Services
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs
*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the
permanentseat.
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January1,2010.