• 1 • Introduction

‘Relay hardware is becoming even more standardised, to the point at

which versions of a relay may differ only by the software they contain’.
This accurate prediction in the preface to the Third Edition of the Protective
Relay Application Guide (PRAG), 1987, has been followed by the rapid
development of integrated protection and control devices. The change in
technology, together with significant changes in Utility, Industrial and
Commercial organisations, has resulted in new emphasis on Secondary Systems
Engineering.
In addition to the traditional role of protection & control, secondary systems
are now required to provide true added value to organisations.
When utilised to its maximum, not only can the integration of protection &
control functionality deliver the required reduction in life-time cost of capital,
but the advanced features available (Quality of Supply, disturbance recording
and plant monitoring) enable system and plant performance to be improved,
increasing system availability.
The evolution of all secondary connected devices to form digital control
systems continues to greatly increase access to all information available within
the substation, resulting in new methodologies for asset management.
In order to provide the modern practising substation engineer with reference
material, the Network Protection & Automation Guide provides a substantially
revised and expanded edition of PRAG incorporating new chapters on all levels
of network automation. The first part of the book deals with the fundamentals,
basic technology, fault calculations and the models of power system plant,
including the transient response and saturation problems that affect
instrument transformers.
The typical data provided on power system plant has been updated and
significantly expanded following research that showed its popularity.
The book then provides detailed analysis on the application of protection
systems. This includes a new Chapter on the protection of a.c. electrified
railways. Existing chapters on distance, busbar and generator protection have
been completely revised to take account of new developments, including
improvements due to numerical protection techniques and the application
problems of embedded generation. The Chapter on relay testing and
commissioning has been completely updated to reflect modern techniques.
Finally, new Chapters covering the fields of power system measurements,
power quality, and substation and distribution automation are found, to reflect
the importance of these fields for the modern Power System Engineer.
The intention is to make NPAG the standard reference work in its’ subject area
- while still helping the student and young engineer new to the field. We trust
that you find this book invaluable and assure you that any comments will be
carefully noted ready for the next edition.

Network Protection & Automation Guide • 3 •

 Guide

Network
Protection & Automation
Network P rotection
& Automation Guide
First edition July 2002

Previously called Protective Relays Application Guide

First printed June 1966
Reprinted January 1967
August 1968
November 1970
September 1971
February 1973
January 1974
Second edition
First printed March 1975
Reprinted November 1977
December 1979
November 1982
October 1983
October 1985
Third edition
First printed June 1987
Reprinted September 1990
March 1995

All rights reserved Copyright AREVA 2005

AREVA T&D - 1, Place de la Coupole - 92084 Paris La Défense - France.
www.areva-td.com
AREVA T&D Worlwide Contact Centre:
http://www.areva-td.com/contactcentre/
Tel.: +44 (0) 1785 250 070

ISBN : 2-9518589-0-6

Layout by Flash Espace, Montpellier, France - Printed by Cayfosa, Barcelona, Spain

 Acknowledgements

This book is the result of the co-operation and teamwork

of the many specialist engineers employed by AREVA
T&D Automation & Information Systems.
The Company would like to acknowledge their assistance
in producing this edition.

AREVA T&D would also like to acknowledge gratefully

the co-operation of the following companies in providing
material for this edition.
ALSTOM Power
AREVA T&D Transformers

Acknowledgements
AREVA T&D Instrument Transformers
AREVA T&D Distribution Switchgear
AREVA T&D Network Planning
ALSTOM Electrical Machines
ALSTOM Transport/Virgin Trains

The invaluable contributions of PB Power within the

review process are also acknowledged gratefully.
•

Peter Rush

Network Protection & Automation Guide