1.

Give the definition of the following:

a. Science- From latin scientia it means knowledge is a systematic
enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable
explanations and predictions about the universe. Scientific methodology
includes the following:
 Objective observation: Measurement and data (possibly
although not necessarily using mathematics as a tool).
 Evidence
 Experiment and/or observation as benchmarks for testing
hypothesis
 Induction: reasoning to establish general rules or conclusions
drawn from facts or example
 Repetition
 Critical analysis
 Verification and testing: critical exposure to scrutiny, peer
review and assessment
b. History- from greek iotopia, historia, meaning “inquiry; knowledge
acquired by investigation” is the study of the past. Events before the
invention of writing systems are considered prehistory. History is an
umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery,
collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events.
Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as
written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological
markers.

c. Philosophy- from Greek, by way of Latin, philosophia, “love of wisdom”.

The rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole
or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience.
Philosophical inquiry is a central element in the intellectual history of many
civilizations. The subject of philosophy is treated in a number of articles.
For discussion of major system of Eastern philosophy,see Buddhism;
Chinese philosophy; Confucianism; Daoism; Hinduism;Indian philosophy;
Jainism; Japanese philosophy; Shinto; Sikhism.

d. Ontology- is the branch of philosophy that studies concepts such as

existence, being, becoming, and reality. It includes the questions of how
entities are grouped into basic categories and which of these entities exist
on the most fundamental level. Ontology is sometimes referred to as the
science of being and belongs to the major branch of philosophy known as
metaphysics. Ontologist often try to determine what the categories or
 highest kinds are and how they form a system of categories that provides
an encompassing classification of all entities.

e. Metaphysics- The word “metaphysics” comes from the two Greek words
that, together, literally mean “ after or behind or among the study of the
natural. It is the branch of philosophy that studies the first principles of
being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity and
possibility. It includes questions about the nature of consciousness and the
relationship between mind and matter.Whatever the reasons may be, the
set of problems to which the word metaphysics now applies is so diverse
that it very hard to frame a definition that adequately expresses the nature
and scope of the discipline.
f. Epistemology – The term “ epistemology” comes from the Greek words “
episteme” and “logos”. Episteme can be translated as knowledge or
understanding or acquaintance while logos can be translated as account
or argument or reason.Just as each of these different translations captures
some facet of the meaning of these Greek terms, so too does each
translation capture some facet of the meaning of these Greek terms, so
too does each translation capture a different facet of epistemology itself.
g. Axiology- From Greek word axia means “value, worth’’; and logia it
means “study of ”- is the philosophical study of value. It includes questions
about the nature and classification of values and about what kinds of
things have value. It is intimately connected with various other
philosophical fields that crucially depend on the notion of value, like ethics,
aesthetics or philosophy of religion. It is also closely related to value theory
and methaethics. The term was first used by Paul Lapie, in 1902, and
Eduard von Hartmann, in 1908.
h. Logic- is an interdisciplinary field which studies truth and reasoning.
Informal logic seeks to characterize valid arguments informally, for
instance by listing varieties of fallacies. Formal logic represents statements
and argument patterns symbolically, using formal systems such as first
order logic.. Within formal logic, mathematical logic, studies the
mathematical characteristics of logical system, while philosophical logic
applies them to philosophical problems such as the nature of meaning,
knowledge, and existence. Systems of formal logic are also applied in
other fields including linguistics, cognitive science, and computer science.