A STUDY ON “MGNREGA –WOMEN EMPOWERMENT”

Administrative Policy Project Submitted in Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirement for the award of the degree.

Bachelor of Arts
By
M. Asha Madhuri

180570092

Under the Supervision of

Dr. P. Krishna kumar

ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OFARTS

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation

(Deemed to be university est. u/s, 3 of the UGC Act, 1956)

(NAAC Accredited “A++” Grade University) Vaddeswaram-
 522502 Guntur District, AndhraPradesh

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I am glad to express my deep sense of gratitude Department of

Arts for providing us an opportunity to fulfill our cherished desire of
reaching our goal.

I sincerely thank to K L Management for inspiring me with their

words filled with dedication and discipline towards work and for
providing excellent facilities required towards the successful
completion of the administrative policy project.

I sincerely thank to Mr. M.V.L Narasimham Naresh, Director of

the Department for his valuable guidance and timely advices in the
completion of the project.

I sincerely express my gratitude to my family for helping with

valuable information to complete this project successfully.

I express my warm and grateful thanks to Project Director and

guide ( DR.KRISHNA KUMAR) for his guidance and cooperation in the
completion of the project. I take immense pleasure in thanking him for
freedom of thought and action during the entire course of my project
work.

DECLARATION

I (M.Asha Madhuri,180570092),hereby declare that the research

project titled “A STUDY ON MGNREGA -WOMEN EMPOWERMENT)” is
submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree
of BACHELOR OF ARTS under the guidance of (DR.Krishna
KUMAR),Department of Arts, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation. I confirm that the data and findings are the result of my
own research.

I further confirm that, the Administrative Policy project has not been
submitted to any other university orinstitution in full or in part for the
award of any degree or diploma.

Place:

Date:

Signature:
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that (M Asha Madhuri),(IdNo:1805700692),worked under my

supervision for the research project titled “A STUDY ON (MGNREGA- WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT)” during the academic year2018-2021in partial fulfillment of B.A
program requirements. The student has done original work to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

Signature of the Director

Mr. M.V.L.N.NARESH

Signature of the Faculty Supervisor

DR. KRISHNA KUMAR

 DECLARATION
I, M Asha Madhuri, 180570092, hereby declare that the research project
titled “A STUDY ON MGNREGA – WOMEN EMPOWERMENT”is submitted by
me in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the Degree of BACHELOR OF
ARTS under the guidance of P KRISHNA KUMAR
DepartmentofArts,KoneruLakshmaiahEducationFoundation.Iconfirmthattheda
ta and findings are the result of my own research.

I further confirm that, the Administrative Policy project has

not been submitted to any other university or institution in full or in
part for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place:

Date:

Signature:

Sl. no Title Pg no

1 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 7-32

2 CHAPTER-2 HISTORICAL 33-48

BACKGROUND

3 CHAPTER-3 PROFILE OF THE 49-63

STUDY AREA
4 CHAPTER -4 DATA NALYSIS 64-93

5 CHAPTER-5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 93-100

LIST OF TABLES

List of the Title of the table Page .no

tables
3.1 Demographics of districts in A.P 49
3.2 Women Person days out of Total (%) 51
3.3 Rural Population in Andhra Pradesh-2011 51
Census
3.4 Literacy Rate in Rural Andhra 52
Pradesh

3.5 Religion wise census 2011 Data of 54

vaddewaram

3.6 Gundimeda data 60

3.7 Worklife in gundimeda 61
4.1 Age 65
4.2 Marital Status 67

4.3 Type of Family 67

4.4 Educational Qualification 68

4.5 Occupation 69

4.6 Religion 70

4.7 Social Category 71

4.8 Income 72
4.9 Response 73

4.10 No of acres 74

4.11 Husbands occupation 74

4.12 Number of Earners 75
4.13 Number of Dependents 76
4.14 No of respondents aware of MGNREGS 77
4.15 About MGNREGS 78
4.16 Job card 79
4.17 Job card within 15 days 80
4.18 Authorities taking bribe while applying job 81
card
4.19 Place 82
4.20 Participation in social audit 83
4.21 Using Technology on the site 84
4.22 Work within village 85
4.23 Facing problems in participation 86
4.24 Wages equal on par with the men 87
4.25 Mode of getting wages 88
4.26 Wages within 15 days 89
4.27 Attitude of higher officials 90
4.28 Officials visiting the site 91
4.29 Officials solving problems and complaints 92
4.30 MGNREGS during covid 19 92

List of Bar graphs

Serial no Tittle Pgno

4.2 Marital Status 66

4.8 Income 72
4.10 No of acres 74

4.11 Husbands occupation 75

4.13 Number of Dependents 77
4.19 Place 83
4.25 Mode of getting wages 89

List of pie charts

Serial No Tittle Pgno

4.1 Age 67
4.3 Type of Family 68
4.4 Educational Qualification 68

4.5 Occupation 70
4.6 Religion 70
4.7 Social category 72
4.9 Response 73

4.12 Number of Earners 76

4.14 No of respondents aware of MGNREGS 77
4.15 About MGNREGS 79
4.16 Job card 79
4.17 Job card within 15 days 81
4.18 Authorities taking bribe while applying 82
job card
4.20 Participation in social audit 84
4.21 Using Technology on the site 84
4.22 Work within village 86
4.23 Facing problems in participation 86
4.24 Wages equal on par with the men 88
4.26 Wages within 15 days 90
4.27 Attitude of higher officials 90
4.28 Officials visiting the site 91
4.29 Officials solving problems and complaints 92
4.30 MGNREGS during covid 19 93

Introduction
Empowerment refers to increasing strength of individuals or communities in the different
spheres of life such as economic, political, social, spiritual etc. It also refers to instilling
confidence in people in their own capacities. Women’s empowerment essentially refers to
empowering women to change power relations between them and men in their favour.
Women in general and women in developing countries in particular are observed to be lagging
behind men in the different spheres of life such as, labour and employment, health and
nutrition, education and skills, asset ownership, political and social participation etc., with the
result that power of decision making in the multiple spheres of life lies more with men than
with women. Gender Equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key
element to achieve progress in all areas. UNDP focuses on gender equality and women’s
empowerment not only as human rights; but also, because they are a pathway to achieving the
Millennium Development Goals and sustainable development. A critical aspect of promoting
gender equality is the empowerment of women with a focus on identifying and redressing
power imbalances and giving women more autonomy to manage their own lives.
Gender Equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to
achieve progress in all areas. Women’s employment is a critical factor in their progression
towards economic independence and is also considered as an indicator of their overall status in
society. The gender gap in employment has macroeconomic implications as well. Based on data
from 2000-2004, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific
(ESCAP) estimates that if India’s female labour force participation reached parity with that of
United States (86%), its gross domestic product (GDP) would increase by 4.2 per cent a year and
growth rate by 1.08 per cent representing an annual gain of $19 billion. A 10 per cent
permanent increase in female labor force participation would lead to increase in growth rates
by 0.3 per cent (UNESCAP 2007).

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is considered as a

“Silver Bullet” for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment, by way of generating demand
for productive labor force in villages. Rural poverty and unemployment in India have grown in
an unprecedented manner during the last few decades. There is a growing incidence of
illiteracy, blind faith, hungry people, mal-nourished children, anemic pregnant women, farmer
suicides, starvation deaths, migration resulting from inadequate employment, poverty, and the
failure of subsistence production during droughts. In order to make solution of these problems
and to provide livelihood security to rural unemployed, Government of India (GOI) enacted the
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in 2005. It is the biggest poverty alleviation
Programme in the world which is started with an initial outlay of Rs. 11,300 crore in year 2006-
07and now it is Rs. 40,000 crore (2010-11). This Act is now called as Mahatma Gandhi NREGA.
The Act provides a legal guarantee for 100 days of employment in every financial year to adult
members of any rural household will to do public work related unskilled manual work at the
statutory minimum wage. Thus it is a universal Programme. This minimum wage varies from
state to state, in some states it is Rs. 80 whereas in other it is Rs. 125 or Rs. 120. According to
the Act the minimum wage cannot be less than Rs. 60. The 100 days of work figure was
estimated because the agricultural season is only supposed to last roughly around 250days and
unskilled workers have no alternative source of income in the remaining parts of the year.

MGNREGA GOALS:

Strong social safety net for the vulnerable groups by providing a fall back employment
source, when other employment alternatives are scarce or inadequate.
 Growth engine for sustainable development of an agricultural economy. Through the
process of providing employment on works that address causes of chronic poverty such
as drought, deforestation and soil erosion, the Act seeks to strengthen the natural
resource base of rural livelihood and create durable assets in rural areas. Effectively
implemented, NREGA has the potential to transform the geography of poverty.
Empowerment of rural poor through the processes of a rights-based Law
New ways of doing business, as a model of governance reform anchored on the
principles of transparency and grass root democracy.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT:

Adult members of a rural household, willing to do unskilled manual work, may apply for
registration in writing or orally to the local Gram Panchayat.
The Gram Panchayat after due verification will issue a Job Card. The Job Card will bear
the photograph of all adult members of the household willing to work under NREGA and
is free of cost.
The Job Card should be issued within 15 days of application.
A Job Card holder may submit a written application for employment to the Gram
Panchayat, stating the time and duration for which work is sought. The minimum days
of employment have to be at least fourteen
The Gram Panchayat will issue a dated receipt of the written application for
employment, against which the guarantee of providing employment within 15 days
operates.
Employment will be given within 15 days of application for work, if it is not then daily
unemployment allowance as per the Act, has to be paid liability of payment of
unemployment allowance is of the States.
Work should ordinarily be provided within 5 km radius of the village. In case work is
provided beyond 5 km, extra wages of 10% are payable to meet additional
transportation and living expenses.
Wages are to be paid according to the Minimum Wages Act 1948 for agricultural
laborers in the State, unless the Centre notifies a wage rate which will not be less than
Rs. 60/ per day. Equal wages will be provided to both men and women.
Wages are to be paid according to piece rate or daily rate. Disbursement of wages has to
be done on weekly basis and not beyond a fortnight in any case.
At least one-third beneficiaries shall be women who have registered and requested
work under the scheme.
 Work site facilities such as crèche, drinking water, and shade have to be provided the
shelf of projects for a village will be recommended by the gram Saba and approved by
the Zillah panchayat.
At least 50% of works will be allotted to Gram Panchayats for execution Permissible
works predominantly include water and soil conservation, afforestation and land
development works.
A 60:40 wage and material ratio has to be maintained. No contractors and machinery is
allowed.
The Central Government bears the 100 percent wage cost of unskilled manual labor and
75 percent of the material cost including the wages of skilled and semi- skilled workers.
Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Saba.
Grievance redressal mechanisms have to be put in place for ensuring a responsive
implementation process.
All accounts and records relating to the Scheme should be available for public Scrutiny.

SIGNIFICANCE

MGNREGA and Empowerment of Women:

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a landmark
legislation passed by the parliament of India after a successful struggle for employment
guarantee legislation. MGNREGA as a flagship programme of Government of India was notified
on September 7, 2005 in 200 rural districts in its first phase of implementation which took an
effect from February 2, 2006. In 2007–08, it was extended to an additional 130 rural districts.
The remaining districts were notified under MGNREGA with effect from April 1, 2008. Since
then MGNREGA has covered the entire country with the exception of districts that have a
hundred percent urban population. The main objective of the Act is to enhance livelihood
security of the rural household by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment
in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual
work. It was essentially a programme to provide basic income and employment opportunities
to poor households in rural areas where opportunities of work did not exist or was very limited.
The programme is different from earlier wage employment programmes in terms of its right
based and demand driven approach to public work. This Act is the largest ever public
programme that goes beyond poverty alleviation and recognises employment as a legal right.
There is much that the MGNREGA promises from the perspective of women empowerment as
well. Although, the programme was never conceived as an exclusive programme for
empowerment of women, certain provisions in the act, the scale and flexibility of operation of
the programme and the prevailing societal and economic realities of the country made it to
emerge as a programme with overtones for empowerment of poor rural women.

Women Related Provisions of the Act:

 These very provisions of the Act some way have become very handy for women in
increasing their magnitude of empowerment:

• The Act is inclusive in nature. It specifies that a minimum of one-third of the beneficiaries of
the scheme are to be women who have registered and demanded employment under the
scheme.
• The Act is also gender sensitive. It provides that there shall be no discrimination solely on the
ground of gender in providing employment and equal wages between men and women have
also been a major incentive for women.
• The MGNREGA in India is an example of important safety nets for women, allowing childcare
facilities to be provided on worksites and requiring provision of work close to participants’
homes.
• MGNREGA is seen to be a policy response of the Government of India to a situation of
poverty and inequality.

MGNREGA: A step towards inclusive growth:

April2, 2006 was the historic day for 72 %rural Indian population, on that day the Government
of India has implemented Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005. It
was major step towards the inclusive growth and development. Inclusive growth is not a new
concept and is said to be a combination of both, what was earlier known as growth,
development and equitable distribution, all rolled into a new terminology known as inclusive
growth. Inclusive growth means to get higher growth rate with low poverty, low unemployment
rate and low income disparity. It is a concept which advances equitable opportunities for
economic participants during the process of economic growth with benefits incurred by every
section of society. Inclusivity would imply more equitable distribution of the gains achieved
through higher growth. India in this direction has done a commendable work by enacting
employment guarantee Act i.e. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act, 2005. The Act gives the legal right to the rural people to get at least 100days’employment,
which is expected to reduce the poverty level in the rural areas. MGNREGA will provide 100days
employment legal right of work to every unskilled adult household in the rural areas. MGNREGA
is focusing on water conservation, forestation, improve agriculture productivity, creates new
productive employment opportunities for rural unskilled labor force and empowering
panchayats.

IMPORTANCE
MGNERGA: As a tool for inclusive growth and poverty reduction Poverty is a big challenge to
India.

Poverty alleviation and employment generation have always been important issues from the
beginning of the five-year plan. However, Indian government in the fifth five-year plan
emphasized particularly the importance of poverty reduction and its alleviation. In the
beginning after independence, poverty and unemployment were not taken seriously by the
government and fully relied upon the theory of “trickle-down effect”. The benefits of growth
were considered to percolate to the bottom level and marginalized sections of the society
would get benefited automatically by timely. The economic growth was assumed to be an
important instrument for the poverty reduction. Since independence, the government launched
a number of poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes, especially for rural
development, like TRYSEM, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Nehru Rozgar
Yojana (NRY), Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), etc. These programmes were
somehow effective, but not up to the expectations of the people in solving the problem of
unemployment and poverty eradication on account of several shortcomings noticed in the
wage employment programmes. These shortcomings were likely to be: lack of awareness
among people, lack of sincerity of administration, lack of community participation, lack of
complete awareness about schemes, lack of adequate planning, Panchayats not well equipped,
Quality of assets created not always of requisite standard, Reports of false muster rolls,
Problems in payment : often less than 6 prescribed wages and disparity between wages paid to
women and men, Contractors persisted, Diversion of funds, Weak monitoring and verification
systems, Lack of comprehensive data base, Inadequate capacity of implementing agencies,
Multiple wages employment programmes running in parallel. Lack of Genuine will to
decentralize, Lack of organization of the poor for greater participation, and Lack of Public
Accountability. Considering these deficiencies in the earlier programmes, MGNREGA was
designed and given a legal status.

The MGNREGA is a step towards the right to work, as an aspect of the fundamental right to live
with dignity in accordance of Indian constitution. The MGNREGA bring into being the rural
people inclusive through following;

Social protection for the most vulnerable people living in rural India
Livelihood security for the poor through creation of durable assets, improved water
security, soil conservation and higher land productivity.
Drought proofing and food management and increasing production in rural India
 Empowerment of the socially disadvantaged, especially women, scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes, through the process of a right based legislation and implementation.
Strengthening decentralized and participatory planning through convergence of various
anti-poverty and livelihoods initiatives.
Deepening democracy at the grass-roots by strengthening panchayat raj institutions.
Effecting greater transparency and accountability governance.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

1. POLICIES AND POTENTIALS FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN MAHATMA GANDHI

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA)
DATE: OCTOBER 15 2019 VOLUME NO: 2

AUTHOR: FEBRUARY AMELIA CURRY METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

Globally, over 2.7 billion women are legally restricted from having the same choice of jobs as
men (UN Women, 2019). The gender discrimination in the labour market continues to hamper
chances and opportunities for millions of women affecting both developing and developed
economies in all regions. Compared to men, women are more likely to be unemployed, work
informally ,have worse employment conditions and to be paid less.

Gender inequalities result in gender gaps in access to social protection. Worldwide, nearly 40
per cent of women in wage employment do not access to social protection (UN Women, 2018).
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognize the tremendous work left to be done to
advance women’s economic empowerment.

The labour market is therefore a ground with great potential to address these barriers and
eliminate discrimination. There are a number of ways to overcome women’s disadvantages in
the labour force such as: improving access to demand-driven skills; expanding opportunities to
enterprise development; including access to credit, markets, technology and land; and perhaps
more importantly, finally addressing the unpaid care economy.

The gender dimensions of public employment programmes

Public employment programmes are a well-known instrument of social protection and a tool for
poverty reduction. Public works schemes aim to create direct employment and provide income
support to reduce vulnerability of the population living in poverty, with a secondary objective of
improving local infrastructural development. The gender dimensions of public employment
programmes have only recently come into prominence. Previously, women’s weak participation
rates were due to the gender-related wage gap, inequitable labour roles, unfriendly work
environments, lack of transparency or accountability, and lack of women’s representation in
decision-making structures (e.g. in the selection of community assets). More importantly, public
works schemes were often designed without considering the heavy time constraints that
women encounter as a result of their unpaid care and domestic responsibilities.

For public employment programmes to achieve gender equality, the transformative function of
a social protection policy needs to be considered. There are great opportunities to support
gender equality through innovative measures in public employment programmes, such as: the
setting of fair and equal wage levels, the provision of childcare and transportation, targeting
and quotas, gender-responsive asset creation, as well as broadening them to include social
sector activities. Experiences from India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) also show that direct employment, rather than through a
subcontractor, can be particularly important for women workers. The explicit measures to
encourage women’s engagement are further supported by indirect initiatives that aim to
facilitate women’s participation such as ‘work should be provided within 5 km of the applicant’s
village’. This enables women to balance their domestic work and childcare, as well as overcome
barriers relating to their restricted mobility in some states.

In practice, setting quotas has proven to have positive impact although the actual women’s
participation rate varies by state. In South Indian states women participation rates reach as high
as 89 per cent in Kerala, while in North Indian states the number is lower than the national
average: 35 per cent in Uttar Pradesh, and 30 per cent in Jammu and Kashmir (MGNREGA,
2019). Another important gender-sensitive component is the provision for wages’ equality,
which is of particular importance in the agricultural sector. This makes the MGNREGA scheme
more appealing to women because their average market wage is lower than the daily
minimum wage for agricultural labourers in most states.

2. MGNREGS: EMPOWERING RURAL INDIA

SOURCE: KURUKSHETRA DATE: SEPTEMBER 2018

AUTHOR: CHARITH METHODOLOGY:SECONDARY DATA

Not long ago, it was often fashionable for western development journalists to describe India as
a sleeping giant of an economy. But lately, there has been a sea change. This amazing sub-
continent with its mosaic of colours, contrasts and cultures has leaped forward. India is perhaps
living today, according to its deserving potentials and rural India has undergone developments
on multiple fronts. Rural development, as the Government of India envisages, involves both
economic development as well as social transformation. The Ministry of Rural Development is
the chief implementing agency for executing several programs through the State Governments.

This is done in true federal spirit as enshrined in the constitution to promote better prospects
for economic development, aimed at poverty reduction, rural infrastructure habitant
development and also providing employment to marginal farmers and labourers. There is also
an underlined emphasis to discourage seasonal and permanent migration from rural hubs to
urban areas. In this context, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural employment Guarantee
Scheme the fiagship programme of the government is quite relevant as the programme aims at
enhancing livelihood security of rural poor.

The preamble of MGNREG Act states that it is an “Act to provide for the enhancement of
livelihood security of the households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one
hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household
whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work”. A study by the National Council
of Applied Economic Research found that the MGNREGS has reduced poverty overall by up to
32 per cent and has prevented 14 million people from falling into poverty.

Experts and officials working in rural development sectors say MGNREGA has achieved a
remarkable process for the empowerment of the poor.

The Act is particularly hailed as a tool of empowerment for the most vulnerable sections of the
village communities as they are also victims of social exclusion and political marginalization.
MGNREGA has made a dent on poverty by both increasing employment opportunities and
raising the wage rate. And it has strengthened the process of participatory democracy through
economic decentralization and by giving significant roles to the Panchayati Raj Institutions

It was initially called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) but was
renamed on 2nd October 2009 to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme (MGNREGS). This scheme is also seen as an instrument that has able to create a model
of governance reform anchored on the principles of right to livelihood, transparency and grass
root democracy.

The key attributes of this scheme have been labor-intensive work, decentralized participatory
planning, women empowerment, work site facilities, transparency and accountability through
the provision of social audits.

3. MGNREGA- A SOCIAL SECURITY MET INDIA.

SOURCE: KURUKSHETRA DATE: JULY 2020

AUTHOR: PRADEEP METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

The COVID-19 or Coronavirus pandemic and prolonged lockdown of economic activities have
caused health and income insecurity amongst the socio-economically weak and vulnerable,
especially, the migrants, the daily wage earners and the casual labourers. Considering the
severity of this unprecedented situation on livelihoods of millions of citizens, Indian Prime
Minister, gave a clarion call for initiation of the Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan [Self-reliant India
Movement] on May 12,2020.

The Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan is expected to stand firm on five vital pillars - economy,
infrastructure, vibrant human resources, demand and technology driven arrangements and
systems. Union Finance Minister subsequently, announced a slew of stimulus measures which,
inter alia, included a package of assistance for rejuvenating rural and agricultural economy.
Since poverty alleviation and employment generation have been the major objectives of India
from the 1950s, the government, rested its renewed focus on reviving rural economic growth
through broadening wage employment opportunities to the jobseekers.

Rural Employment and MGNREGA

Farm risks and uncertainties, population pressure on cultivable land, lack of alternate
occupational choices, rural-urban income differentials and rising rural economic distress
had, earlier, prompted massive rural-urban migration in India.
But, the nation, with a migrant workforce of more than 423 million [Census 2011,
Government of India] in cities and metros from States other than the origin, is now
witnessing unrelenting reverse migration due to COVID-19 impact. During the next few
months, the farm and non-farm sectors are expected to experience various ill-effects of
under-employment and unemployment due to swelling in the existing workforce, in the
respective regions. It is thus important to ensure adequate livelihoods through
broadened occupational choices to the millions of workforce of the countryside.
The perpetual concern on productive absorption of rural surplus workforce, besides
building quality and productive community assets and enterprises, had pressed for
enactment of a demand-driven wage guarantee programme - Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in September 2005.
 MGNREGA, an entitlement-driven and self-target oriented employment generation
scheme, aims atenhancing the livelihood and economic security of the rural poor
households.

MGNREGA’s Role in Self-reliant Rural India:

MGNREGA, being a public works programme, has the capability to effectively harness
the productive power of rural unemployed towards their socio-economic development.
It is also capable of not only supplementing the income of jobseekers; the whole process
would actually roll out an excellent social security and insurance mechanism by
stabilising employment during the off-peak agriculture seasons in the rural areas.
Considering its employment generation potential and productive absorption capacity of
surplus work force during and after the pandemic, the Government revised its earlier
earmarked allocation to Rs. 1,01,500 crore for 2020-21 by additionally allocating Rs.
60,000 crore under the package of Atma Nirbhar Bharat.

4. SALIENT FEATURES
source: nrega.nic.in
Some of the salient features of National Rural Employment Guarantee Bill 2004

1. The objective of legislation is to enhance the livelihood security of the poor households
in rural areas of the country by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage
employment to every poor household whose audit members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work.
2. Every state Government shall, within six months from the date of commencement of
legislation, prepare a scheme to give effect to guarantee proposed under the
legislature.
3. If an eligible applicant is not provided work as per the provisions of this legislation
within the prescribed time limit, it will be obligatory on the part of the state government
to pay unemployment allowance at the prescribed rate.
4. The standing committee of the district panchayat, district programme coordinator,
programme officers and Gram panchayats have been assigned specific responsibilities
in implementation of various provisions of the legislation at the Gram panchayat, Block
and District levels.
5. COVID-19: EVEN SKILLED WORKERS LINE UP FOR MGNREGA IN KURUKSHETRA

SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH NEWSPAPER DATE: JULY 27 2020

AUTHOR: SHAGUN KAPIL METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the subsequent lockdown in March,
2020 stripped thousands of workers — those who worked in cities close to their villages as well
as in metropolises — of their jobs and livelihood.

It is unusual, however, for Dhurala to employ villagers under the central government job
scheme: Until now, it did not recognise MGNREGA as a significant employment generator. Most
households here were either engaged in skilled masonry work in the nearby Kurukshetra city or
were did agricultural labour work.

Bhim Saini, a mason, said he was hesitant to sign up for MGNREGA work in the initial days of
the lockdown because he is “a skilled worker”. But as hope started to wear off soon, he
joined johad (pond) construction work for rainwater harvesting and storage in the village. He
worked for 32 days and earned Rs 10,000.

“Masonry has not started so far and MGNREGA has offered help. My family would not have
survived without the money. I will participate again if more work is available in the village,” he
said.

Haryana has one of the highest MGNREGA wage rates in the country at Rs 309 per person per
day. The Union government stipulation is Rs 202 per person per day. Against the target of one
crore person-days in financial year (FY) 2020-21, the state has already generated 45 lakh
person-days.

The demand too has significantly increased: There has been a 154 per cent rise in the number
of families that sought work between April and July, 2020, compared to the corresponding
period in 2019.

For example, in the last four years, Dhurala generated only 3,630 person-days. In 2020-21, the
number reached 5,140 in the first four months (April-July). In 2019, the time since 2016, more
than 100 households took up work under MGNREGA to construct a multi-purpose community
centre in the village.

Not a single household demanded work in 2018-19 in the village; only three households sought
work under the scheme each in FY 2017-18 and 2016-17. At least 226 households undertook
work under MGNREGA in the first four months of the current FY.
Similarly, in nearby Dyalpur village, 204 households and 320 people demanded work and were
subsequently employed under MGNREGA till July 20. Only one household had sought work
under the scheme in 2019.

“Even though the scheme is demand-based, we have to call people to work under MGNREGA as
most of them have employment elsewhere here. It was, of course, different this time. We
offered employment to villagers and created assets for the village,” said Manoj Kumar,
additional block programme officer, Thanesar block, Kurukshetra.

6. MGNREGA: BUDGET 2021 SHOULD MAINTAIN THE PACE.

SOURCE: THE HINDU BUSINESS LINE DATE: JANUARY 31 2021

AUTHOR: SURYA METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

“The scheme provided momentum to the economy during covid-19 and experts think the
budget allocation to the scheme can be increased in financial year(FY) 2022.”

For the past three years, many adivasis from Nashik district of Maharashtra did not
have migrated to cities in search of work and livelihood because of Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) it helped them in increasing
agricultural product.
It also provided employment to migrant labourers in this fiscal year due to the Covid-19
pandemic. compared to the last financial year, the Centre has increased funding under
MGNREGA scheme by ₹19,091 crore due to Covid-19 outbreak.
Experts think that the budget allocation to the scheme should be increased in FY 22 to
help rural economy .
Government must provide more work as many of the villagers who had migrated to
cities have returned after covid-19 pandemic outbreak .
Ministry of rural development reported that MGNREGA scheme has reduced the
seasonal migration of workers.

7. WOMEN IN MGNREGS IN TELANGANA AND ANDHRA PRADESH

SOURCE: ECONOMIC&POLITICAL WEEKLY DATE: AUGUST 12 2017

VOLUMENO: 52 AUTHOR: SUMIT VIJ METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

Based on secondary data from the National Sample Survey Office and a household-level survey
of four villages in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the study found that the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme has a number of direct and indirect benefits.
Overall, it was found that, in both rural Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, women’s participation
in the MGNREGS has been encouraging and beneficial.

Social safety net (SSN) programmes in India have been designed and implemented since the
planning process began in 1951 with the objective to ensure food security at all levels and to
enhance livelihoods of rural communities. To fulfil this objective, successive governments in
India have been undertaking rural development policies to enhance agricultural production
and, at the same time, also to provide targeted welfare support to the poor, women and
vulnerable groups. Vulnerable communities include those groups that suffer from social and
economic disadvantages, such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), those who are
underserved due to problems of geographical access (even in better-off states), and the urban
poor (Vaidyanathan 2006). Other high-risk and vulnerable subgroups include infants, children
and women. Women in particular are more vulnerable to income and other shocks because of
the absence of insurance mechanisms; for example, lack of assets to be used as collateral, ill
health, and shorter duration of paid employment.

Many of the SSN programmes evolved over time and some transformed into new programmes,
like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), India’s
largest SSN programme for rural areas. The legislation for the MGNREGS, passed in 2005,
mandates 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural
household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work (MoRD 2012). The key
objective of the programme is to improve overall livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable
populations, and reduce their outmigration and destitution. Though establishing gender equity
is not the MGNREGS’s primary objective, the scheme incorporates the principles of gender
equity and empowerment into its design. The act stipulates that a minimum of a third of the
beneficiaries who have registered must be women. Thus, it attempts to give priority to women.
By creation of in situ jobs associated with higher wage rates, the MGNREGS is expected to
enhance livelihood security for women in particular, and potentially could be the vehicle for
reducing the gender gap in the villages.

Based on secondary data from the National Sample Survey Office and a household-level survey
of four villages in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the study found that the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme has a number of direct and indirect benefits.
Overall, it was found that, in both rural Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, women’s participation
in the MGNREGS has been encouraging and beneficial. Social safety net (SSN) programmes in
India have been designed and implemented since the planning process began in 1951 with the
objective to ensure food security at all levels and to enhance livelihoods of rural communities.
Many of the SSN programmes evolved over time and some transformed into new programmes,
like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), India’s
largest SSN programme for rural areas. The legislation for the MGNREGS, passed in 2005,
mandates 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural
household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work (MoRD 2012). The key
objective of the programme is to improve overall livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable
populations, and reduce their outmigration and destitution. Though establishing gender equity
is not the MGNREGS’s primary objective, the scheme incorporates the principles of gender
equity and empowerment into its design. The act stipulates that a minimum of a third of the
beneficiaries who have registered must be women. Thus, it attempts to give priority to women.
By creation of in situ jobs associated with higher wage rates, the MGNREGS is expected to
enhance livelihood security for women in particular, and potentially could be the vehicle for
reducing the gender gap in the villages.

8. UTILISE MGNREGA TO THE FULLEST CAPACITY

SOURCE: THE HINDU DATE: JULY 1 2020

AUTHOR: BRINDA KARAT METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

The role of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) as a
lifeline for the working poor in rural India has been proved once again with the experience of
the lockdown. In April and part of May, it was the absence of MGNREGA which accentuated
rural distress. The Central government revised lockdown guidelines to allow MGNREGA work
only from April 20, nearly a month after the nationwide lockdown was imposed, and released
funds for it belatedly.

But once the money reached the States, the results are evident. Whereas the number of
households who got work in April 2020 was the lowest in several years at 95 lakh, in May the
number went up to 3.05 crore. Till the third week of June, 2.84 crore households had got work,
much higher when compared to the same months last year. With an average 23 days of work
and a daily wage of ₹200, households who got work earned an average of ₹1,500 a month. Even
though this is meagre, it shows the potential of MGNREGA to bring work and relief, provided it
is further expanded. The potential for MGNREGA to provide relief to the suffering of rural India
should be utilised to its fullest capacity. This will also require a removal of the restriction of only
one person per household to make every individual eligible. The cap of 100 days should be
removed to expand it to at least 200 days.
9. ROLE OF MGNREGA IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
SOURCE: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH DATE: December 2017

Volume II Page no 33 AUTHOR: Vijay Prakash

METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

Since MGNREGA launched every year about 5 crore households mostly in the rural area
are getting employment under this programme. It represents one fourth of the total
rural households.
Government of India has successfully integrate sustainable development programme.
MGNREGA has provided them with an alternative means of employment with the
dignity of labour it also aims at removing poverty in the rural area and improve
infrastructure.

10. MGNREGA AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

SOURCE: Journal of Humanities and social science DATE: March 2018

VOLUME NO: 26 PAGE NO: 18 METHODOLOGY: Secondary data

NAME: RITIKA SHARMA

The actual development of any community or society is only possible when the members of the
society learn to help themselves or they are being empowered. In every society women play a
very crucial role so major objective of introducing the MGNREGA scheme is to ensure economic
empowerment of women One of the most distinguishing features of MGNREGA is its approach
towards empowering citizens including women to play an active role in the implementation of
the scheme through grama saba meetings, social audits, participatory planning and other
activities. MGNREGA is considered to be an opportunity for rural poor, particularly the women
to earn a specified level of income with a scene of dignity.

11. RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT SHOULD BE TWIN OBJECTIVES: INCORPORATE SKILLS
DEVELOPMENT AND DURABLE INFRASTRUCTURE IN MGNREGA.

SOURCE: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH DATE: SEPTEMBER 2017

VOLUME: 3 PAGENO:16 METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

MGNREGA’s design and implementation limit it to simply generating last-resort employment.

Workers do not receive training nor learn new skills for the job market, and can only build basic
and low-quality infrastructure. As a result, workers are dependent on the scheme for jobs, and
the maintenance of infrastructure is dependent on continuing MGNREGA funds .If this program
ended tomorrow, rural India would likely go back to 2005: rates of poverty and severe
malnutrition would increase again, and the infrastructure built with the program would
crumble. There are many ways to impact the long term; Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs)
programs, for instance, invest tin the future by requiring school attendance and medical check-
ups for beneficiaries and their children. What would be most fitting for MGNREGA would be to
build more sophisticated and durable infrastructure, by disbursing skilled personnel to handle
machinery and oversee the works, and by training workers in new skills and roles that they can
use in the job market.

12. 10 YEARS OF MGNREGA: HOW THE MODI GOVERNMENT WAS FORCED TO ADOPT THE
SCHEME.

SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS DATE: OCTOBER 3 2016

AUTHOR: ARYA JAIN METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was for the first time
notified on an experimental basis in 200 odd districts across the country – exactly 10 years ago.
The event marked a watershed in the right-based entitlement framework of the country and for
the first time provided a legal guarantee for wage employment. The Act, guaranteed a
minimum 100 days of employment out of the 365 days in a year to every willing household,
within 15 days of making such a requisition. Inability to provide employment within 15 days
from the date had to be compensated through an unemployment allowance. The wages as
notified by the Central government indexed to CPI was to be done on a weekly basis and not
beyond a fortnight in any case. The provisions made NREGA one of the best wages for work
programme for rural poor and within no time, its reach was expanded to cover almost the
entire country barring few 100 per cent urban centers. In the initial years, MNREGA was a true
game-changer, rural wages started climbing and reports also pointed towards a decline in
migration to urban centers. A NCAER study of 2015 showed that the Act helped in lowering
poverty by almost32 per cent between 2004-05to2011-12andprevented almost14 million
people from falling into poverty. More than the economic benefit, experts credit the Act along
with host of other reasons for helping Congress-lead UPA romp home to victory in the 2009
General Elections for a second-term against much adverse reaction.

13. GENDER EQUALITY AND FEMALE EMPOWERMENT AS A NORM

SOURCE: THE HINDU DATE: SEPTEMBER 2018 16

AUTHOR: SONIA GOMES METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

The notion of gender equality entails the belief that injustice is associated with the very
definition of the concept. It is imperative that we reflect on this association. Injustice arises out
of society’s inability to accept the fact that men and women should be equal. sustainable
development is not possible without equality between men and women is a relatively recent
finding and directly linked to sustainability issues. The importance of rectifying gender injustice
and restoring women’s dignity in parts of the world is unquestionable. Gender equality is the
fifth Sustainable Development Goal of the UN. The UN acts to empower women and girls in all
its programmes. With stepped-up action on gender equality, every part of the world can move
towards sustainable development by 2030, leaving none behind. goals include reforms to give
women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over
land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in
accordance with national laws, enhancing the use of enabling technology to promote
empowerment of women, and adopting and strengthening sound policies and enforceable
legislation for the promotion of gender equality and empowerment. Women’s roles should be
increasingly valued as an active presence within the family with responsibilities, whether in the
world of work, communities, or just as mothers. Their contribution is indispensable to a
sustainable society, since their participation has become an example of social inclusion and
empowerment.

14. DEMAND FOR MGNREGA WORK SPIKES

SOURCE: THE HINDU DATE: APRIL 30 2021

AUTHOR: TEJAS METHODOLAGY: SECONDARY DATA

The demand for MGNREGA work so far in the month of April has increased to 2.57 crore
households, 92% higher than a year ago, and a record high for April since 2013, as per State
Bank of India (SBI) research.

“This indicates the extent of reverse migration from the lockdown States to their native States,”
SBI group chief economic adviser Soumya Kanti Ghosh said.

The government had allocated 73,000 crore in this year’s Budget for the MGNREGA, nearly
34.5% lower than last year’s revised estimates of 1.11 lakh crore, on the assumption that the
economic recovery would alleviate the need for such spending. The original budgeted spending
for the scheme for 2020-21 was around 60,000 crore but was enhanced over the year as the
national lockdown and large-scale reverse migration from urban employment centres to the
hinterland triggered greater demand under the scheme.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had said in Parliament that the government would
allocate more funds for the rural jobs scheme for 2021-22 if needed, over and above the 73,000
crore outlay proposed in the Budget.

15. MGNREGS REDUCED POVERTY, EMPOWERED WOMEN'

SOURCE: THE HINDU DATE: AUGUST 12 2015

AUTHOR: RUKMINI S METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

The programme reduced poverty by up to 32 per cent and prevented 14 million people from falling into
poverty. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) reduced
poverty by up to a third and gave a large number of women their first opportunity to earn cash income,
a new research has found.

Officials from the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) and the National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER) released a new report Wednesday evening which used data from
two rounds of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) – 2004-5 and 2011-12. The survey
was conducted by the NCAER and University of Maryland, involving over 26,000 rural
households across the country. Comparisons between the two survey rounds found that the
programme reduced poverty overall by up to 32 per cent and prevented 14 million people from
falling into poverty. “Economic growth contributed to overall poverty reduction during this
period, but we found that the MGNREGS also played a significant role.”

The part of the rural job market that the MGNREGS did seem to have a more significant impact on was
for female work. About 45% of female MGNREGS workers were either not working or worked only on a
family farm in 2004–05, indicating that the MGNREGS “may well be the first opportunity many women
have to earn cash income”. As a result, there was a substantial increase in women’s control over
resources — including cash in hand and the likelihood of having a bank account — and improvement in
women’s ability to make independent decisions about their health, the report found.Children from
MGNREGS households were likely to obtain higher levels of educational attainment than their non-
MGNREGS peers, the report found, and were less likely to be working.While financial inclusion rose in
general during this period and reliance of moneylenders declined, the effect was much greater for
MGNREGS households, as was the decrease in the overall interest paid by the household.
Simultaneously, accessing of formal credit grew.

16. GENDER DISPARITY IN MGNREGA: WOMEN DEPRIVED OF BASIC FACILITIES AT

WORK SITE
SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS DATE: SEPTEMBER 28 2015

AUTHOR: RUHI TEWARI METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

According to MGNREGA Sameeksha II — an anthology of research studies from 2012-2014 brought out
by the UNDP in collaboration with the Rural Development Ministry — gender discrimination within the
MGNREGA framework remains, with women excluded from the planning process and deprived of basic
work-site facilities. The substantive issue of gender empowerment within and through works under
MGNREGA remains. Women are excluded from planning of works as they are viewed to be mere
labouring hands. Some research also shows that gendered work loafing and work-site facilities for
women like a creche remain a challenge. While women’s participation rates in MGNREGA are
satisfactory at the aggregate national level, several states need to address low women participation
rates in their contexts. This is crucially linked to governance as well as the socio-cultural realities in those
contexts. The report also concluded that the scheme appears to be largely successful in its targeting. It
said that due to its self-selecting demand-driven design, MGNREGA is able to engage with the most
vulnerable and marginalised.

17. MGNREGA IN NEED.

In times of wide and deep economic distress, a rethink on its design might be called for, without
compromising its purpose.

SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS EDITORIAL DATE: JUNE 4 2020

AUTHOR: HARPEET SINGH METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

A record 4.89 crore persons belonging to 3.44 crore households sought work under the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in May. This is against 3.18 crore
persons from 2.26 crore households for the same month last year, when large parts of India were
experiencing drought-like conditions. The current surge in MGNREGA work demand reflects a drought,
not of water, but of jobs and incomes. And it seems to be coming mainly from migrant workers
returning to their villages from cities and industrial centres post the COVID lockdown. Proof of it is the
states where the number of households registering demand has shown the highest increase: Uttar
Pradesh (299.3 per cent in May 2020 over May 2019), West Bengal (214.5 per cent), Odisha (113.5 per
cent), Chhattisgarh (68.9 per cent), Madhya Pradesh (65.1 per cent) and Bihar (62.1 per cent). These are
all labour exporting states. What’s now being seen is an extraordinary phenomenon of distress reverse
migration from city to village. The lockdown hasn’t hit the rural economy, more so agriculture, that
badly.

18. CASTE IN MGNREGA WORKS AND SOCIAL AUDITS

SOURCE: ECONOMIC & POLITICAL WEEKLY DATE: JANUARU 9 2021 VOLUME NO: 56

AUTHOR: RAJESH NAYK METHODOLOGY: SECONDARY DATA

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is known as a demand-driven
programme introduced with the legislative backing of Parliament of India. It has contributed significantly
to provide the “freedom of choice” of work and dignified work opportunities along with rights and
entitlements especially for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, landless, and other
marginalised groups that depend on traditional caste-based occupations and agricultural landlords in
the villages for their livelihoods. This has largely contributed to protecting their self-respect and dignity
in workspaces and helped control migration. However, the deep-rooted caste system as well as the
caste-based political domination in villages affects the implementation of MGNREGA severely.

Development is about expanding people’s freedom. “Freedom of choice” of work is one of the
important factors for rural labourers. There was hardly any “freedom of choice” of work in the caste-
based hierarchical Indian society, where the majority of marginalised groups had been dependent on
their traditional occupation or on dominant-caste landowners for their livelihood.

19. TYRANNY OF MGNREGA’S MONITORING SYSTEM

SOURCE: ECONOMIC & POLITICAL WEEKELY DATE: SEPTEMBER 17 2016 VOLUMENO: 52

AUTHOR: ANKITA AGGARWAL

The management information system of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act, 2005 was hailed as a pioneering tool for enhancing transparency and accountability. However, it is
now being used with impunity to centralise the programme and violate workers’ legal entitlements,
causing frequent disruptions on the ground and opening new avenues for corruption in the programme.

When the central government introduced an online Management Information System (MIS) for
the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005, it was
welcomed as an exemplary step towards proactive disclosure of information on the
programme. The MIS is a social auditor’s dream come true; it contains details of workers
registered with the programme, works sanctioned for implementation, payments made and a
wealth of other information. The MIS also provides a variety of useful analyses, such as the
participation of various groups in the workforce, the average number of days worked by
households and the composition of works implemented in a given financial year. Data is
available for all the states and union territories, disaggregated at the state, district, block and
gram panchayat level.

At the time of introduction of the MIS, few would have imagined that it will eventually become
a tool for centralisation of MGNREGA by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). The act
itself envisaged its decentralised management with every state formulating and implementing
its own employment guarantee “scheme.” The excessive control wielded over MGNREGA
through the MIS is preventing states from executing the programme as per their requirements
and capabilities, but more worryingly, is also causing gross violations of workers’ legal
entitlements.

20. TEN WAYS MGNREGA WORKERS DO NOT GET PAID

SOURCE: ECONOMIC & POLITICAL WEEKLY DATE: FEBRUARY 11 2017

VOLUME NO: 52 AUTHOR: ANKITA AGGARWAL METHODOLOGY:SECONDARY DATA

Recent evidence suggests that a significant number of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act workers are not paid at all for their work. An analysis of this
phenomenon revealed that the increasing dependence on technology in the implementation of
the act is creating new hurdles for wage payments.

The importance of timely wage payments for MGNREGA workers, who are amongst the poorest in rural
India, needs no elaboration. However, even according to the central government’s incomplete
calculations of delayed payments, 51% of the wages were not paid on time in 2016–17 (rates of delayed
payment were even higher in the preceding two years).

Ten Ways Workers Remain Unpaid

Working without one’s name on the muster roll

Error in recording the number of days worked
Lost muster rolls
Wage-lists/FTOs not being generated/authorized
Scheme closure in MIS without completing wage payments
Working without a bank or post office account
Wrong account number in the MIS
Wrong Aadhaar number in the MIS
Aadhaar number linked to a wrong account
Deletion of a worker’s name from her Job Card

21. MGNREGA IS FAILING: 10 REASONS WHY

SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH DATE: NOVEMBER 5 2018

AUTHOR: DEBMALYA NANDY

Ridiculously low wage rate

Insufficient budget allocation
Regular payment delays
Workers penalised for administrative lapses
 The banking puzzle
Faulty MIS data
Non-payment of unemployment allowance
Genuine job cards being deleted to meet 100% DBT targets
Too much centralisation weakening local governance
Administration not honouring local priorities

22. MAJOR ISSUES OF MGNREGA -National Consortium On MGNREGA

SOURCE: nrega.nic.in

Aggregate figures of achievement however, hide several lacunae in the core MGNREGA
objectives of people- centred planning, transparency and bottom-up architecture, even
in states which are performing well on the employment generation criterion.
It has been observed that wage payments are delayed, works are of a poor quality,
there is corruption, contractors tend to find ways to beat the system and planning and
social audits do not involve people.
While with the passage of the Act, the bottlenecks of funds and functions seemed to
have eased up, the lack of functionaries at the cutting edge of implementation has
serious consequences for the bottom-up, people - centred architecture of MGNREGA.

The shortage of staff and lack of capacity has had an adverse impact on key parameters like high-quality
people - centred planning and implementation of works, availability of employment on time, timely
measurements and hence timely payments, as shown above

23. THE BUDGET RELEGATED WOMEN’S ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION TO SECONDARY

IMPORTANCE

SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS DATE: FEBRUARY 14 2020

AUTHOR: ROHINI PANDE

India continues to struggle to provide its women with equal opportunity. On international measures of
gender equality, India scores low on women’s overall health and survival and ability to access economic
opportunities. Since the woman’s economic engagement is related to her own and her family’s well-
being, the continuing decline in rural women’s labour force participation is a cause for concern, and
both affects and reflects these worrying gender gaps. The Economic Survey acknowledged this and
highlighted that the state should design policies that better involve women in the economy It quoted
the World Bank, noting that “no country can develop and achieve its full potential if half of its
population is locked in non-remunerative, less productive and non-economic activities.” Unfortunately,
when it came to allocating funds, the budget relegated women’s economic participation to secondary
importance. Many agricultural, social programmes and female-focused initiatives received little
attention and were ultimately dismissed to the “aspirational, but not practical” list. The large potential
increases in GDP that could accrue to India and countries around the world, if they could only close their
labour force gender gaps, are often cited. A report by McKinsey Global Institute suggests that if women
participated in the Indian economy at the level men do, annual GDP could be increased by 60 per cent
above its projected GDP by 2025.

24. RURAL WOMEN FIND THEMSELVES EMPOWERED

MGNREGS has brought about financial independence to a certain extent for
them

SOURCE: THE HINDU DATE: JUNE 28 2016

AUTHOR: KARTHIKEYAN D

Women, particularly Dalits, in rural areas Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) to be empowering, resulting in financial independence to a
certain extent. The percentage of workers among the Scheduled Castes seeking MGNREGS jobs
has remained constant. The scheme’s provisions — priority for women in the ratio of one-third
of total workforce, equal wages and crèches for children — have increased the participation of
women. The MGNREGS here has helped them meet everyday needs of household in the short
run and strategic needs in the long run. It has reduced the dependence on male family
members for their basic needs and also had freed them from subordination and subjugation on
the basis of caste.

25. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF THE MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL

EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT

SOURCE: YOJANA DATE: APRIL 2018

AUTHOR: RAJEEV

MGNREGA includes 127 million households registered as beneficiaries, and provides wage employment
to an average of 70 million households in a year.

The programme largely contributes to Natural Resource Management (NRM) by mandating 60 per cent
of its total expenditure every year on water harvesting and conservation, afforestation, plantation, land
and soil development, and other NRM related works. The bilateral project ‘Environmental Benefits of
MGNREGA’ (MGNREGA-EB) is being implemented since 2013, and supports the Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD), Government of India and three states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and
Rajasthan.

Developing the capacity of policy makers, project implementation staff, and the communities regarding
natural resource management, and environmental benefits of MGNREGA.

Enhancing access to information for all involved actors, regarding the potential environ-mental
impacts of MGNREGA on enhancing water security, green cover and soil protection.
Assisting gender-sensitive planning, designing, and implementation of MGNREGA activities.
Establishing innovative models for holistic watershed and landscape based MGNREGA activities
that can demonstrate tangible environmental benefits.
Developing and institutionalising mechanisms for regular maintenance and management of the
assets created under the MGNREGA.

OBJECTIVES OF MGNREGA – WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

To Study MGNREGA in rural India

In different sections of the society(in women)

Impact of MGNREGA on women’s empowerment and inclusion.

To study and compare the wage differences

Impact of MGNREGA on poverty reduction

METHODOLOGIES:
The necessary data required for this MGNREGA – WOMEN EMPOWERMENT project work was
obtained from both
Primary sources and Secondary sources. I used convenience method in my project work.
Primary Data: It was collected through different processes like Questionnaire (preparing
Questions related to the topic of project work), Survey method (conducting survey in the
Selected Study area for the collection of primary data), Analyzing method (deep examination
of Elements and structure of the topic for the data collection).

Secondary Data: It was collected through different Articles, journals, newspapers, books
Published by different Authors. All these gives a lot of information/data about the topic
required for the project work.
CHAPTERIZATION:
In my research I have included totally 5 chapters. In 1st chapter we have
discussed about the introduction part of the MGNREGA -WOMEN EMPOWERMENT, where it
includes importance and significance of MGNREGA AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT, review of
literature and objectives of the topic. 2nd chapter deals with historical background of the
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Empoyment Guarntee Act which will give
about the historical information about programmes and policies and also about the
Administration setup or mechanism at national level, State level and local level. In 3rd chapter
we will write about the profile of the study area on the basis of questionnaire or
Google forms. 4th chapter will be perceptions of the respondents which we will called data
analysis. Tables and pie charts are included in this. And the final chapter will be conclusion
part which will be the summary of all four chapters.

REFERENCES:
nrega.nic.in
Indian express
Kurukshetra
Yojana
Economic& Political Weekly
The Hindu
MGNREGA_A_STEP_TOWARDS_INCLUSIVE_GROWTH.pdf
International Journal of research
Journal of Humanities and social science

Historical Background

History of MGNREGA:

MGNREGA has come after almost 56 years of experience of other rural employment
programmes, which include both Centrally Sponsored Schemes and those launched by State
Govt. These comprise the

National Rural Employment Programme(NREP) 1980-89;

Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme(RLEGP) 1983-89;
 JawaharlalRojgar Yojana (JRY) 1989-1990;
Employment Assurance Scheme(EAS)1993-99;
Jawaharlal Gram SamridhiYojana (JGSY) 1999-2002;
Sampoorna Garmin Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) from2001;
National Food for Work Programmed (NFFWP) from 2004 were national rural
employment schemes. Among these, the SGRY and NFFWP have been merged with
NREGA in 2005.

National Rural Employment Programme [NREP]

The NREP was launched in 1980 with a view to significantly increase employment opportunities
in rural areas. This was viewed as a major step towards poverty alleviation.

Objectives

• Generation of Additional gainful employment for unemployed and under employed

persons (Both men and women) in rural areas.

• Creation of productive community assets for direct and continuing benefits to the
poor.

• Improvement in the overall quality of life in the rural areas.

Two main functions of NREP

• Creation of a large quantum of man days of work per year for the unemployed and
under employed in rural areas, and

• Creation of durable community assets to strengthen infrastructural facilities in rural

areas.

Features of NREP

• In all works under NREP, preference was given to landless labour.

• Among landless labour, preference was given to SC's/ST's for employment.

• Main provisions relating to works under NREP was that it was not permitted to engage
contractors.

• Wages were paid partly in cash and partly in food grain 1-2 kg/day/head
 • DRDA were responsible for the entire works relating to planning, implementation,
coordination and monitoring of NREP.

• NREP was a centrally sponsored programme with equal sharing of the expenditure by
the centre and the status.

• NREP provide training to the personnel in the implementation of the programme.

RLEGP:- Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme:

The full form of RLEGP stands for Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme. The Rural
Landless Employment Guarantee Programme was first introduced on 15 August 1983. The main
aim of the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme was to improve and expand
employment opportunities for the rural landless, also with a purpose of to provide employment
to at least one member of every landless household to help them at least up to 100 days in a
year. To meet the growing requirements of the rural, the Rural Landless Employment
Guarantee Programme created durable assets for strengthening the infrastructure. 320
projects, were approved by the central committee with an estimated cost of Rs. 90,65,959,
during the years of 1983-85. So as we can see, the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme was brought up as an act to cut down the amount of poverty and unemployment in
the country, many unemployed villagers got a work and earning through the Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee Programme.

JAWAHAR ROZGAR YOJANA:

By merging the two erstwhile wage employment programme – National Rural Employment
programme (NREP) and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) the
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was started with effect from April, 1, 1989 on 80:20 cost sharing
basis between the centre and the States. The main objective of the yojana was additional
gainful employment for the unemployed and under-employed persons in rural areas. The other
objective was the creation of sustained employment by strengthening rural economic
infrastructure and assets in favour of rural poor for their direct and continuing benefits. Though
the people below the poverty line were the target group for employment, the preference was
to be given to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and freed bonded labourers. Thirty
percent of the employment opportunities were to be reserved for women in rural areas. Gram
Panchayats were to be involved in the planning and implementation of the programme.

Employment Assurance Scheme [EAS]

In order to mitigate the severe poverty in such areas, the Government of India introduced
Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) in the year 1992-93 to ensure subsidized and
adequate supply of food grains to the poor. There were 1778 blocks across 261 districts in the
country, identified as difficult and backward areas for RPDS. Subsequently, to intensify the
poverty alleviation programme and to enhance the employment opportunities in these blocks,
a new programme called Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was launched on 2nd October,
1993, covering all the 1778 blocks under RPDS. These blocks were identified mainly in DPAP,
DDP, Hill and Tribal areas. The main objective of the EAS was also on the lines of JRY, i.e. to
provide gainful employment during lean agriculture season in the form of manual works to all
able bodied adults who were in need and desirous of working, but unable to find anything to
do. The secondary objective was to develop economic infrastructure and community assets and
resources for sustained employment and development.

The scheme was operative in 1778 blocks of the country.

The funding of the scheme was on an 80:20 basis between the Centre and States.

The Central share of funding was directly released blockwise to the ZP/DRDAs based on
the demand for wage employment and expenditure

A maximum of two adults per family were to be provided the wage employment up to 100 days
in a year. New works were not to be started if the employment potential was available through
plan and non-plan works already in progress in a particular area and the

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) :

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) has been restructured and streamlined with effect from April,
1999, and has been renamed as Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). The primary objective of
JGSY is creation of demand driven village infrastructure including durable assets at the village
level to enable the rural poor to increase the opportunities for sustained employment. The
secondary objective is generation of supplementary employment for the unemployed poor in
the rural areas. The wage employment under the programme is given to Below Poverty Lines
(BPL) families. While there is no sectoral earmarking of resources under JGSY, 22.5 per cent of
the annual allocation must be spent on beneficiary schemes for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled
Tribes and 3 per cent of annual allocation is to be utilised for creation of barrier free
infrastructure for the disabled. Another objective is to generate supplementary employment for
the unemployed rural poor.

The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) has been launched w.e.f. September 25,
2001 to provide Wage Employment in the rural areas. n Under the Scheme, 50 lakh tonnes
of foodgrains amounting to Rs. 5,000 crore (at economic cost) will be provided every year,
free of cost, to the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations. n The
 remaining funds (Rs. 5,000 crores), will be utilized, to meet the cash component of wages
and material cost. n The expenditure of the scheme will be shared by the Centre and State
in the ratio 10 of 87.5:12.5. However the Cash Component is shared between centre and
state in the ratio of 75.25. n The payment of food grains will be made by the Ministry of
Rural Development to the Food Corporation of India (FCI) directly. About 100 crore
mandays of employment are envisaged to be generated every August 2001. The new
programme was launched on 25th September 2001 with an annual outlay of Rs.10,000
crores. Under the Scheme, 50 lakh tonnes of foodgrains amounting to Rs.5,000 crores (at
economic cost ) will be provided every year free of cost to the State Governments and
Union Territory Administrations. The remaining funds will be utilized to meet the cash
component of wages and the material cost. The expenditure of the scheme will be shared
by Centrel and States in the ratio of 87.5 : 12.5. Under the Scheme, about 100 crore
mandays of wage-employment is envisaged to be generated every year. Even though the
EAS and the JGSY have been merged with this new Scheme, in order to avoid confusion,
these two Schemes will be implemented as a part of the SGRY during the remaining part of
the year 2001-2002. year in the rural areas through the SGRY. The SGRY will be
implemented in two streams. First Stream will be implemented at the District and
Intermediate Panchayat levels and the Second Stream, will be implemented at the Village
Panchayat Level. n The basic objective of the first stream would be to provide additional
Wage-Employment while the second stream would primarily aim at creation of need based
rural infrastructure. Though, the EAS and the JGSY have been merged with the Sampoorna
Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), but for the convenience of implementation and accounting,
the funds are being released under the EAS and the JGSY separately as earlier during the
current year i.e. 2001-02. The programme will be implemented as a single unit from 2002-
03. However, the component of food security has been added in the EAS and the JGSY
during the current year itself as envisaged under the SGRY.

National Food For Work Programme [NFFWP]

National Food For Work Programme was originated by the ministry of Rural Development of
the central government on November 14 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India
with the objective generating supplementary wage employment. The programme is accessible
for all economically insecure Indians who are outfitted to do manual unskilled work and are in
the need of salary profession, it is executed as a centerally-sponsored scheme. Food grains are
provided to the states for no money.

The magistrate is the primary officer at the district level and has the complete obligation for
outlining, implementation, coordination, monitoring and administration . For 2004-2005. 2,020
crore Rupees was allocated for the programme in addition to 180 lakh tones of food grains.
NFFWP is now emerged with MGNREGA scheme since the latter has taken center-stage over a
few years. The expense for the programme was raised by 50 lakh metric ton of food grains and
Rs.4,500 crore towards cash components for 2005-2006.

The MGNREGA was notified on September7, 2005.MGNREGA has implemented in three phase,
MGNREGA seeks to provide a legal right of work at least 100daysguaranteewage employment
in financial year to every household whose adult member volunteer to do unskilled manual
work. Employment will be providing in 15 days of application for work within 5 km radius of the
village at determined minimum wage rate and minimum wage rate will not be less than Rs 60
per day. If, it is not then, daily unemployment allowance as per Act, has to be paid liability of
payment of unemployment allowance is of the states. MGNREGA has provided huge right to
gram panchayats to providing jobs; determine the work side and social auditing. It is also
essential that at least 33% beneficiaries will be women. Inclusive growth is pattern of growth
where the economy grows with the higher rate of growth with productive employment and the
lower rate of poverty, in inclusive growth people of all the sections are benefited due to
“trickling down effect” and the economy grows with multiplier effect. After MGNREGA
implementation the income of weak class of society is increasing, the demand of basic needs
goods is also increasing in rural areas, so the quality of life of rural people are improving. The
income disparities in rural sector is decreasing because the income of poor people is steadily
increasing. The rate of unemployment is decreasing and number of working days are increasing.
In year 2007- 08 3.52 crore new employment has been created in rural India. The role of the
rural women labor force was very low in last six decades but now in the last five years’ situation
has been changed and the participation of women labor force in working activities are growing
very well. The participation of rural women in MGNREGA has been reached up to 49%till 2008
due to 33%reservation for women. MGNREGA is improving agricultural productivity to improve
irrigation facilities, to stop various types soile rosion etc... The agricultural production has
reached at above 250 million tons in last year and the various types unemployment rate is
decreasing. The infrastructure like road, educational institution, electricity supply in rural areas
are improving. The educational and health facility is necessary for development of human
capital in India. The number of people are living below poverty line will decreasing in future.
The migration rate from rural to metropolitan cities is decrease so, one hand the growth rate of
slums will decline in metropolitan cities and on the other side the rural people will be benefited
from various government developmental programmes. Social inclusion is improving; it is a
better way for declining social evils and differences from people. MGNREGA is stress on
forestation, water conservation, it is a forward step in the direction to save environment and
save resources for future generation. MGNREGA is a right move for sustainable development.
MGNREGA is different from other wage employment Programme as it bestows a legal right and
guarantee to the rural population through an act of parliament and is not just a scheme like
other wage employment programmes. With its right based framework and demand drives
approach. MGNREGA mark a paradigm shift from the previous wage programmes unique
features of the scheme include, time bound employment guarantee and wage payment within
15 days. At least 33%of the beneficiaries are to women. Under MGNREGA, wage disbursement
through bank and post office account is mandatory. Social audit has to be done by the Gram
Sabha.

PARADIGM SHIFT FROM WAGE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES

NREGA marks a paradigm shift from all precedent wage employment programmes. The
significant aspects of this paradigm shift are captured below:

A. NREGA provides a statutory guarantee of wage employment.

B. It provides a rights-based framework for wage employment. Employment is dependent upon

the worker exercising the choice to apply for registration, obtain a Job Card, and seek
employment for the time and duration that the worker wants there is a 15-day time limit for
fulfilling the legal guarantee of providing employment for THE NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT
GUARANTEE ACT, 2005.

C. The legal mandate of providing employment in a time bound manner is underpinned by the
provision of Unemployment Allowance.

D. The Act is designed to offer an incentive structure to the States for providing employment as
ninety percent of the cost for employment provided is borne by the Centre. There is a
concomitant disincentive for not providing employment as the States then bear the double
indemnity of unemployment and the cost of unemployment allowance.

E. Unlike the earlier wage employment programmes that were allocation based. NREGA is
demand driven. Resource transfer under NREGA is based on the demand for employment and
this provides another critical incentive to States to leverage the Act to meet the employment
needs of the poor.

F. NREGA has extensive inbuilt transparency safeguards;

Documents: Job Cards recording entitlements (in the custody of workers) written application
for employment, Muster Rolls, Measurement Books and Asset Registers

Processes: Acceptance of employment application, issue of dated receipts, time bound work
allocation and wage payment, Citizen Information Boards at worksites, Vigilance Monitoring
Committees, regular block, district and state level inspections and social audits.
G. The public delivery system has been made accountable, as it envisages an Annual Report on
the outcomes of NREGA to be presented by the Central Governmentto theParliament and to
the Legislaturebythe State Government. Specifically, personnel responsiblefor implementing
the Act have been made legally responsible for delivering the guarantee under the Act.

STAKEHOLDERS This chapter describes the key stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities
for effective implementation of NREGS.

Key Stakeholders are:

a. Wage seekers
b. Gram Sabha
c. PRIs, specially the gram panchayat
d. Programme Officer at the block level
e. District Programme Coordinator
f. State Government
g. Ministry of Rural Development

□ VILLAGE LEVEL

▪ Wage Seekers:

The wage seekers are the primary stake holders of the Act. Their exercise of choice to demand
employment is the trigger of key processes.The rights of the wage seekers are:
I. Application for registration
II. Obtaining a Job Card
III. Application for work
IV. Choice of time and duration of the work applied for Provision of work within fifteen days of
application.
V. Provision of crèche, drinking water, first aid facilities on work site.
VI. The right to check their Muster Rolls and to get information regarding them employment
entered in their Job Cards Payment of wages within fifteen days of work done
VII. The right to get unemployment allowance in case employment is not provided within
fifteen days of submitting the application or from the date when work is sought.

▪ Gram Sabha (GS): The Gram Sabha has been given the following rights and responsibilities
under the Act;

It will recommend works to be taken up under NREGS.

It will conduct social audits on implementation of the Scheme.
In addition, it is suggested that the Gram Sabha be used extensively as a forum for
sharing information about the Scheme.

▪ Gram Panchayat (GP): The Gram Panchayat is the pivotal body for implementation at the
village level. Where Part Nine of the Constitution does not apply, local councils/ authorities as
mandated by the State concerned will be invested with corresponding responsibilities.

The Gram Panchayat is responsible for the following activities;

Receiving applications for registration.
Verifying registration applications.
Registering households.
Issuing Job Cards (JCs).
Receiving applications for work.
Issuing dated receipts for applications for work.
Allotting work within fifteen days of submitting the application or from the date when
work is sought in the case of an advance application, irrespective of the implementing
agency.
Conducting periodical surveys to assess demand for and quantum of work.
Identification and planning of works, developing shelf of projects , ratification and
prioritisation of projects as decided by the Gram Sabha.
Executing works that shall meet the required technical standards and measurements.
Maintaining records as specified.
Maintaining accounts and providing utilisation certificates in formats prescribed by
Central/ State Government.
Prepare annual report containing the facts and figures and achievements.
Awareness generation and social mobilisation.
Convening the Gram Sabha for planning and social audit.
Make available all relevant documents including the Muster Rolls, bills, vouchers,
measurement books, copies of sanction orders and other connected books of account
and papers to the GS for the purpose of conducting the social audit.
Monitoring implementation at the village level.
Pro-actively disclosing - Details of works both completed and on-going (including wages
paid and material component) at worksites and names of persons (with JC numbers)
 who have worked, days worked and wages paid to them, quantity and price of materials
purchased for each project along with name of agency which supplied the material at
GP Offices and other prominent public places.
Organise Rozgar Diwas atleast once a month.
Support in the formation of Labour Groups.
Send monthly report on complaints received and disposed to Programme Officer

□ BLOCK LEVEL

▪ Intermediate Panchayat (IP): The Intermediate Panchayat will be responsible for the
consolidation of the GP plans at the Block level into a Block Plan and for monitoring and
supervision

Approve the works along with the expected outcomes which are to be executed by
Intermediate Panchayat.
Approve the Block level Plan for forwarding it to the district Panchayat at the district
level for final approval by 2nd October every year.
Supervise and monitor the projects taken up at the Gram Panchayat and Block level.
Carry out such other functions as may be assigned to it by the State Council, from time
to time.
Examine the Action Taken Report on the complaints submitted by Programme Officer.
Support in formation of Labour Groups.

▪ Programme Officer (PO): The Programme Officer essentially acts as a coordinator for NREGS
at the Block level. The chief responsibility of the Programme Officer is to ensure that anyone
who applies for work gets employment within 15 days. A programme officers other important
functions are:

Consolidate, after scrutiny, all project proposals received from GPs into the Block Plan
and submit before the Intermediate Panchayat by 15th September every year. Once
approved submit it to the District Panchayat for scrutiny and consolidation.
Matching employment opportunities arising from works within the Block Plan with the
demand for work at each GP in the Block.
Ensuring baseline surveys to assess work demand.
Monitoring and supervising implementation of works taken up by GPs and other
implementing agencies within the Block.
Ensuring prompt and fair payment of wages to all labourers and payment of
unemployment allowance in case employment is not provided on time.
Maintaining proper accounts of the resources received, released and utilised.
 Redressing grievances in the Block within 7 days, as prescribed under Section 23(6) of
the Act. In case a complaint relates to a matter to be resolved by any other authority,
the PO shall conduct a preliminary enquiry and refer the matter to such authority within
seven days under intimation to the complainant.
Sending monthly reports on complaints received and disposed to District Programme
Coordinator.
Ensuring conduct of social audits and following up on required actions.
Ensuring all the required information and records of all implementing agencies (JC
register, employment register, work register, GS resolution, copies of the sanctions
(administrative or technical or financial), work estimates, work commencement order,
Muster Roll issue and receipt register, Muster Rolls, wage payment acquaintance,
materials – bills and vouchers (for each work), measurement books (for each work),
asset register, action taken report on previous social audits, grievance or complaints
register) to social audit unit atleast 15 days in advance for the conduct of social audit
properly.
Ensuring any other documents that the Social Audit Unit (SAU) requires to conduct the
social audit processes are properly collated in the requisite formats; and provided along
with photocopies to the SAU for facilitating conduct of social audit at least fifteen days
in advance of the scheduled date of meeting of the GS.
lSetting up Cluster-Level Facilitation Teams (CFTs) to provide technical support to GPs
within each Cluster of GPs where CFT has not been established in convergence with
National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) as per the convergence project of MGNREGA
with NRLM.
Facilitating technical support to Gram Panchayats by CFTs. Programme Officer (PO)
Liaison with Banks and Post Offices in opening up of new accounts and making regular
and timely payments to labour. Liaison between GPs and Block as also between Block
and District for all correspondence and communication.
Organise formal monthly meetings with civil society organisations (CSOs) involved in
facilitating MGNREGS implementation in the block.
Accepting application for work and issue a dated receipt.
Ensuring display of report cards on local works, employment and funds at the
Intermediate Panchayat/ Programme Officer.
Ensuring in association with Block Resource Group that works selected by Gram Sabha
under MGNREGS and the work taken up by the line department that is proposed for
convergence are compatible with each other.
Nodal Officer for facilitating the formation of Labour Groups.
Ensuring a Gram Panchayat-wise calendar of the meeting of Gram Sabha is drawn up
well in time and meetings of Gram Sabha are held on 15th August.

□ DISTRICT LEVEL
▪ District Panchayats: District Panchayats will be responsible for finalizing the District
Plans and the Labour Budget and for monitoring and supervising the Employment
Guarantee Scheme in the District.
Approve the works along with the expected outcomes which are to be executed by
District Panchayat.
Consolidation of Annual Block Plans (within the District) into a District Plan by 1st
December, every year.
Adding any inter-block work that according to them will be a good source of
employment (this to be approved and assigned a priority by the Gram Sabha)
Monitoring and supervision of the MGNREG Scheme in the District
Carry out such other functions as may be assigned to it by the State Council, from time
to time.

▪ District Programme Coordinator (DPC): The State Government will designate a District
Programme Coordinator, who can be either the Chief Executive Officer of the District
Panchayat, or the District Collector, or any other District-level officer of appropriate rank. The
overall responsibility for ensuring that the Scheme is implemented according to the Act belongs
to the District Programme Coordinator (DPC) at the District level. A District Programme
Coordinator will be responsible for:

Assist the District Panchayat (DP) in discharging its functions.

Receive the Block Panchayat plans and consolidate them along with project proposals
received from other implementing agencies for inclusion in the District Plan for approval
by the DPs.
Accord timely sanction to shelf of projects.
Ensure timely release and utilization of funds.
Ensure wage-seekers are provided work as per their entitlements under this Act.
Review, monitor and supervise the performance of the POs and all implementing
agencies in relation to MGNREGA works.
Conduct periodic inspection of the works in progress and verification of Muster Rolls.
Ensure that First Information Report (FIR) is filed in every case in which there is prima
facie, evidence of misappropriation or financial irregularity.
Appoint Project Implementation Agencies (PIAs) throughout the district, keeping in
mind that for at least 50% of value of works, the PIAs need to be GPs.
Ensure that Rozgar Diwas is organised at every Ward and Gram Panchayat level at least
once a month.
Carry out responsibilities related to grievance redressal.
Coordinate an Information Education and Communication (IEC) campaign for MGNREGA
within the district.
Develop annual plans for training and capacity building of various stakeholders within
the district.
Submit periodic progress and updates to the State Government.
Ensure that social audits are done in all GPs once in six months and ensure follow-up
action on social audit reports.
Ensure that all transactions including issue of JCs, recording of applications for work,
allocation of work, generation of wage slips and Fund Transfer Orders (FTOs), entries
relating to work performed, delayed payment of wages, and unemployment allowance
are made through NREGASoft only.
Ensure that all entries relating to works such as details of the shelf of works, GPS
coordinates, status of implementation, photographs of works at three different stages
are entered in NREGASoft at every required stage. District Programme Coordinator
(DPC)
Ensure that all funds received by Implementing Agencies and District level authorities
including Panchayats are posted in NREGASoft no later than two days of receipt of such
funds.
Ensure that all required entries in NREGASoft are made by all concerned officials i
ncluding the line departments, in the district.
Ensure that technical quality of the convergence project is maintained through District
Resource Group.
Additional District programme coordinator

Preparation of District Labour budget.

Managing MGNREGS Funds, Finance and Accounts.
Planning of sufficient shelf of works for the district.
Ensure opening of works to meet the labour demand.
Ensure timely payments.
Ensure quality of works.
Ensure proper management of muster rolls.
Attend to complaints and redressal of grievances.
Regular reviews with BDO / Programme Officers, Block Officers and other implementing
agencies.
Regular monitoring and inspection of worksites.
Social Audit and Social Audit follow-up actions.
Conduct training & capacity building of all MGNREGS field staff in the district.
Ensure Transparency and Accountability.
Any other additional responsibility as assigned by DPC
Information dissemination
Training
Consolidating block plans into a district plan ensuring administrative and technical
approvals to the shelf of projects has been accorded on time release and utilization of
funds.
Ensuring hundred percent monitoring of works, muster roll verifications
Submission of monthly progress reports
□ STATE LEVEL

Make Rules on matters pertaining to State responsibilities under Section 32 of

the Act.
Develop and notify the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme for the State.
Set up the SEGC and carry out periodic meetings.
Set up a State level MGNREGS implementation agency/ mission with adequate
number of high caliber professionals.
Set up a State level MGNREGS social audit agency/directorate with adequate
number of people with knowledge on MGNREGA processes and demonstrated
commitment to social audit.
Establish and operationalise a State Employment Guarantee Fund (SEGF).
Ensure that the State share of the MGNREGS budget is provisioned for and
released into the SEGF in the beginning of the financial year so that it can be
used as a revolving fund.
Ensure that full time dedicated personnel, wherever required, are in place for
implementing MGNREGA, specially the Employment Guarantee Assistant (Gram
Rozgar Sahayak), the PO and the staff at State, district and cluster level.
Delegate financial and administrative powers to the DPC and the Programme
Officer, as is deemed necessary for the effective implementation of the Scheme.
Establish a network of professional agencies for training, technical support and
for quality control measures.
Regular review, research, monitoring and evaluation of MGNREGS processes and
outcomes
Ensure accountability and transparency in the Scheme at all levels.
Generate widest possible awareness about MGNREGA across the State.
Ensure that civil society organisations involved in mobilising MGNREGA workers
are able to formally meet State, district and block level officials in a formal
setting at least once a month.
Ensure compliance with all processes laid down in Act, Rules and guidelines.

▪ State Employment Guarantee Council (SEGC): A State Employment Guarantee Council (or‘
State Council’)is to be set up by every State Government under Section 12of NREGA.The SEGC
shall advise the State Government on the implementation of the Scheme, and evaluate and
monitor it. Other roles of the State Council include deciding on the ‘preferred works’ to be
implemented under NREGS, and recommending the proposals of works to be submitted to the
Central Government under Schedule I

Section 1 (ix) of the Act.

The State Council will prepare an Annual Report on the implementation of the NREGS in the
State to be presented to the State Legislature.

The State Government will be responsible for:

Advise the State Government on the implementation of the Scheme.

Review the monitoring and redressal mechanisms and suggest improvements.
Evaluate and monitor the Scheme within the State.
Recommend the proposals of works to be submitted to the Central Government
under para 4(IV)(ix) of Schedule I of the Act.
Promote widest possible dissemination of information about this Act and the
Schemes under it.
Prepare the annual report to be laid before the State Legislature by the State
Government.
Wide communication of the Scheme
Establishing a State Employment Guarantee Fund
Setting up the SEGC STAKEHOLDERS
Ensuring that full time dedicated personnel are in place for implementing
NREGA, specially the Gram Panchayat assistant (Gram Rozgar Sahayak) and the
Programme Officer, and the technical staffs
Ensuring that the State share of the NREGS budget is released on time
Delegation of financial and administrative powers to the District Programme
coordinator and the Programme Officer, as is deemed necessary for the effective
implementation of the Scheme
Training
Establishing a network of professional agencies for technical support and for
quality-control measures Regular review, monitoring and evaluation of NREGS
processes and outcomes
Ensuring accountability and transparency in the Scheme at all levels.

□ CENTRAL LEVEL

▪ Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC): A Central Employment Guarantee Council (or
‘Central Council’) has been set up under the chairmanship of the Minister of Rural
development. The Central Council is responsible for advising the Central Government on
NREGA-related matters, and for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the Act. It
will prepare Annual Reports on the implementation of NREGA for submission to Parliament.
 Establish a central evaluation and monitoring system.
Advise the Central Government on all matters concerning the implementation of the
Act.
Review the monitoring and redressal mechanism from time to time and recommend
improvements required.
Promote the widest possible dissemination of information about the Schemes.
Monitoring the implementation of this Act.
Preparation of annual reports to be laid before Parliament by the Central Government
on the implementation of this Act

▪ Ministry of Rural Development (MORD): The Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal
Ministry for the implementation of NREGA. It is responsible for ensuring timely and adequate
resource support to the States and to the Central Council. It has to undertake regular review,
monitoring and evaluation of processes and outcomes. It is responsible for maintaining and
operating the MIS to capture and track data on critical aspects of implementation, and assess
the utilization of resources through a set of performance indicators. MORD will support
innovations that help in improving processes towards the achievement of the objectives of the
Act. It will support the use of Information Technology (IT) to increase the efficiency and
transparency of the processes as well as improve interface with the public. It will also ensure
that the implementation of NREGA at all levels is sought to be made transparent and
accountable to the public

Make Rules under the Act.

Issue Operational Guidelines for the effective implementation of the Act.
Review list of permissible works under MGNREGA in response to demands of State
Governments.
Constitute the CEGC.
Set up National Employment Guarantee Fund.
Set up National Management Team (NMT) within the Department of Rural Development
to perform the national-level functions under MGNREGA.
Make budgetary allocation and ensure timely release of Central share.
Maintain and operate the MIS to capture and track data on critical aspects of
implementation, and assess the utilisation of resources through a set of performance
indicators.
Support and facilitate use of Information Technology (IT) to increase the efficiency and
transparency in implementation of the Act.
Facilitate technical support and capacity building to improve outcomes.
Support innovations that help in improving processes towards the achievement of the
objectives of the Act.
 Periodic review of MGNREGA implementation and monitoring, Evaluation and Research
on the performance of MGNREGA.
Empanel agencies that can be used by State Governments as PIAs for implementation of
MGNREGA works and determine the percentage value of funding that can be given to
them to meet their administrative costs.

References:

nrega.nic.in
MoRD_GOI
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=15355
https://tnepds.co.in/national-food-for-work-programme/
https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/peoreport/cmpdmpeo/volu
me1/147.pdf
http://www.csjpgoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sgry.pdf

3. PROFILE OF STUDY AREA:

Andhra Pradesh is located in the south eastern coast of India and is the eighth largest state in
the country. The state is bordered by Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the northeast,
Telangana and Karnataka to the west, Tamil Nadu to the south, and the Bay of Bengal to the
east. Its 974 km coastline is the second longest in the country. Andhra Pradesh aims to be
among the top three performing Indian states by 2022 and a developed state by 2029. It also
envisions itself as a leading global investment destination by 2050. Visakhapatnam, Kakinada,
Tirupati and Amravati are the state’s four cities that have been selected as smart cities as of
January 2018.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE:

With 13 districts and with a geographical area of 1,62,970 SqKm, Andhra Pradesh ranks as the
8th largest State in the country. Situated in a tropical region, the state has the 2nd longest
coastline in the country with a length of 974 km. In terms of population, Andhra Pradesh is the
tenth largest state in the Country accounting for 4.10% of the total population of the country,
as per 2011 Census. The decadal growth of population rose from 18.88% during 1961-71 to
21.13% during 1981-91. Subsequently a significant decline was observed in the rate of growth
of population and decline is even more prominent at 9.21% during 2001-11, lower than the
AllIndia's growth rate of 17.70 percent. The density of population for Andhra Pradesh as per
2011 Census is 304 persons per square kilometer, as against 382 persons per square kilometer
at all India level in 2011. The sex ratio in the state was up from 983 in 2001 to 997 in 2011 and
is higher than all India figure of 943. The literacy rate of the State is 67.35 percent in 2011 as
compared to 62.07 percent in 2001. The literacy rate of the State is lower than the all India
literacy rate of 72.98 percent. Literacy in Andhra Pradesh increased over 37 percentage points
from 29.94 percent in 1981 to 67.35 percent in 2011. Female literacy rate has gone up from
52.72 percent in 2001 to 59.96 percent in 2011.

DISTRICT WISE POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH:

Andhra Pradesh state is divided into 13 districts. Anantapur is the largest district with 19,130 sq
km., Chittoor being the second largest with 15,152 sq km., Srikakulam is the smallest district
area in Andhra Pradesh with 5,837 sq km. There are 9 coastal districts sharing the coastline of
Bay of Bengal, 4 districts being non-coastal districts called as Rayalaseema(Cuddapah,
Anantapur, Chittoor and Kurnool). East Godavari is the most populus district in Andhra Pradesh
with a population of around 5 million.

Table 3.1

District Headquarte Revenue Mandals Population Area (km²) Density

rs divisions (2011) (/km²)

Anantapur Anantapur 5 63 4,083,315 19,130 213

Chittoor Chittoor 3 66 4,170,468 15,152 275
East Kakinada 7 64 5,151,549 10,807 477
Godavari
Guntur Guntur 4 57 4,889,230 11,391 429
Kadapa Kadapa 3 50 2,884,524 15,359 188
Krishna Machilipatn 4 50 4,529,009 8,727 519
am
Kurnool Kurnool 3 54 4,046,601 17,658 229
Nellore Nellore 5 46 2,966,082 13,076 227
Prakasam Ongole 3 56 3,392,764 17,626 193
Srikakulam Srikakulam 3 37 2,699,471 5,837 462
Visakhapatn Visakhapatn 4 43 4,288,113 11,161 340
am am
Vizianagara Vizianagara 2 34 2,342,868 6,539 384
m m
West Eluru 4 46 3,934,782 7,742 490
Godavari
PERFORMANCE OF MGNREGA IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was notified on
September 2005 and implemented all over the country in three phases. The Act covered 200
districts in its first phase, implemented on February 2, 2006, and was extended to 130
additional districts in 2007- 2008. All the remaining rural areas have been notified with effect
from April 1, 2008. The objective of the programme is to provide guaranteed employment for at
least 100 days in rural areas in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Besides generating wage employment, the novel idea
involved in NREGA is creation of assets both at individual level and the community level in rural
areas. The Act envisages strengthening the natural resources management and addressing
causes for chronic poverty like drought, deforestation and soil erosion and thereby to achieve
sustainable development. MGNREGA in Andhra Pradesh The erstwhile Government of Andhra
Pradesh has formulated the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme called Andhra Pradesh State
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in January 2006 in conformity with National Act. The
scheme was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme –
Andhra Pradesh (MGNREGS-AP) as amended in the Act. In the first phase MGNREGS-AP was
launched simultaneously in 13 districts viz. Anantapur, Adilabad, Chittoor, Kadapa, Nizamabad,
Karimnagar, Vizianagaram, Ranga Reddy, Medak, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Warangal, and
Nalgonda. In 2007-08 as part of phase II, the scheme was extended to six more districts viz.
Srikakulam, East Godavari, Prakasam, Nellore, Kurnool and Guntur, and by 2008-09 and it was
extended to the remaining three districts (West Godavari, Krishna and Visakhapatnam). The
present Andhra Pradesh state consists of 13 districts, 661 blocks, and 12,915 Gram Panchayats
with an area of 1,60, 205 sq kms. It is the eighth largest state in terms of area. Many research
studies have placed Andhra Pradesh at the forefront in implementing MGNREGS because of the
high level of population awareness of the scheme and frequent reforms in implementation by
Government relative to other States

Under Sec 3 of the MGNREG Act, States are responsible for providing work in accordance with
the Scheme. Under Sec 4 of MGNREG Act, every state government is required to make a
scheme for providing not less than 100 days of guaranteed employment in a financial year, to
those who demand work.

Funding
Central Government -100% of wages for unskilled manual work, 75% of material cost of
the schemes including payment of wages to skilled and semiskilled workers.
 State Government- 25% of material including payment of wages to skilled and semi
skilled workers cost. 100% of unemployment allowance by state government.

The works undertaken through MGNREGA give priority to activities related to Water
harvesting, groundwater recharge, drought-proofing, and flood protection. Its focus on eco-
restoration and sustainable livelihoods will lead over time, to an increase in land productivity
and aid the workers in moving from wage employment to sustainable employment. Almost 80%
works relate to soil and water conservation. MGNREGA works by their very nature place stress
on increasing land productivity, recharging ground water and increasing water availability.
Recent amendment of the Act to permit MGNREGA works on individual land of small and
marginal farmers who constitute 89% of the farming community, in addition to the individual
land of SC/ST/BPL/IAY/ land reform beneficiaries will augment the impact on agricultural
productivity and household income.

The Andhra Pradesh state has 13 districts, 661 mandals or Blocks, and 12,915 Gram
panchayats.

87.07 lakh Job cards have been issued,

191.22 lakh no of workers,

55.85 lakh No of active job cards,

96.93 No of active workers

31,78,758 men are working and

37,92,876 women are working in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Table 3.2

Progress FY 2021-2022 FY 2020-2021 FY 2019-2020 FY 2018-2019 FY 2017-2018

Women 56.95 57.24 60.07 59.9 59.64
Person days
out of Total
(%)

Profile of Rural Andhra Pradesh:

Table 3.3 Rural Population in Andhra Pradesh-2011 Census

S.No District Total Men women Sex ratio

1 Srikakulam 22,63,124 11,25,738 11,37,386 1010
2 Vizianagaram 18,52,446 9,21,155 9,31,291 1011
3 Visakhapatnam 22,50,665 11,13,637 11,37,018 1021
4 East Godavari 38,36,952 19,20,872 19,16,080 998
5 West Godavar 31,26,191 15,65,446 15,60,745 997
6 Krishna 26,71,718 13,37,414 13,34,304 998
7 Guntur 32,32,485 16,20,120 16,12,365 995
8 Prakasam 27,30,648 13,81,772 13,48,876 976
9 S.P.S.R Nellore 21,03,773 10,59,330 10,44,443 986
10 Chitoor 29,41,581 14,69,263 14,72,318 1002
11 Y.S.R cuddapa 19,00,788 9,59,697 9,41,091 981
12 Anantapur 29,36,359 14,89,021 14,47,338 972
13 Kurnool 29,02,877 14,66,622 14,36,255 979
Total 34749597 17,430,087 17,319,510 993

Source: Statistical Abstract, Andhra Pradesh 2011

The rural population of residual Andhra Pradesh after bifurcation of Telangana is shown in
above Table. 70 percent of the population in the state is living in rural areas. The main
occupation of these people is agriculture and allied activities. The sex ratio in eight districts of
the state is above the state sex ratio. Adult Sex ratio is lower in Prakasam, SP.S. Nellore, Y.S.R,
Anantapur and Kurnool district than the state sex ratio. (Table.1)

Table.3.4

Literacy Rate in Rural Andhra Pradesh

S.No District Total

1 Srikakulam 59.08
2 Vizianagram 54.35
3 Vishakpatnam 54.52
4 East Godavari 67.97
5 West Godavari 72.46
6 Krishna 68.98
7 Guntur 62.53
8 Prakasam 59.72
9 S.P.S.R Nellore 64.01
10 Chitoor 67.86
11 Y.S.R. cuddapa 63.68
12 Anantapur 59.85
13 Kurnool 56.16
Andhra pradesh 56.52
Source: Statistical Abstract, Andhra Pradesh 2011
 The total literacy rate in the newly formed Andhra Pradesh state is 56.52 percent. The male
literacy rate in the state is 63.80 and female literacy rate is 49.19 percent. Low literacy rate
indicates the few opportunities available for the population of the state to secure employment
outside the agricultural sector in the state (Table2). Performance of MGNREGA The Andhra
Pradesh state h

Profile study area of Guntur

As per census Guntur District has a population of 4,887,813 in 2011 out of which 2,440,521 are
male and 2,447,292 are female.Literate people are 2,960,441 out of 1,634,726 are male and
1,325,715 are female. People living in Guntur District depend on multiple skills, total workers
are 2,381,624 out of which men are 1,442,370 and women are 939,254. Total 289,829
Cultivators are depended on agriculture farming out of 210,843 are cultivated by men and
78,986 are women. 1,035,569 people works in agricultural land as labor, men are 508,448 and
527,121 are women. Guntur District sex ratio is 1,003 females per 1000 of males.

Guntur District Population of Rural and Urban

The district has an total area of 11,391 sq km., 315.49 sq km is urban and 11075.51 sq km is
rural. Out of total population of 5,425,473 in the district, 1,652,738 are in urban area and
3,235,075 are in rural area. 419,145 households are in urban, 877,464 are in rural area.
1,162,507 literate people are in urban, 1,797,934 are in rural area.

Geography of Guntur
Languages spoken are Telugu
The Guntur average altitude (elevation) 30 meters above sea level.
Population Density of Guntur : 429 per sq km
Total Area of Guntur : 11,391 sq km
Municipality : Guntur Municipal Corporation

MGNREGA Statistics in Guntur:

Employment provided to households: 1.99611 Lakh

Persondays [in Lakh]

Total: 65.93
SCs: 23.63 [35.84%]
STs: 7.67 [11.64%]
Women: 35.24 [53.45%]
Others: 34.63 [52.52%]
Total works taken up: 105758
Works completed: 10336
Works in progress : 95422
Profile of the study area:
Vaddeswaram is a census town in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is
located at a distance of 5 km (3.1 mi) from Krishna River, in Tadepalle mandal of Guntur
Revenue Division.

Vaddeswaram Town/City Data ---Census 2011

Description Data

Town Name Vaddeswaram

CD Block Name Tadepalle

Teshil Name Tadepalle

Reference Year 2009

Sub District HQ Name Tadepalle

Sub District HQ Distance 5 Km

District HQ Name GUNTUR

District HQ Distance 28 Km

Nearest City of 1 Lakh Mangalagiri

Population.

Nearest City of 1 Lakh Population 7 Km

Distance.

Nearest City of 5 Lakh Vijayawada

Population.

Nearest City of 5 Lakh Population 4 km

Distance.
Table 3.5

Religion wise census 2011 Data of vaddewaram

Religion
Total Male Female Population Literacy
Population Population Population %

Hindu 4759 2311 2448 75.84% 55.33%

Muslim 1433 736 697 22.84% 13.79%

Christian 72 33 39 1.15% 1%

Sikh
0 0 0 0% 0%
Buddhist
6 6 0 0.1% 0.11%
Jain
1 1 0 0.02% 0.02%
Other
religion and 0%
persuasions 0 0 0 0%
Religion not
stated 4 0 4 0.06% 0.07%
Vaddeswaram is a Village in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It falls under Tadepalle
Mandal. Vaddeswaram agricultural crops are Paddy, Banana, Maize with the water being
sourced for this land from Krishna river canals. Vaddeswaram people enjoy the foods like rice
and celebrate the festivals like Dasara, Pongal., Colleges around this place are/in KLCE
UNIVERSITY. Available Hospitals to the people living in this place are NRI HOSPITAL, MANIPAL
HOSPITAL. Temples around this place are Rama, Shiva,V enkateswara swamy,Shiridi Sai
Temples..

DEMOGRAPHICS:
Vaddeswaram town is situated in district GUNTUR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH. The
Vaddeswaram town has population of 6275, male population is 3087 and female population is
3188 as per the Census 2011 data. Population of Children under the age of 0-6 is 598, male
child population under the age of six is 287 and female child population under the age of six is
311. Total literacy rate of Vaddeswaram city is 70.32%, male literacy rate is 73.46% and female
literacy rate is 67.26%. In Vaddeswaram Female Sex Ratio is 1033 per 1000 male persons. Child
sex ratio is 1084 per 1000 male child under the age of six. Total number of house hold in
Vaddeswaram is 1534.

Demographics of Vaddeswaram:
Telugu is the Local Language here.

HOW TO REACH Vaddeswaram:

By Rail
Mangalagiri Rail Way Station , Kolanukonda Rail Way Station are the very nearby railway station
to Vaddeswaram.

By Road
Mangalagiri are the nearby by towns to Mangalagiri having road connectivity to Mangalagiri
and Vaddeswaram

By Bus
Mangalgiri APSRTC Bus Station , Pedavadlapudi APSRTC Bus Station , Mangalagiri Bypass
APSRTC Bus Station are the nearby by Bus Stations to Vaddeswaram .APSRTC runs Number of
busses from major cities to here.

Agricultural status of Vaddeswaram:

The number of employed people of Vaddeswaram town is 2430 yet 3845 are un-employed. And
out of 2430 occupied individual 44 individuals are totally dependent on farming.

Vaddeswaram Population Facts:

Number of Households 17030
Population 64149
Male Population 32011 (49.9%)
Female Population 32138 (50.1%)
Children Population 6963
Sex-ratio 1004
Literacy 68.76%
Male Literacy 73.76%
Female Literacy 63.78%
Scheduled Tribes (ST) 4.5%
%
Scheduled Caste (SC) % 22.13%

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA(GUNDIMEDA):

GUNDIMEDA POPULATION - GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH:

Gundimeda is a large village located in Tadepalle Mandal of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh
with total 1253 families residing. The Gundimeda village has population of 4427 of which 2208
are males while 2219 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Gundimeda village population of children with age 0-6 is 421 which makes up 9.51 % of total
population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Gundimeda village is 1005 which is higher 54 than
Andhra Pradesh state average of 993. Child Sex Ratio for the Gundimeda as per census is 838,
lower than Andhra Pradesh average of 939.

Gundimeda village has higher literacy rate compared to Andhra Pradesh. In 2011, literacy rate
of Gundimeda village was 71.34 % compared to 67.02 % of Andhra Pradesh. In Gundimeda
Male literacy stands at 75.80 % while female literacy rate was 67.00 %.

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Gundimeda village is administrated by
Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.

COMMODITIES:

The agricultural commodities are PADDY.

LAND:

The Total area of Gundimeda is 692 hectares(6.92 sq km). The area used for trees and other
miscellaneous plants is 46.57 hectares. The unirrigated land is 143.35 hectares. The canals are
covered with 143.35 hectares.

GOVERNMENT MEDICAL FACILITY:

There are no doctors at a primary health sub-center in Gundimeda. One was a paramedic. The
nearest community health center and primary health center are 5 to 10 km from the village.
Are in the distance. Allopathic Hospital, Alternative Medicine Hospital, Dispensary, Veterinary
Hospital, Mobile Hospital are located at a distance of 5 to 10 km from the village. Are in the
distance. Mata Child Care Center, t. B Hospital is 10 km from the village. Are farther away than.
The Family Welfare Center is located 10 km from the village.
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE:

Total Sub Primary Health Care units are 1 (sub-centres are staffed by health workers for
outreach services).

PRIMARY SCHOOLS:

The total government primary schools available in this locality is 4. Total Private schools
available are 2.

HEALTH, NUTRITION, RECREATIONAL FACILITIES:

The village has an integrated child development scheme, Anganwadi center, other nutrition
centers, Asha activist. The village has a public reading room. Newspapers are distributed in the
village. There is an assembly polling station and a birth and death registration office. The
playground is 5 to 10 km from the village. Is in the distance. The cinema hall and library are
located at a distance of 5 to 10 km from the village. Are in the distance.

SANITATION:

The village does not have a sewerage system. Sewage is being discharged directly into water
sources. A complete sanitation scheme is being implemented in the village. There is no social
toilet facility. There is no household waste collection system. There is no social biogas
production system. Garbage is dumped next to the streets.

INFORMATION AND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES:

There is a sub post office facility at Gundimeda. Post office facility, post and telegraph office are
5 to 10 km from the village. Are in the distance. Facilities include landline telephone, public
phone office, mobile phone, etc. Internet cafe / general service center, private courier 5 to 10
km from the village. Are in the distance. Public transport buses and private buses ply from the
vicinity of the village. There is also auto facility from nearby villages. The village has tractors to
use for agriculture. The railway station is located at a distance of about 10 km from the village.
State Highway, Main District Highway, District Highway 5 to 10 km from the village. Are in the
distance. The national highway is at a distance of about 10 km from the village. The village has
asphalt roads, gravel roads and dirt roads.

Description Data

Village Name Gundimeda

Gram Panchayat Name GUNDIMEDA

CD Block Name Tadepalle

Teshil Name Tadepalle

Reference Year 2009

Sub District HQ Name TADEPALLE

Sub District HQ Distance 6 Km

District HQ Name GUNTUR

District HQ Distance 31 Km

Nearest Town VIJAYAWADA

Nearest Town Distance 7 Km

Pincode 522302

Table 3.6

GUNDIMEDA DATA:

Total Male Female

Total No. of Houses 1,253 - -

Population 4,427 2,208 2,219

Child(0-6) 421 229 192

Schedule Caste 3,004 1,505 1,499

Schedule Tribe 12 6 6

Literacy 71.34% 75.80% 67.00%

Total workers 2,172 1,354 818

CASTE FACTOR:

In Gundimeda village, most of the villagers are from Schedule Caste (SC). Schedule Caste (SC)
constitutes 67.86 % while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.27 % of total population in Gundimeda
village.
WORK PROFILE:

In Gundimeda village out of total population, 2172 were engaged in work activities. 90.84 % of
workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while
9.16 % were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 2172
workers engaged in Main Work, 231 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 1155 were
Agricultural labourer.

Table 3.7

Male Female
Total workers 2172 1354
Main workers 1973 1264
Main workers 231 218
cultivators
Agriculture labourer 1155 541
Household Industries 22 11
Other workers 565 494
Marginal workers 199 90
Non working persons 2255 854

Description Census 2011 Data

Village Name Gundimeda

Teshil Name Tadepalle

District Name Guntur

State Name ANDHRA PRADESH

Total Population 4427

Total Area 692 (Hectares)

Total No of House Holds 1253

Total Male Population 2208

Total Female Population 2219

0-6 Age group Total Population 421

0-6 Age group Male Population 229

0-6 Age group Female Population 192

Total Person Literates 2858

Total Male Literates 1500

Total Male Literates 1358

Total Person Illiterates 1569

Total Male Illiterates 708

Total Male Illiterates 861

Scheduled Cast Persons 3004

Scheduled Cast Males 1505

Scheduled Cast Females 1499

Scheduled Tribe Persons 6

Scheduled Tribe Males 6

Scheduled Tribe Females 6

Nearby Villages to Gundimeda, Tadepalle Below are the list of villages near Gundimeda village
in Tadepalle.

Village Population

Ippatam 4,120

Chirravuru 3,702

Kolanukonda 3,164

Kunchanapalle 5,673

Penumaka 7,918

REFERENCES:

• "Elevation for Vaddeswaram". Veloroutes. Retrieved 20 January 2015.

• "Census 2011". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 20 January
2015.

• Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14
July 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

• ", the Office of the Commissioner of the Census in & to General and Registrar to,, India | -
amenities of the Village, Manhattan of 2011,", .

• "archive copy" . Archived from the original on 2016-08-18 . Retrieved 2016-08-18 .

• https://etrace.in/census/village/gundimeda-tadepalle-district-guntur-andhra-pradesh-589979

• https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Guntur/Tadepalle/Gundimeda

• https://geoiq.io/places/Gundimeda/nWDLFcgExC

• https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/589979-gundimeda-andhra-pradesh.html

• https://www.city-facts.com/vaddeswaram-tadepalle

• https://etrace.in/census/town/vaddeswaram-andhra-pradesh-589981/

• https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Guntur/Tadepalle/Vaddeswaram

DATA ANALYSIS
Names:
1..Medikonda Baby
2.Nageswari
3.K. Chandrakala
4.M. Chanchamma
5.Rajeswari
6.Ramanamma
7.Prabhavati
8.Sarada
9.Ramaiamma
10.Dasari Vijaya
11.Swarna kumara
12.Rani
13.Pothula Ratna Kumari
14.Dasari Deenamma
 15.G.Annapurna
16.MedikondaBujji
17.Sri lakshmiMudukonda
18.Peru kondakumari
19.S.Ravanamma
20.E.Adastamma
21.k.Achamma
22.N.Bharhavi
23.B.Vijaya
24.K.Jayamma
25.G.Ravanamma
26.M.Ravi
27.K.chandrakala
28. Anjiamma
29.G.kumari
30. K.Ravi
31. P.Ramalu
32. K.Shoba Rani
33. Y.vijaya
34.A.Aruna
35. DasariSyamala
36.Vijaya Kumari
37.MedukondaSarama
38.sarojanamma
39.R.sulochana
40.Venkata lakshmi
41.MedukondaMariamma
42. M. Vijaya
43.Roja Marry
44. J.Suvartha
45.Ravanamma
46.K.Sailaja
47.JettiVeralankamma
48.Palli Siva Parvathi
49.M.Ankamma
50.Kavitha
51. Sartha Kumari Jetti
52. GundimedaBulliammayi
53.Lakshmamma
54. P.Vengamma
55.Chinmayi
56,Sarojamma
57. P.Ramadevi
58. Kumari
59. Venkata Lakshmi
60. G.Prabhavati
61 .R.Padma
62. B.Padma
63. B.Dhanamma
64. Varalakshmi
65. Suvarna
66. M.subamma
67. B.Lakshmidevi
68. B.obulamma
69, Sulochana
70. S.Narasamma
71. Mahalakshmi
72. Jyothi
73. S.Subhasini
74. Subhamma
75. K.Chandrakala
76. Swarna
77. M.Lakshmi Parvati
78. M.Chanchamma
79.P.Yellama
80. M. kavitha
81. Kondamma
82. P.Venkat Lakshmi
83. P Parvati
84.Suseela
85. Sri devi
86. Madhavi
87.Samrajam
88.Jamuna
89.M.Pramila
90.Padma
91.Savithri
92. Chandra kala
93. Geeta
94. Chitra
95.Rama
96. Devi
97. Jaya
98. Harika
99. vara lakshmi
100. Manasa

Age of the respondent

S: No Age Total no Percentage%

1 <25 years 1 1%
2 26-35 years 22 22%
3 36-45 years 37 37%
4 46-55 Years 28 28%
5 55 and above 12 12%
Total 100 100%
Table4.1

Bar Graph 4.1

Above table and the bar graph shows that 37% of women with age 36-45 years of age women
are contributing more inmy study area. 28% of women with age 46-55 years of age are second
most contribution in MGNREGA. women with age 26-35 years contribute 22% of age. There are
instances f women working above the age of 55 are 12% and there are women working below
25 years is only 1% in my study area because the women below 25 years are mostly working in
other sectors and they are skilled labor hence they do not contribute this work.

Marital Status of the Respondent

Serial No Marital Status Total No Percentage(%)

1 Married 74 74%
2 Widow 26 26%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.2

Pie chart 4.1

Above table and pie chart shows about marital status of respondents of study area out of
100 respondents 74% are women and 26% are widows. Scheme is making widows to not
depend on anyone making them independent in running their family hence my objective of
women empowerment is achieved through MGNREGA.

Type of Family:

Serial No Type of Family Total No Percentage(%)

1 Small 73 73%
2 Nuclear 13 13%
3 Big 10 10%
4 Joint 4 4%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.3
Pie chart 4.2

Above table and pie chart shows 73% are small Families, 13% are Nuclear Families 10 are Big
Families and 4% are Joint Families out of 100 respondents. Whereas women from small
families are participating more in MGNREGA in my study area. Beside women from nuclear
and big families are contributing less compared to the small families and there are instances
of women from joint family are also participating very less because women from the joint
families are assigned with the work of household chores and other work hence they
contribute very less.

Educational Qualification:

Serial No Educational Total No Percentage(%)

Qualification

1 Below 10th 33 33%

2 Illiterate 67 67%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.4
Pie chart 4.3

Above table and pie chart shows that out of 100 responses in my study area67% of women
are illiterate and 33% OF women’s Qualification is below 10 th. According to the ACT
MGNREGA work requires unskilled labor.

Occupation of the respondent:

Serial No Occupation Total No Percentage(%)

1 Farmer 36 36%
2 Agricultural Laborer 59 59%
3 Non- 5 5%
AgriculturalLaborer
Total 100 100%
Table 4.5
Pie chart 4.4

Above table and pie chart shows that 59% of women is working as Agriculture Labor 36% of
them are Farmers as they own some amount ofland, so they are work in their land during
farming season during un season they participate in MGNREGA. 5% of women are non-
agricultureLabor this includes works like working as construction labors working in small scale
industries.

Religion of the respondent:

Serial No Religion Total No Percentage(%)

1 Hindu 93 93%
2 Christian 7 7%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.6
Pie chart 4.5

Above table and pie chart shows religion of the respondents where 93% of women are Hindus
and 7% of women belong to Christian religion.

Social Category of the respondent:

Serial No Social Category Total No Percentage(%)

1 OC 46 46%
2 OBC 1 1%
3 SC 49 49%
4 ST 4 4%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.7
Pie chart 4.6

Above Table and pie chart shows 49% of women belong to social category of Schedule Caste,
46% of women belong to category of Open Category 4% of women belonging to Schedule
Caste and 1% of women belong to Category of other Backward caste.

Income of the Family

Serial No Income Total No Percentage(%)

1 >90000 97 97%
2 91000-1,50000 3 3%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.8
Bar Graph 4.2

Above Table and Bar graph shows 97% of the respondents Family Income is >90000 and rest
3% of the Families having income between 91000 to 150000. This table shows that all these
families belong to Below to poverty line. Hence the MGNREGA provides work to the BPL
families.

Do you work in your Land:

Table 4.9

Serial No Response TotalNo Percentage (%)

1 Yes 36 36%
2 No 64 64%
Total 100 100%

Pie chart 4.7

Above table and pie chart states number of Respondents owning any amount of land out of
100respondents 36% of people work in their own land and 64% of them does not own
any amount of land and they work as agricultural labor and other occupations.

If yes size of land holding (36 responses):

Serial No No of acres Total No Percentage (%)

1 Below 1acre 8 8%
2 1.1 acre- 2.5acres 53 53%
3 2.6acres - 5.0 acres 25 25%
4 5.1 acres – 10 Acres 14 14%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.10

Bar graph 4.3

Above table and graph shows out of 36 respondents families own land 8% of them own less
than below one acre of land, 53% of them owns 1.1 to 2.5 acres of land, 25% of them owns
2.6 to 5.0 acres of land and 14% of them own 5.1 acre to 10 acres of land. Though the families
own some amount of land still they work because the land does not yield much agricultural
produce and during unseasonal period land remains un use. So, the families owning some
amount of land but still work in MGNREGA work.

Husband’s Occupation:

Table 4.11

Serial No Husband’s Total No Percentage(%)

Occupation

1 Farmer 28 28%
2 Agriculture Labor 59 59%
3 Non-Agriculture 8 8%
labour
4 others 5 5%
Total 100 100%

Bar Graph 4.4

The above table and graph shows the occupation of respondents Husband 59% of them are
Agricultural labour, 28% of them are Farmers, 8% of them are Non-agriculture labour and 5%
others. Others include working in industries, having their own business, and some other
working as drivers and in few cases the spouse is died.

Economic Earners in the house hold

Serial No Number of Earners Total No Percentage(%)

1 1 28 28%
2 2 59 59%
3 3 8 8%
4 4 and above 5 5%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.12

Pie chart 4.8

Above table and pie chart shows the economic earners of the family 59% of the families have
2 earners that is husband and wife, mother and son 28% of them are single earners that is
themselves and 8% of the families have 3 earners and 5% of the families have 4 earners in the
family.

Economic Dependence in the Household

Serial No Number of Total No Percentage (%)

Dependents
1 O 33 33%
2 1 17 17%
3 2 34 34%
4 3 14 14%
5 4 and above 2 2%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.13
Bar graph 4.5

Above table and graph shows34% of families have 0 or no dependents,17% of families have 1
dependent, 34% of families have 2 dependents can be seen in small nuclear and big families
2% of families have 4 and above dependents that can be seen in the joint families.

Dependents can be children studying, aged persons, people suffering from diseases. All these
count are economic dependents in the households.

Are you aware of MGNREGS

Serial no No of respondents Total No Percentage%

aware of MGNREGS
1 Yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.14
Pie chart 4.9

The above pie chart represents the percentage of people aware of MGNREGA 100% of women
are aware about the scheme.

How did you get to know about MGNREGS

Serial no About MGNREGS Total No Percentage%

1 Friends 0 0%
2 Self help groups 0 0%
3 Government 100 100%
Advertisemets
4 Un employment 0 0%
Awareness
Total 100 100%
Table 4.15
Pie chart 4.10

Above pie chart shows about how did the respondents get to know about MGNREGS 100%
respondents got to know about the MGNREGS through government advertisements through
various platforms like through government officials like volunteers gram sabha employes etc.

Do you have a Job card

Serial No Job card Total no Pecentage%

1 yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.16
Pie chart 4.11

The above pie chart shows about the people having Job card 100% of the workers are provided
with Job cards and through the job card people are participating in the work, it also ensures
transparency and protects workers against the fraud.

Did you get your Job card within 15 days from the date of application

Serial no Job card within 15 Total no Percentage

days
1 Yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.17

Pie chart 4.12

The above pie chart shows about did people get job card within 15 days “yes” 100% of people
got their Job card within 15 days. According to the act people are supposed to get it within 15
days so this shows that the officials are efficient and effective in providng the Job card within
the given time according to the act.

Did higher authorities took bribe while applying for Job card

Serial No Authorities taking Total No Percentage%

bribe while applying
job card
1 Yes 0 0%
2 No 100 100%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.18
Pie chart 4.13

The above pie chart shows about the officials taking bribe for applyin Job card and it is found
that in my study area100% responded that officials did not take any bribe while applying job
and also they did not face much problem while applying it.

Where did you get the Job card

Serial No Place Total No Percentage (%)

1 Panchayat office 72 72%
2 Political leaders 22 22%
3 Others 6 6%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.19

Bar graph 4.6

Above table and graph shows about where did the people get their job card 72% of the
respondents got their job card from panchayat office and 22% of the respondents got their job
card from political leaders and rest 6% of them got their job card from others that include
leader of the working members in the village, persons outsourced for providing jobs to the
people.

Did you participate in social audit.

Serial No Participation in social Total No Percentage%
audit
1 Yes 43 43%
2 No 57 57%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.20
Pie chart 4.14

The above table and pie chart shows about the respondents participating in social audit 43% of people
participating in social audit and 57% of people are not participating in social audit this shows that
majority of people are not participating in the social audit but according to the act Social audit is one of
the key factor and highlight of the act but still more than half of the people are not participated in the
social audit.

Did you find using any Technology on the site

Serial no Using Technology on Total no Percentage%

the site
1 Yes 0 0
2 No 100 100%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.21
Pie chart 4.15

The above pie chart shows about the technology use on the site in m study area it is found that
100% there is no use of technology on the site. Technology includes like using Tractors earth
movers (Jcb machines) and any advanced technology is not used in my study area.

Is your work within your village

Serial no Work within village Total No Percentage%

1 Yes 0 0%
2 No 100 100%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.22
Pie chart 4.16

The above pie chart shows about whether the work is within the village or not in my study area
100% respondents responded “Yes” they are working within their village. According to the act
work should be provided within the village.

Did you face any kid a problem in participation of MGNREGS

Serial No Facing problems in Total no Percentage%

participation
1 Yes 0 0%
2 No 100 100%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.23
Pie chart 4.17

The above pie chart shows that 100% respondents did not face any kind of problems during the
work.

Are you getting the wages equal as par with the men under MGNREGS

Serial No Wages equal on par Total no Percentage%

with the men
1 Yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.24
Pie chart 4.18

The Above pie chart shows about whether the women are paid equally on par with the men in
my study area it is found that 100% of the people responded “Yes” women are paid equally
with men.

What is the mode of getting wages

Serial No Mode of getting Total No Percentage%

wages
1 Through Bank 52 52%
Account
2 Through post office 48 48%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.25
Bar graph 4.7

The above table and graph shows that in my study area 52% of people get their wages
through bank account 48% of the people get through post office.

Are you getting the wages within 15 days as per the ACT

Serial no Wages within 15 days Total no Percentage%

1 Yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0
Total 100 100%
Table 4.26
Pie chart 4.19

The above pie chart shows wether the respondents are paid their wages with in 15 days in my
study area it is found that 100% of respondents are paid their wages within 15 days after the
work.

How is the attitude of higher officials in MGNREGS

Serial no Attitude of higher Total No Percentage%

officials
1 Satisfactory 100 100%
2 Unsatisfactory 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.27
Pie chart 4.20

The above pie chart shows the attitude of the higher officials in my study area I found that
100% of people are satisfied with the attitude of the higher officials.

Do higher officials frequently visit the sites

Serial No Officials visiting the Total no Percentage%

site
1 Yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.28

Pie chart 4.21

The above pie chart shows that higher officials frequently visit the working sites where 100% of
the respondents responded “Yes” in my study area.

Do higher officials solve the problems & complaints quickly

Serial no Officials solving Total No Percentage%

problems and
complaints
1 Yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.29

Pie chart 4.22

The above pie chart shows about the higher officials in solving the problems quickly 100%
respondents responded “Yes”. Higher officials do solve the problems and any complaints
quickly and effectively.

Did MGNREGS helped in the COVID 19 pandemic

Serial No MGNREGS during Total no Percenatge%

covid 19
1 Yes 100 100%
2 No 0 0%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.30
Pie chart 4.23
The above pie chart shows did MGNREGS help during COVID 19 100% of people responded
“yes” to it During lockdown 2020 MGNREGS helped the people in providing employment and
earning income during the difficult time. Many migrants returned from urban to rural during
this period and everyone got the employment through MGNREGS.

In the chapter 1 we dealt with Introduction, importance an significance of

MGNREGA and Women Empowerment Scheme, review of literature, objectives of the
MGNREGA Women Empowerment, methodology, chapterization and references.

In Chapter 2 we dealt with the historical information about programmes and policies
at national level and administrative setup or mechanism to implement the policies
and schemes at national level, state level and local level an finally references.

In Chapter 3 we dealt with the profile of the study area Andhra Pradesh and
Vaddeswaram and Gundimeda based on the questionnaire and references.

In Chapter 4 which we dealt with the Date analysis and perceptions of the
respondants
 Major Findings

The researcher made a survey with MGNREGA scheme of Gundimeda village and
vaddeswaram village under tadapelle block in the district of Guntur District in Andhra
Pradesh. The result of the major findings is coming into exist in reality after Interpretation of
data, the selected villages and all respondents are BPL(Below povert line).

Some factual and actual field situation wich came across during my data collection and
observation. Major findings are:

During my data collection I saw that Maximum numbers of men are working though there are
women but majorly men number are more.
During my data collection I find that all respondents are in BPL category which is permissible to
work with this Act
During my data collection I find that many of respondents are works in this scheme for improve
their economic condition.
During my data collection I find that more than 50% of the people are not participated in social
audit.
During my data collection I find that Women’s participation in the scheme has enabled
them to come out of their homes not only for the purpose of work but to visit panchayat
offices and banks, which was absent in the earlier days. This has elevated the women in
the society to a higher status of becoming income earning workers.
SUMMARY
Providing employment is one of the biggest task of the Indian government that to in rural
areas but with the MGNREGA the government is providing 100 days of employment to
every household with the objective of eradication of poverty , Social protection for the
most vulnerable people living in rural India by providing employment opportunities
Livelihood security for the poor through creation of durable assets, improved water
security, soil Empowerment of the socially disadvantaged, especially women, Scheduled
Castes (SCs) and Schedules Tribes (STs), through the processes of a rights-based legislation.
It is not just only providing employment but also it is empowering the deprived sections of
the society by providing employment and making them economically independent. Though
the women empowerment is not the main objective of MGNREGA but it had a great impact
on the women it made them economically independent and this women are providing their
children nutrious food and providing good education to them. This scheme also helping the
 older women and widowed women by providing employment and making them
economically independent. One of the dream of Mahatma Gandhi is to uplift the lower
sections of the society and also upliftment of the rural areas this scheme has fulfilled those
as had uplifted the lower sections of the society and rural areas.

CONCLUSION:
The study reveals that MGNREGA can enhance the women empowerment even though the
objective of MGNREGA is neither women empowerment nor Gender equality. This is because
MGNREGA does provide women (both engaged in the labour market or working as housewives)
an opportunity to earn (minimum) wages and incomes; to mobilize to develop collective
strength (in the form of SHGs or in any other forms); and to participate in village level
institutions like Gram Sabhas, Vigilance Committees, Social audits etc. The study has shown that
by accessing these opportunities, women MGNREGA and women’s empowerment tend to
influence intra-household relationships in their favour and tend to acquire improved bargaining
within and outside the home. Though these developments do break some barriers to gender
equality, they do not remove all the barriers to women’s empowerment. That is, MGNREGA by
and of itself cannot achieve complete gender equalities in the economy and the society. This is
because empowerment of women, basically, is brought about not by one programme but by an
enabling macro environment, including enabling macroeconomic environment. MGNREGA act
is really leads to women empowerment through active participation of women in this scheme.
MGNREGS was not envisaged as a women’s empowerment programme, yet, it has brought
economic and social empowerment of women. MGNREGS has certainly empowered women
workers economically and socially, “Gender - Neutral Measures” such as increase in
participation of women in planning and social audits of MGNREGA implementation of better
worksite facilities, proper payment of wages, planning of works in phases and speedy grievance
redressed will encourage women to demand more work under this scheme.

It may be concluded that most of the beneficiaries are satisfied with the scheme.

nrega.nic.in
Indian express
Kurukshetra
Yojana
Economic& Political Weekly
The Hindu
MGNREGA_A_STEP_TOWARDS_INCLUSIVE_GROWTH.pdf
International Journal of research
Journal of Humanities and social science
 nrega.nic.in
MoRD_GOI
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=15355
https://tnepds.co.in/national-food-for-work-programme/
https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/peoreport/cmpdmpeo/volu
me1/147.pdf
http://www.csjpgoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sgry.pdf

• "Elevation for Vaddeswaram". Veloroutes. Retrieved 20 January 2015.

• "Census 2011". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 20 January
2015.

• Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14
July 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

• ", the Office of the Commissioner of the Census in & to General and Registrar to,, India | -
amenities of the Village, Manhattan of 2011,", .

• "archive copy" . Archived from the original on 2016-08-18 . Retrieved 2016-08-18 .

• https://etrace.in/census/village/gundimeda-tadepalle-district-guntur-andhra-pradesh-589979

• https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Guntur/Tadepalle/Gundimeda

• https://geoiq.io/places/Gundimeda/nWDLFcgExC

• https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/589979-gundimeda-andhra-pradesh.html

• https://www.city-facts.com/vaddeswaram-tadepalle

• https://etrace.in/census/town/vaddeswaram-andhra-pradesh-589981/

• https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Guntur/Tadepalle/Vaddeswaram

KL UNIVERSITY
MGNREGA Questionnaire for women Beneficiary
 1. Name:
2. Age
A. <25 years
B. 26-35 years
C. 36-45 years
D. 46-55years
E. 55-65 years
F. 60 and above
3. Maritial Status
A. Married
B. Un married
C. Widow
D. Divorced
4. Type of Family
A. Small
B. Nuclear
C. Big
D. Joint
5. Educational Qualification
A. Below 10th
B. Inter
C. Degree
D. Post graduation
E. illiterate
6. Occupation
A. Farmer
B. Agriculture labour
C. Non agriculture labour
D. Business
E. Other form of occupation
7. Religion
A. Hindu
B. Christian
C. Muslim
D. Others
8. Caste
A. OC
B. OBC
 C. SC
D. ST
9. Income
A. >90000
B. 91000-150000
C. 150001-200000
D. 200001-250000
10. Do you work in your own land
A. Yes
B. No

11. Size of land holding

A. Land less
B. Below 1 acre
C. 1.0 to 2.5 acres
D. 2.5 to 5 acres
E. 5.0 to 10 acres
F. above 10 acres
12. Husband’s occupation
A. Farmer
B. Agriculture Labour
C. Non Agriculture Labour
D. Business
E. Others
13. Economic dependence in the household Earner
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4 and above
14. Economic dependence in the Households Dependence
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4 and above
15. Are you aware of MGNREGS
a) Yes
b) No

16. How did you get to know about MGNREGS

A. Friends
B. Self help groups
C. Government advertisements
D. Un employment Awareness

17. Do you have a Job card

a) Yes
b) No
18. Did you get your Job card within 15 days from the date of application
a) Yes
b) No
19. Did higher authorities took bribe while applying for Job card
a) Yes
b) No

20. Where did you get the Job card

a) Panchayat office
b) Gram sabha
c) Political leaders
d) Others
21. Did you participate in social audict
a) Yes
b) No
22. Did you find using any Technology on the site
A. Yes
B. No
23. Is your work within your village
a) Yes
b) No
 24. Did you face any kid a problem in participation of MGNREGA
a) Yes
b) No

23. Are you getting the wages equal as par par with the men under MGNREGA

a) Yes
b) No
25. What is the mode of getting wages
a) By hand
b) Through bank account
c) Through post office
d) others

26. Are you getting the wages within 15 days as per the ACT
a) Yes
b) No
27. How is the attitude of higher officials in MGNREGA
a) Satisfactory
b) Un satisfactory
28. Do higher officials frequently visit the sites
a) Yes
b) No
29. Do higher officials solve the problems & complaints quickly
a) Yes
b) No
30. Did MGNREGA helped in the COVID 19 pandemic
A. Yes
B. no
31. Any suggestions: