Cutting tool (machining)

In the context of machining, a cutting tool or cutter is typically a hardened metal tool that is used to cut,
shape, and remove material from a workpiece by means of machining tools as well as abrasive tools by
way of shear deformation. The majority of these tools are designed exclusively for metals. There are several
different types of single edge cutting tools that are made from a variety of hardened metal alloys that are
ground to a specific shape in order to perform a specific part of the turning process resulting in a finished
machined part. Single edge cutting tools are used mainly in the turning operations performed by a lathe in
which they vary in size as well as alloy composition depending on the size and the type of material being
turned. These cutting tools are held stationary by what is known as a tool post which is what manipulates
the tools to cut the material into the desired shape. Single edge cutting tools are also the means of cutting
material performed by metal shaping machines and metal planing machines which removes material by
means of one cutting edge. Milling and drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Drilling is exclusively used
to make holes in a workpiece. All drill bits have two cutting edges that are ground into two equally tapered
angles which cuts through the material by applying downward rotational force. Endmills or milling bits,
which also cut material by rotational force. Although these tools are not made to put holes in a workpiece.
They cut by horizontal shear deformation in which the workpiece is brought into the tool as it's rotating.
This is known as the tool path which is determined by the axis of the table that is holding the workpiece in
place. This table is designed to accept a variety of vises and clamping tools so that it can move into the
cutter at various angles and directions while the workpiece remains still. There are several different types of
endmills that perform a certain type of milling action.

Grinding stones are tools that contain several different cutting edges which encompasses the entirety of the
stone. Unlike metallic cutting tools, these grinding stones never go dull. In fact the formation of cutting
edges of metallic cutting tools are achieved by the use of grinding wheels and other hard abrasives. There
are several different types of grinding stone wheels that are used to grind several different types of metals.
Although these stones are not metal, they need to be harder than the metal that they grind. In contrast to the
grinding stone, if the hardness of the metal exceeds that of the stone, the metal will cut the stone. This is not
ideal. [1] Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high
negative rake angle), and shears a tiny chip.

Cutting tool materials must be harder than the material which is to be cut, and the tool must be able to
withstand the heat and force generated in the metal-cutting process. Also, the tool must have a specific
geometry, with clearance angles designed so that the cutting edge can contact the workpiece without the
rest of the tool dragging on the workpiece surface. The angle of the cutting face is also important, as is the
flute width, number of flutes or teeth, and margin size. In order to have a long working life, all of the above
must be optimized, plus the speeds and feeds at which the tool is run.

Contents
Types
Cutting tools with inserts (indexable tools)
Holder
Tool setup
Cutting edge
References
Types
Linear cutting tools include tool bits (single-point cutting tools) and broaches. Rotary cutting tools include
drill bits, countersinks and counterbores, taps and dies, reamers, and cold saw blades. Other cutting tools,
such as bandsaw blades, hacksaw blades, and fly cutters, combine aspects of linear and rotary motion

Cutting tools with inserts (indexable tools)

Cutting tools are often designed with inserts or replaceable tips (tipped tools). In these, the cutting edge
consists of a separate piece of material, either brazed, welded or clamped on to the tool body. Common
materials for tips include cemented carbide, polycrystalline diamond, and cubic boron nitride.[2] Tools using
inserts include milling cutters (endmills, fly cutters), tool bits, and saw blades.

Holder

Tool setup

The detailed instructions of how to combine the tool assembly out of basic holder, tool and insert can be
stored in a tool management solution.

Cutting edge
The cutting edge of a cutting tool is a very important for the performance of the cutting process. The main
features of the cutting edge are:

form of the cutting edge: radius or waterfall or trumpet (reverse waterfall)

cutting edge angles

form and size of the chamfers

The measurement of the cutting edge is performed using a tactile instrument or an instrument using focus
variation. To quantify a cutting edge the following parameters are used:

cutting edge radius for symmetric edges

cutting edge ellipse axis for asymmetric edges
factor K, this is the relation between Sγ and Sα. This can also be calculated by the ratio of
the two axis of the ellipse. This factor describes the form of the cutting edge.
3 angles: clearance angle, wedge angle, rake (chipping) angle
Δr
length and orientation of the bevel

One of the most important cutting edge parameters is the K factor. It specifies the form of the cutting edge.
1 means a symmetric cutting edge. If the value is smaller than 1 the form is called a waterfall. If the value is
larger than 1 it is called a trumpet. Depending on the material being cut, feed rate and other factors, a
cutting tool with the optimum K factor should be used.
References
1. Explain Cutting Tools (https://mechanicalsite.com/cutting
-tools) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201905120
35101/https://mechanicalsite.com/cutting-tools) 2019-05-
12 at the Wayback Machine, https://mechanicalsite.com,
retrieved 2019-05-12.
2. Stephenson, David A.; Agapiou, John S. (1997), Metal
cutting theory and practice (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=19AdVu1O4fQC&pg=PA164), Marcel Dekker,
p. 164, ISBN 978-0-8247-9579-5. Cutting edge profile with parameters

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