UTA013 Engineering Design Project-1

(Design of Catapult)

How Structures Fail

Department of Mechanical Engineering

TIET, Patiala
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 FIRING A MANGONEL:

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 Failure Modes – Axial members
 TENSION IN A MEMBER
 AXIAL STRESS
 EXTENSION LEADING TO STRAIN

P P

P P

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 Failure Modes – Axial members
STRESS= FORCE /FAILURE AREA
(MPa or N/mm2 ) b

AXIAL STRESS, P
a  d
bd

P 4P d
a   2
 2 d
d
4
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 Failure Modes – Axial members
 BUCKLING IN COMPRESSION P
 ELASTIC
 PLASTIC

COLUMN

P
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 Failure Modes – Axial members
 COLUMN

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 Failure Modes – Axial members
TYPES OF COLUMNS
DEPENDING ON THE MODE OF FAILURE:

SHORT COLUMN
A COLUMN WHICH FAILS IN
COMPRESSION
LONG COLUMN
A COLUMN WHICH BUCKLES BEFORE
FULL COMPRESSION STRENGTH IS
REACHED

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 Failure Modes – Axial members
STRESS= FORCE /FAILURE AREA

P
a  FOR SHORT COLUMN
bd

Pcr
cr  FOR LONG COLUMN
A

WHERE 2 EI
Pcr  2
L

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 Failure Modes-Beams
 TYPES OF BEAMS
 CANTILEVER BEAM
 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
 OVERHANG BEAM

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 Failure Modes-Beams
CANTILEVER BEAM P
L

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

P

L
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 Failure Modes-Beams
 BENDING OF A BEAM
 BENDING STRESS
 TENSION AND COMPRESSION
 SECOND MOMENT OF AREA
 DEPTH V/S WIDTH
 SECTION MODULUS

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 Failure Modes-Beams
CANTILEVER BEAM P
L

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 Failure Modes-Beams
 CANTILEVER BEAM

M b E
EULER’S FLEXURE FORMULA I  y  

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 Failure Modes-Beams
 BENDING OF A BEAM
BENDING STRESS
M.y
b 
I
WHERE b, M, y, AND I ARE, RESPECTIVELY,
THE BENDING STRESS, BENDING
MOMENT, DISTANCE FROM THE NEUTRAL
AXIS AND SECOND MOMENT OF AREA (A
PART-MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE OF A
BEAM TO THE LOADS).
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 Failure Modes-Beams
BENDING STRESS
M.y
b 
I
M = P x L (Cantilever beam)
b
y = d/2
3
y
bd d
I
12
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 Failure Modes-Beams
 SECOND MOMENT OF AREA
b
b 3
y bd
d I
d 12
d
4
d
I
64
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 Failure Modes-Beams

I
SECTION MODULUS Z
y

M
BENDING STRESS b 
Z
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 Failure Modes-Beams
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
P

M=PL/4 (SIMPLY SUPPORTED WITH

LOAD AT THE MIDDLE)

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 Failure Modes-Beams
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

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 TESTING OF MATERIAL:

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 Failure Modes-Beams
 BEAM CROSS-SECTION

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 Failure Modes-Beams
 BEAM CROSS-SECTION

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 Factor of safety
WHILE DESIGNING A COMPONENT OR A
STRUCTURAL MEMBER , IT IS
NECESSARY TO KEEP SUFFICIENT
RESERVE STRENGTH IN CASE OF AN
ACCIDENT. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY
TAKING A SUITABLE FACTOR OF
SAFETY (FOS)

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 Factor of safety
FAILURE STRESS
FOS 
ALLOWABLE STRESS
or
FAILURE LOAD
FOS 
WORKING LOAD

Sut / Syt
FOS 

Sut

FOS
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 Failure Modes-Beams
 SHEAR FAILURE
 BOLT FAILURE

(Single Shear)

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 Failure Modes-Beams

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 Failure Modes-Beams
SHEAR STRESS
P

(Single Shear)  2
 d 
4 
where ‘d’ is the diameter of bolt
P
(Double Shear) 
 2
2 d 
4 
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 Failure Modes-Beams
SHEAR FAILURE
OTHER EXAMPLES OF SHEAR
 PLATE FAILURE

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 Failure Modes (TORSION)
SHAFT

T  G
 
Ip r L
WHERE T, IP, , r, G,  AND L ARE,
RESPECTIVELY, THE TWISTING MOMENT,
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA, SHEAR STRESS,
RADIUS OF THE SHAFT, SHEAR MODULUS,
ANGLE OF TWIST AND LENGTH OF SHAFT.
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 Failure Modes
 TORSION
 SHAFT

T  G
 
Ip r L

Tr
 where I p 
 4
Ip d
32

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 Failure Modes
 OTHER MODES
 CYCLIC - FATIGUE
 IMPACT

 CORROSION

 THERMAL MOVEMENT

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 References
 TEACHING MATERIAL FOR ED-II (1E10)
FROM TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS,
E. P. POPOV, and T. A. BALAN, PHI, (2006)
2nd ed .

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 Thank You

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