Design of Transparent Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications

By

Abdullahi Yahye Ahmed

Bachelor of Science in Telecommunication Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
SIMAD University

SU Thesis: (BTE06-2022)
Design of Transparent Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications

A Thesis Project Presented

By

Abdullahi Yahye Ahmed

Bachelor of Science in Telecommunication Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
SIMAD University
2022
 Title: Design of Transparent Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications

Author: Abdullahi Yahye Ahmed

Program: Telecommunication Engineering

Advisor: Eng. Shakib Abdullahi Osman

The Thesis is Accepted by the faculty of Engineering, SIMAD University in Partial

Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Batchelor of Science.

.............................................................................

(Abdikarim Abi Hassan)

Dean, Faculty of Engineering
Committee

............................................................... Advisor

................................................................ Committee

................................................................ Committee
...................
...................
...................
.......
Committee/
External
Examiner
 i

ACKNOWLEDGEMET

In the name of Allah S. W. T, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Praise to

Allah, deep and humble gratitude to ALLAH Almighty for providing
the opportunity and giving me the strength to complete this work. I am
sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Eng. Shakib Abdullahi Osman for
his guidance, constructive ideas, invaluable support and
encouragement. Their broad knowledge, willingness to spend their time
to help and dedication to quality have made this project possible.
Thanks, and acknowledgement to SIMAD Staffs for their assistance
and suggestions. Most importantly, I would like to thank my parents,
my brothers, my sisters, and for their praying and patience.

Abdullahi Yahye Ahmed

 ii

Abstract

Title: Design of Transparent Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications

Author: Abdullahi Yahye Ahmed

Program: Telecommunication Engineering

Advisor: Eng. Shakib Abdullahi Osman

This thesis presents the design of a transparent antenna for 5G wireless

applications and also the evaluation of the proposed antenna. This transparent
antenna was designed on a glass substrate (38.39 × 29.76 × 1.6) mm 3 and is
optically transparent. It consists of a ground plane and a radiation patch using
copper material. In this thesis also present and discuss the various parameters
and the prototype of the antenna such as return loss plot, gain plot, and
radiation pattern plot. The proposed antenna is designed with the frequency of
2.4 GHz. The designed transparent antenna has antenna feed impedance (Z a)
50 ohm. The simulated results of this antenna show that it is well suited for
future 5G applications because of its transparency, flexibility, light weight,
and wide achievable frequency bandwidth near the millimeter wave frequency
band. The presented antenna that achieves frequency of 2.4 GHz, the obtained
gain of 2.11 dBi respectively and a good agreement is observed between the
simulated results.

Keywords: transparent antenna; 5G communications; AgHT material;

glass substrate; optical antenna.
iii
 iv

Table of Contents

List of Tables............................................................................................................................v

List of Figures..........................................................................................................................vi

Table of Contents....................................................................................................................iii

Chapter 1...................................................................................................................................1

Introduction..............................................................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................1

1.2. Research Objectives....................................................................................................2

1.3. Thesis Structure...........................................................................................................2

Chapter 2...................................................................................................................................4

Background and Literature Review.......................................................................................4

2.1. Background..................................................................................................................4

2.1.1. Computer Network Security................................................................................4

2.1.2. Network Attacks...................................................................................................4

2.1.3. Attack Classification............................................................................................5

2.1.4. Machine Learning................................................................................................5

2.1.5. Machine Learning Algorithms used in this research............................................7

2.1.6. CSE-CIC-IDS2018.............................................................................................12

2.1.7. Attack Types in CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset......................................................14

2.2. Related Work.............................................................................................................16

Chapter 3.................................................................................................................................19
 v

Method and materials............................................................................................................19

3.1. Materials....................................................................................................................19

3.1.1. Software Tools...................................................................................................19

3.1.2. Hardware platform.............................................................................................20

3.2. Model Evaluation Metrics.........................................................................................20

3.2.1. Confusion Matrix...............................................................................................21

3.3. Implementation Method............................................................................................22

3.3.1. Introduction........................................................................................................22

3.3.2. Data Cleanup......................................................................................................23

3.3.3. Experimental Setup............................................................................................23

3.3.4. Experiment Implementation...............................................................................27

Chapter 4.................................................................................................................................28

Results and Discussions.........................................................................................................28

Chapter 5.................................................................................................................................32

Conclusion and Future Work...............................................................................................32

5.1. Conclusion.................................................................................................................32

5.2. Future Work...............................................................................................................32

References...............................................................................................................................33

Appendix A.............................................................................................................................38
 vi

List of Tables

Title Page
TABLE 3.1: TOTAL NUMBER OF TRAFFIC DATA SAMPLES FOR EACH TYPE AMONG ALL 23

THE DATASETS

TABLE 3.2: THE IMPORTANT FEATURES SELECTED FROM THE DATASET TO TRAIN THE 27

ML MODELS.

TABLE 1.1: DIFFERENT DDOS ATTACK CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY LEVEL IN 28

DIFFERENT MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

TABLE 2.2: DIFFERENT DDOS ATTACK CLASSIFICATION F1-SCORE IN DIFFERENT 29

MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
 vii

List of Figures

Title Page
FIGURE 1.1: STRUCTURE OF A MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON 7
FIGURE 1.2: NETWORK TOPOLOGY 14
FIGURE 1.3:DDOS ATTACK 15
Figure 2.1: Confusion Matrix 21
FIGURE3.2: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 22
FIGURE 4.1: RUNNING TIMES OF ML ALGORITHMS 29
FIGURE 4.2: PRECISION AND RECALL VALUES ACHIEVED BY ML ALGORITHMS IN CLASSIFYING 30
HOIC ATTACK TYPE
FIGURE 4.3: PRECISION AND RECALL VALUES ACHIEVED BY ML ALGORITHMS IN CLASSIFYING 30
LOIC UDP ATTACK TYPE

FIGURE 4.4: PRECISION AND RECALL VALUES ACHIEVED BY ML ALGORITHMS IN CLASSIFYING 31

LOIC HTTP ATTACK TYPE
 8

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1. Background study

The use of wireless communication technologies and the ongoing need

for compact, portable devices have significantly changed during the past ten
years on a global scale. New wireless technologies promise to provide
adjustable data rates and a wide range of applications while concurrently
serving multiple users. However, the requirement for larger data rates suffers a
significant setback due to the constrained bandwidth availability brought on by
spectral crowding, which intensifies the need for technologies that may be
implemented into wireless devices to achieve antenna operation at various
frequency bands [1]. The antenna is the primary element to sense, analyse, and
integrate utilizing the IEEE 802.1p standard for communication in vehicular
communication electronic systems.

Vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to everything, and vehicle to network

connections are all categorized as inter and intra vehicular communications in
vehicular networks [2]. Numerous antenna topologies are suggested in [3–4]
to meet the growing need and requirements for small, flexible, and transparent
antennas on vehicle platforms without interfering with the vehicle mechanism.
a number of stretchy and translucent substrates, including PET and PDMS
(Polydimethylsiloxane) [5]. Additionally, there are conductors like AgHT-8,
ITO, etc. Additionally, several fabrication techniques including screen printing
and inkjet printing [6]. In order to incorporate conductive components into the
substrate. The most typical method for putting into practice a low scattering
antenna is to first build an effective LB antenna and then cover it over the HB
using various methods, such putting into practice an ideal mantle cloak [7–11].
 9

Narrow bandwidths and polarization sensitivity are common problems

with the antennas created using this technology, but they are also frequently
constrained by the addition of an extra cloaking layer, which increases the
aspect ratio and increases the total radius of the antenna system. This is
particularly crucial because the antenna that needs to be concealed is
frequently made of metal, necessitating the placement of a cloaking meta
surface at a distance to prevent shorting. In contrast to large gaps, which cause
the response to be angle dependent, narrow gaps between the meta surface and
the antenna resulted in bandwidth compromise. Increased dimensions not only
have a negative impact on the already densely packed system, but they also
cause unwanted scattering through scattering orders that would not normally
be prominent. These antennas can be attached to any surface without taking up
additional space because they are optically transparent, which eliminates
visual clutter [12].

The use of transparent antennas with CPW feed is suggested in [13–

14]. However, low conductivity values of conductive oxides cause such
antennas to have limited gain. The gain of transparent antennas can be
increased using a variety of gain augmentation techniques, including cold
soldering [15], the incorporation of metamaterials [16], arrays [17], narrow
metalized strips [18], gold nanolayer deposition [19], etc. Since the gain
values are still insufficient, a technique for creating a high gain transparent
antenna is necessary to make these antennas practical for use in industry.

Due to its high data throughput and low latency, the fifth generation
(5G) communication system will be widely used in many industries [20].
However, its predecessors, such as the 4G, 3G, or even 2G, will continue to
function for a substantial amount of time. The frequencies designated for the
previous generation networks would likely still be utilized even if some of
them were eventually eliminated. To accommodate them in the 5G era, dual-
band/multiband base station antenna arrays are needed. Antennas that operate
in various frequency bands typically intersperse with one another to reduce
installation costs and space requirements.
 10

The multiband antenna array, however, makes the electromagnetic

environment for antennas in each band quite complex. It typically results in
input impedance mismatching, diminished port isolations, and distortion of
radiation patterns.

In newer applications including aesthetic electronics, imaging,

vehicular communications, sensor networks, radar, and navigations,
transparent electronic devices with multifunctional electromagnetic (EM)
structures are of great interest. Due to their artificial responses, which are
typically not possible to generate from natural materials, artificial periodic
structures (APSs) are effective tools for manipulating EM waves. This
phenomenon gives designers of EM devices and those in charge of regulating
EM wave radiation additional creative freedom. Numerous studies are being
done to develop the precise APS parameters and their uses with flat lenses,
polarizers, backscattering reduction, and other devices [21–24].

However, because these APSs are made of optically opaque materials

(like copper), such as copper, their uses in navigation, smart homes, and
vehicular communications may be constrained in terms of security and
aesthetics. In order to act as an EM manipulator, optically transparent APSs
are preferred. Indium tin oxide (ITO), which is frequently used in flat-screen
displays, the photovoltaic industry, and solar cells [25–28], is the material
most frequently employed to construct transparent antennas. ITO is
sufficiently conductive in thin film form [29–30]. Indium, however, is a rare
metal whose price has increased by almost 27 per cent between 2010 and
2014, according to the U.S. Department of the Interior [31]. Zinc oxide doped
with gallium (GZO) is one of the most promising ITO alternatives [32, 33].

The produced GZO has a conductivity that is nearly identical to that of

the ITO. The 5G wireless communication systems must have a filter and a
power divider. To separate the required frequency range, a filter is utilized,
and a power divider is used to split or combine signals. To do these two tasks,
conventional systems use discrete devices, which has a substantial insertion
loss and unwieldy footprint.
 11

As a result, size reduction and loss reduction are important metrics that
have a significant impact on the performance of the entire 5G system.

1.2. Problem statement

Transparent antenna is having important role in the wireless

communication systems that need to operate broad bandwidth. However, one
of critical issues of transparent antenna is the size of the portable devices,
because the size mostly can be affected on the bandwidth and the gain.
Therefore, the main issues of antenna are lower bandwidth, low gain, low
efficiency. Therefore, it is proposed compact antenna which is suitable
transparent antenna.

During in this work a new transparent antenna for wireless

communication systems is proposed. The goal is to design simple instead of
complicate antenna.

1.3. Research Objectives

The objectives of this work are the follows:

 To design transparent Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications.

 To evaluate the proposed antenna.

1.4. Scope of study

This project can be implemented as a Transparent Antenna for 5G

Wireless Applications. The main scopes of this work are as follows:
 To simulate and design microstrip patch antenna with
Transparent Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications operating at
frequency range 2.4GHz, using microwave studio (CST)
software.
 12

 Fabricate the patch antenna on FR-4 substrate with dielectric

constant (εr) of 4.3, utilizing network analyzer to measure S
parameter analysis and axial ratio.
 To compare simulation and measurement result and the
difference in terms of the performance and effectiveness
utilizing network analyzer.

1.5. Significant of study

This project focuses on “Design of Transparent Antenna for 5G

Wireless Applications”, In respect to the outcome and the success of the
project will lead the implementation of transparent 5G antenna in the medical
industry and emerging wireless technology.

1.6. Thesis Structure

Chapter 2 contains the background and research study this thesis is based
upon.
Chapter 3 contains the planned methodology and working progress used in
the project and thesis.
Chapter 4 Results and analysis.
Chapter 5 contains the result and comprehensive analysis of the finished
product
 13

Chapter 2
Literature review

2.1. Introduction

The transition to 5G is anticipated to maximize the use of frequency

bands in the sub-6 GHz region, necessitating long-range installations with all-
encompassing network coverage. As the market for smart devices grows, it is
essential for uninterrupted operation that devices be connected to the internet
and one another. Antennas that are wideband and can be easily installed on
irregular shapes are required for such devices, which operate at high data rates
and have a variety of geometries. Because of the growing number of smart
device features used in wearable and medical applications, designers had a
relatively limited amount of board space on which to integrate antennas. This
necessitates flexible antennas, and it would be advantageous if they were
transparent so they could be interfaced anywhere without creating visual
clutter. Such antennas must continue to perform well in terms of gain,
efficiency, impedance bandwidth, and radiation pattern. The conversion of
antennas from rigid to bendable requires research into various substrate and
patch materials that are flexible and transparent in nature. The primary
components of transparent antennas are transparent sheets made of conductive
oxide sheets and flexible or rigid clear substrates like glass, PET, Plexiglas,
and so forth.

Combinations of oxides with indium, zinc, aluminum, silver, and

fluorine can be used to create the conductive oxide sheets. As a rare earth
metal that is nearly extinct, indium, new solutions for antenna design should
be investigated. Silver coupled with tin oxide, which comes in two different
forms, AgHT-4 and AGHT-8, has become a viable substitute for indium due
to its transparency and tolerable conductivity level [34]. Researchers have
suggested a variety of nonflexible transparent antennas for dual-band
operation and wideband applications [35–36].
 14

Many researchers are working in this field because flexible antennas

are simple to integrate into nonplanar surfaces and have a wide range of
applications in flexible electronics and wearable technology. These days,
transparent antennas are receiving a lot of interest because of the possible
technical uses for them. They can be incorporated on solar cells (SOLANT) to
create more compact and high-performing tiny satellites, utilized in
automobiles and aircraft to enable connectivity while retaining visibility, and
for aesthetic and security reasons. Transparent antennas come in two primary
categories. One option is to create a see-through antenna using a conductor
with a mesh pattern. [37–39] A properly constructed mesh antenna can serve
as a radiator. [40-41] This antenna is not transparent, though; transparent
conductors (TCs) must be used to create a nearly undetectable antenna.
Currently, transparent antenna implementation uses three different types of
TCs.

The first type consists of a very thin layer of metals (or semi-metals)
such titanium nitride, gold, and silver (TiN). Due to metals' propensity to form
islands rather than layers, it is incredibly challenging to produce a metallic
coating that is so thin and transparent. In addition, the mechanical hardness of
gold and silver is modest and they are rather expensive (2.5 Mohs). Silver also
requires a layer of protection because it can become tarnished by the air (like
AgHT sheets). In compared to the other TCs, titanium nitride has the highest
mechanical hardness (9 Mohs) and great wear resistance, although it has
poorer conductivity than gold and silver. [42]

In order to find smart urban solutions, such as the efficient use of

roads, street lighting, communications, and, generally speaking, energy saving,
smart cities strive to incorporate artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things
(IoT), and wireless technologies. In actuality, a wider connection area is
required for the installation of interconnected systems connecting buildings,
electrical networks, transportation services, automobiles, and mobile devices
[43-44].
 15

To start, more base stations must be constructed in cities to get around

obstructions. Because of the limited space for new base station installation and
the resulting visual pollution, the situation becomes challenging. In order to
increase the number of antennas built into these objects, it is necessary for
electronic devices to be connected to networks in internet of things systems.
Optically transparent antennas can address this issue in this situation because
they can be easily incorporated on existing street furniture including street
lighting, bus stops, advertising panels, display screens (OLED and LCD), and
solar panels [45–46].

2.1.1. History of Transparent Antenna

Since the development of contemporary wireless wearable system

applications, people have expressed their worries about the potential harm that
electromagnetic fields (EMFs) could do to their health (e.g., general eye
irritations and cataracts, cancer, etc.). Recently, the topic of human exposure has
come up again in search of new solutions due to the ever-increasing wireless
network densification, the exploitation of new frequency bands, and the greater
proximity of EMF sources (such as wireless devices and equipment, antenna,
etc.) to the human body. Over the past 30 years, efforts have been made in this
direction. Today, there is more thorough research than ever before on the
biological consequences of EM radiation. The evidence that is currently
available indicates that short-term low-level exposure at environmental or
domestic levels has no negative consequences.

In contrast, safety recommendations issued by the World Health

Organization (WHO), International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection (ICNIRP), Federal Communications Committee (FCC), and IEEE
limit higher levels (both short-term and long-term) of EM radiation that may
have negative effects. The biological implications of long-term low-level
human exposure to EMF radiation are in question right now.
 16

The findings of the "International EMF Project," started by WHO in

1996, do not support health effects from low-level EMF exposure. However,
there are some information gaps that need to be investigated further.

Figure 2.1: Geometry of proposed transparent antenna. (a) Front view;

(b) back view. [47]

Due to their versatility in various application settings, interest in

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has increased during the past ten years. As
an illustration, consider border remote sensing and monitoring, fire detection,
building structure health monitoring, etc. [48–49]. A WSN is made up of a
large number of Sensor Nodes (SNs) placed across the area to be sensed. Each
sensor node is made up of an on-board battery-powered microcontroller,
sensors, and communication modules [50]. The lifespan of the WSN is
typically constrained by limitations in the battery technology that is currently
available and the capacity of the on-board batteries. As a result, energy proves
to be a limited resource for a WSN, and numerous works are therefore
provided in the literature with the goal of maximizing WSN energy usage [51–
53].

2.1.2. Advantage and Disadvantages of Transparent Antenna:

To address societal and industrial needs beyond 2020, ubiquitous,

high-speed, high-quality wireless broadband coverage is one of the main
drivers of 5G. One of the potential frequency ranges for mm-wave 5G
smartphone applications is the band around 28 GHz [54].
 17

Recently, many studies have concentrated on creating 28 GHz mm-

wave phased antenna arrays for 5G mobile phone applications. In order to
accomplish dual polarization at 28 GHz, Samsung America researchers
created a mesh-type patch antenna with dual feeds in [55]. Instead of using the
standard PCB plane, the antenna array was positioned on the plane
perpendicular to the PCB to conserve space. However, the bandwidth of 2
GHz was insufficient. The authors of [56] proposed a small-scale PIFA with a
defective ground structure and a broad 6 GHz bandwidth. However, dual
polarization was not offered by the design. In order to provide 360 0 coverage,
four linear sub-arrays of 12 capacitive fed patch antennas each were integrated
onto a mobile phone PCB in [57].

The design took up a lot of space on the PCB and offered only one
linear polarization, but it offered good coverage and enough bandwidth. In
order to meet the problem of rising demand for and usage of mobile devices
and to achieve the idea of smart cities, the latest generations of wireless
communication are being investigated. Through the advancement of the
Internet of Things (IoT) and the use of artificial intelligence, the smart cities
should provide a higher standard of living [58], [59]. Lighting systems that use
less energy are one of the services that can be considerably improved in smart
cities [60]. As a result, one of the key elements in determining the comfort and
safety of city dwellers is public lighting. The majority of the public lighting
network architecture, however, places a significant burden on energy prices
[61].

Intelligent light emitting diode (LED) public lighting in this situation

not only uses less energy but also increases comfort, takes environmental
protection into account, and promotes a sense of security in public spaces [62].
In fact, by reducing light pollution, the use of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
(OLEDs) in public lighting can easily make it feasible to mark out pedestrian
areas, and the incorporation of 5G antenna in this sort of support can offer a
solution in terms of network coverage wireless communication.

This work's primary goal is to incorporate the antenna into the OLEDs'
 18

construction so that they can be connected to a wireless network [63]. This

antenna must be made of transparent materials in order to prevent any
interference with OLEDs' ability to emit light.

2.2 Previous studies

This section will discuss the previous study about transparent antenna
and what the authors said about it during there research. During this study we
will take more than nine previous studies.

2.2.1 A review on optically transparent antenna

Due to its advantages, such as low profile, light weight, and

compactness, microstrip patch antennas, developed by Sir Deschamps in 1953
[64], have paved a new path for the development of antenna technology that is
well suited to meet the most recent demands of mobile communication
systems. However, the daily expansion of the need for wireless
communication technology necessitates a wider spectrum for a more effective
reach to every person. As a result, it became necessary to mount more
antennae, which once again presented a space-related challenge. Later, efforts
focused on placing antennas atop glass panels of buildings, car windows, etc.
[65] where there is some empty space with very little other material built in;
this also satisfies the condition of being optically transparent in nature
required for some specific communication systems. As a result of installing
antennas on such without significantly altering its transparency, the idea of
transparent antennas is born.

2.2.2 An Optically Transparent Antenna Integrated in OLED

Light Source for 5G Applications.
 19

Since the 1980s, a large population has had the flexibility to make and
receive phone calls, and later, all types of data transfers like text messages,
documents, and movies. Mobile communication systems have progressed
through many stages of evolution in response to this constant growth in data
amount, as a result of the growing demand for data rate and transfer speed.
This data transmission speed can currently be increased to 1 Gbits/s and
reaches up to 100 Mbits/s for 4th generation systems [66]. A speed of 20
Gbits/s is the target for fifth next generation (5G) systems, which will be one
of the puzzle pieces needed to actualize the idea of a smart city [67-68].

Figure 2.2: The geometry

of the proposed
optically transparent
antenna: (a) radiating patch and hexagonal cell, (b) ground plane. [69]

2.2.3 Flexible Optically Transparent Antennas.

In the modern world, communication is more connected than ever, and

a lot of it happens wirelessly. An antenna is used by every device that
connects wirelessly. The majority of modern devices, particularly cellular
ones, include several antennas for various protocols. Usually, well-represented
and now considered standard features, WIFI, GPS, GSM, and Bluetooth. The
trend in these antennas' advancement is clear: they are getting smaller, lighter,
and more effective. Today's cellular gadgets include cutting-edge antennas
that do not stick out from the device, allowing the device manufacturer to
concentrate more on the aesthetics.

As the space for the antenna in these devices gets smaller, better and
 20

more creative solutions must be developed to keep up with demand. The

advantage of flexible antennas over rigid ones is obvious, and numerous
businesses are currently working on entirely flexible technology. It's not
impossible to imagine wearable antennas that could connect a number of
nearby gadgets as well as the outside world. This adaptable technology
currently exists in the display industry. In actuality, the Flexible Display
Centre at Arizona State University offers a wide range of services relating to
the creation of transparent and flexible thin film technology.

Component manufacturers, including antenna designers, have the

opportunity to enter this industry. The antenna will need to be flexible while
preserving radiation characteristics and robust enough to endure mechanical
distortions, which provides special issues for the antenna designer. Modern
designs and fabrication methods for optically transparent antennas are
explored in this chapter. In addition, a case study of an indium tin oxide and
Kapton polyimide substrate-based flexible transparent monopole antenna is
described.

Figure 2.3: An optically

transparent monopole antenna based on clear Kapton polyimide film
(photograph by H. Khaleel©). [70]

2.2.4 A transparent dual-polarized antenna array for 5G

smartphone applications

Antenna arrays that take up a lot of PCB space are needed for future
5G applications operating at mm-wave frequencies.
 21

A transparent antenna array is suggested as a way to save a significant

amount of PCB space while allowing mobile phone system design engineers
an additional degree of creative freedom. The radiating parts are made
optically transparent and integrated with the rear glass of the phone. Dual
polarized meshed capacitive fed patch antennas with the radiating patch built
into the back of the phone's glass make up the novel antenna array structure
that is suggested. The transparent conducting oxide utilized for this purpose is
indium tin oxide. To further increase the optical transparency, the radiating
patch is mesh. The antenna array achieves a 10 dB return loss over the 23.5–
32 GHz range.

Figure 2.4: Simulated reflection coefficient of the antenna array. [71]

2.2.5 Flexible CPW fed transparent antenna for WLAN and

sub-6 GHz 5G applications

This patch antenna uses a polyethylene terephthalate substrate and is

transparent and flexible. A transparent Silver Tin Oxide sheet is used to
construct the wideband high gain antenna, which has an overall dimension of
0.48 by 0.64 and operates at a centre frequency of 4.28 GHz (AgHT-8). Four
additional opaque, semi-transparent, rigid, and flexible antennas are compared
to the performance of the proposed antenna. The substrate and patch materials
are changed for the engineered design, but the patch geometry and feeding
mechanism are maintained same. After performing simulations with a full
wave, high-frequency structure simulator based on the finite element
approach, the antennas are built and tested.
 22

With a remarkable gain over 3 dBi and efficiency higher than 80% for
the whole frequency band, the suggested flexible transparent antenna has a
bandwidth of over 40%, spanning the range of 3.89 to 5.9 GHz. The flexible
transparent antenna was also tested under bending conditions, and it
demonstrated respectable performance for sub-6 GHz 5G and WLAN
applications.

Figure 2.5:Simulated (solid) and measured (dashed) 2D radiation pattern of

flexible transparent antenna (A) E plane (B) H plane.[72]

2.2.6 Optically Transparent Nano-Patterned Antennas.

Over the past few years, transparent antennas have been continuously
developed for use with solar cells, vehicle communications, and ultra-high-
speed communications like 5G. More than any other antenna in terms of the
size of the usable region, a transparent antenna benefits from spatial
extensibility. Additionally, the advancement of nano-process technology has
led to a steady decline in the cost of producing transparent antennas. The
transparent electrodes for the transparent antenna are categorized logically,
and the transparent antennas are defined in accordance with each electrode's
features. The potential benefits of transparent antennas for 5G high-speed
communication are highlighted in the final section.
 23

One of the forms of carbon, called graphene, is made up of carbon

atoms arranged in a two-dimensional plane. The honeycomb lattice, which is
formed by each carbon atom and has carbon atoms placed at its vertices, is a
hexagonal structure. Micromechanical exfoliation, epitaxial growth, chemical
vapor deposition (CVD), and reduced graphene oxide are common techniques
for creating graphene thin sheets [73–74].

Graphene, from an electrical standpoint, is a zero-gap semiconductor, or

semi-metal, whose complicated conductivity nature (frequency-dependent
conductivity) permits the propagation of plasmonic modes at THz frequencies
[75]. As a result, a graphene antenna, as depicted in Figure 2.6, functions at
the THz frequency by utilizing the properties of negative imaginary
conductivity.
Figure 2.6: Real (a) and imaginary (b) parts of graphene conductivity versus

chemical potential. Graphene parameters are τ = 0.5 ps and T = 300 ◦K [76].

According to references [77–78], research is being done on graphene-

based antennas developed for THz and microwave frequencies. Figure 2.7a
shows the radiation efficiency of a graphene-based patch antenna resonating at
the microwave frequency. Using plasmonic propagation at the THz frequency,
on the other hand, it is demonstrated that the transverse magnetic plasmon
surface mode in Figure 2.7b is responsible for the antenna efficiency of 60%.
 24

Research on frequency selective surfaces, reconfigurable antennas,

and tenable devices is now being done utilizing graphene due to its negative
imaginary conductivity [79–80].

Figure 2.7: Analysis of (a) radiation efficiency of an ideal lossless antenna

and real graphene-based patch antennas at microwaves [76] and (b) Input
impedance Zin of the proposed antennas. The arrows indicate the real
impedance W.P. [78].

2.2.7 Transparent Antenna for Employees for Green

Communication Feature

Optical transparent conductors have transformed electronics in a

number of devices during the past 30 years [81], including solar panels [82],
smartphones [83], laptops [84], smartwatches [85], and numerous televisions
[86]. These materials are called conductors because they offer electrical
conductivity while also allowing light to pass through them. Among other
applications, flat-panel TVs and handheld touch screens use transparent films
(TCFs), the most popular optically transparent conductors [87].

Due to the fact that these formed thin films in the visible spectrum are
frequently transparent, they can be installed on aircraft windows to screen
aircraft electronics from electromagnetic interference (EMI). Since the
material must be easily viewed by a person and has a limited conductivity
requirement due to the majority of applications being low frequency, these
materials are often used in applications where optical clarity is necessary [88].
 25

However, the emergence of multimodal data merging [89–90], the rise

of CubeSats [91–92], and the advent of the drone [93–94] have put pressure on
sensor developers to enhance payload efficiency while lowering scale, weight,
and power, among other improvements (Swap). For single-aperture lidar-radar
fusion for autonomous vehicle navigation, high performance optically
translucent drivers, also known as antennas, can be used. as antenna
communication and sensing on CubeSat missions, as well as on camera-lens
integrated antennas for visual and thermal imaging. Transparent microwave
and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antennas, connections, and filters are
examples of items made possible by the discovery and history of optically
translucent conductors. Modern fusion procedures and electromagnetic
systems are now possible thanks to optically transparent micro- and mm-wave
frequency conductors.

Figure 2.8: Transparent Antenna Integrated with solar for Green

Communication. [95]

2.2.8 Recent Developments and State of the Art in Flexible and

Conformal Reconfigurable Antennas.
 26

Due to their versatility and adherence to the lowest space constraints in

ever-shrinking electronics platforms and devices, reconfigurable antennas
have attracted a lot of attention. The era of flexible and conformal
reconfigurable antennas has emerged as a result of a sharp rise in demand for
these antennas in contemporary and forthcoming inconspicuous and space-
limited electronic devices. Despite the advanced knowledge for stiff
reconfigurable antennas that is already accessible, flexible and conformal
antennas rely on non-traditional materials and realization procedures, therefore
typical reconfigurable techniques are not easily translated to a flexible domain.
The integration of reconfigurable components like switches, the mechanical
stability of the overall reconfigurable antenna, and the electronic robustness of
the resulting devices under folding or persistent bending operations are all
important problems.

This work discusses several methods for achieving flexible

reconfigurable antennas that have been so far successfully shown, classifying
them according to the properties of reconfiguration, such as frequency,
pattern, polarization, or a combination of these qualities. In light of recent
advancements, the difficulties involved in the creation and characterization of
flexible and conformal reconfigurable antennas, as well as the advantages and
disadvantages of existing approaches, are examined, and unresolved issues for
future research are identified.

Changing the antenna's current path, physical composition, or

electrical characteristics allows for antenna reconfigurability. It is possible to
achieve reconfigurability in the four major categories using a variety of
techniques, as shown in Figure 2.9. Flexible reconfigurable antenna
development and implementation did not advance as quickly as their stiff
counterparts. The implementation of these sorts of antennas faces numerous
current difficulties.

The currently used reconfiguration methods are shown in Figure 2.9

and comprise the PIN diode, the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
 27

switch, the electrical category varactor, the microfluidic-based approach, and

the origami-based antenna. The photoconductive switch uses bias lines rather
than metallic wires and is constructed of semiconductor materials [96].

Due to the difficulties in combining it with unusual and flexible

materials, this switch does not have a flexible reconfigurable structure.
Furthermore, researchers in this field are unable to use reconfiguration
approaches based on smart materials due to the limited selection of flexible
materials and permittivity. These operate by modifying the permittivity or
permeability of the antenna substrate at various voltage levels [97].

Figure 2.9:Categorization of reconfiguration techniques for all types of

antennas. [98]

2.2.9 Antenna in 6G wireless communication system

The development and use of new technologies, such as the sixth-

generation (6 G) wireless communication system, is driven by the rising need
for larger data rates and ultra-high-speed communication. Around 2030
[99,100], the 6G wireless communication system is anticipated to be available.
Since it is still in the early stages of development, the 6G wireless
communication system is yet undefined [101]. The 6G wireless
communication system will heavily rely on the terahertz (THz) band [102–
104].

The THz band is the term used to describe the frequency range
between 0.1 and 10 THz, which is similar to the wavelength range between 3
 28

mm and 0.03 mm [105-108]. Sub-THz is defined as the range between 0.1 and
0.3 THz, and THz is defined as the range between 0.3 and 10 THz [109]. A
sub-THz zone is defined as being between 0.1 and 0.3 THz and a THz region
as being between 0.3 and 10 THz [110].

The least researched frequency range among the millimeter-wave and

infrared sectors is the THz band, often known as the THz gap since few
materials respond to these frequencies [111]. Tera waves and T-waves are
other names for the THz band [112]. The frequency range for the 6G wireless
communication system is shown in Fig. 1. The internet of nano things (IoNT),
ultra-high-speed on-chip communication, environmental pollution monitoring,
military, entertainment technologies, augmented reality, directional
communication links, satellite communications, and heterogeneous networks
are a few examples of the suggested specific applications for THz band
wireless communication. As THz band applications fall under the new 6G
scenarios, new 6G use cases (scenarios) will be established to launch these
THz band applications. In order to function properly, 6G applications will
need to combine existing user cases from the 5 G standard with brand-new
ones that will be available soon, such as multi-purpose and energy services
(MPS), massive ultra-reliable low-latency communication (MURLLC),
human-centric services (HCS), and mobile broadband reliable low latency
communication (MBRLLC) [113].

In comparison to the 5G applications, these 6G new use cases must

support higher data rates or capacities (1 terabit per second), higher
convergence, lower latency (1 microsecond), higher reliability (10-9), lower
energy and cost (energy/ bit is one pJ/bit), massive connections (1 cm on 3D),
global connectivity, battery-free for internet of things (IoT) devices, connected
intelligence with machine learning [114], and a new combination of these
requirements for upc.

This paper's contribution is to outline the general difficulties associated

with THz band wireless communication for 6G technology, as well as the
 29

difficulties associated with developing THz band antenna. We incorporated

antenna requirements for short-range, ultra-broadband THz wireless
communication in 6G technology, which is a way in which our analysis varies
from [115]. Additionally, this study provides a thorough assessment and
analysis of current research on THz band antenna design, production, and
measurement, as well as a look at outstanding problems and potential
directions for future research.

Figure
2.1
0:Frequency range in 6G wireless communication system. [116]

2.3 Summary of previous studies

The fundamental principles of transparent antenna design are discussed

in this suction. The study direction also discusses the fundamental concepts
and workings of the suggested techniques.
summary of prior research:

Table 2.1: Summary of previous studies

Author/Year Title Method

Borah (2016) A Review on Optically Ways of achieving
Transparent Antenna. transparency.
El Halaoui (2020) An Optically designing for future
Transparent Antenna millimetre-wave (mm-
Integrated in OLED Wave) 5G applications.
 30

Light Source for 5G

Applications.
Khaleel, H. R. (2014). Flexible Optically Fabrication with regard
Transparent Antennas. to the transparency
antenna.
Stanley (2018) A Transparent Dual- made visually
Polarized Antenna Array transparent and
for 5G Smartphone integrated with mobile
Applications. phone.
Desai (2020) Flexible CPW fed fabricated using a
transparent antenna for transparent sheet made
WLAN and sub-6 GHz up of Silver Tin Oxide
5G applications. (AgHT-8).
Seung Yoon (2018) Optically Transparent antennas in terms of
Nano-Patterned wide range of usable
Antennas. area.
Nowshad Amin (2020) Transparent Antenna for transparent antenna
Employees for Green applications.
Communication Feature.
Mohamadzade (2020) Recent Developments flexible and conformal
and State of the Art in antennas
Flexible and Conformal
Reconfigurable
Antennas.
Zahraa RM (2021) Antenna in 6G wireless 6G antenna
communication system specifications.
 31

Chapter 3
Methodology

This chapter describes the methodology followed throughout this

study. The sections of this chapter discuss the flow of the literature review and
address the approaches that achieved the proposed work. The methodology
followed to coming up with the proposed work and the validations is also
explained in details.

3.1. Research stages

In order to improve on the long procedure of this study, the research

methodology is divided into four primary stages, which are study stage, design
stage, Improvement Stage, and evaluation stage.

Study Stage Improvement Stage Design stage Evaluation/Analyse Stage

Figure 3.11: Research procedure Flow Chart

The primary challenges of designing transparent Antenna for 5G

Wireless Applications are talked about in the study stage. In this stage, issues
related to design transparent Antenna for 5G Wireless Applications with CST
software. In the final stage assessed and approved both the simulation and
measurement results got in this study. The simulated characteristics of the
design results are analysis and approved with the results of the estimations.
More details of the design framework are discussed in the next sections.
 32

3.2 project Flow Chart

Start

Requirement
Analysis

Design

Simulation

No

Is the antenna appropriate specification?

Yes

Realization

Testing
No

Is the antenna appropriate specification?

Analyze

End

Figure 3.12: Project Flow Chart

 33

3.3 Transparent antenna design and simulation process

Phase II started after collecting necessary data from phase I. The

flowchart in Figure 3.2 illustrates the flow of the design stage. CST is one of
the interested simulation software that uses to design and simulate the
different types of antennas.

Then, the data collected from previous stage can then be used in CST
MWS for starting the simulation process. When creating the substrate in the
working space, the software will prompt to choose the material to be used; we
can select New Material and insert the data obtained from measurement as
explained in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.13: Inserting jeans properties into CST

3.3.1 Transparent antenna numerical design technique

The following formulas used to design antenna for single frequency. To

compute proposed antenna dimensions the following formulas will obtain
those dimensions the following formulas used to design antenna for single
frequency. To compute proposed antenna dimensions the following formulas
will obtain those dimensions.
 34

c
w=

√
ε +1 3–1
2f r
2

Where w is width of the antenna, c is speed of light, f is the frequency and ε r

is the permittivity of the substrate.

ε r +1 ε r−1
ε reff = + ¿ 3–2
2 2

Where ε r eff is effective permittivity and his height of the substrate.

w
(ε reff +0.3)( + 0.264)
∆L h
=0.412 3–3
h w
(ε reff −0.258)( +0.8)
h

Leff =L+ 2 ∆ L 3–4

L= ❑ −2 ∆ L 3–5
2

c
¿ 3–6
f √ ε reff

where Leff is the effective length of the patch.

The dielectric constant of the substrate material, εr as measured, is 4.3 and 2.4
GHz as the operating frequency. Solving for εr = 3.4 and f = 2.4 GHz in
equation 3.1 as follows:

8
3 ×10
w=
2(2.4 ×10 9)
=38.39mm
√ 4.3+1
2

The substrate thickness was found to be 1.6 mm, therefore εreff can be
calculated using equation 3.2 as follows:

4.3+1 4.3−1
ε reff = + ¿
2 2
=3.997
 35

The actual can then be found using equation 3.5 by solving for:

38.39
(3.997+0.3)( +0.264 )
∆L 1.6
=0.412
1.6 mm 38.39
(3.997−0.258)( + 0.8)
1.6
∆ L=0.746 mm
1 3 × 108
Leff = ×
2 2.4 ×109 √ 3.997
= 31.26mm

Therefore,

L=31.26−2(0.746)
= 29.768mm

3.3.2 Design antenna using CST

Using CST to design antenna with frequency of 2.4GHz, ε r 4.3 and

thickness 1.6mm. to design that antenna we follow three steps the first step we
design the substrate with the width of 20mm and length of 30mm. the next
step we design the ground of the antenna. The last step we design the patch of
 36

the antenna and its feed line.

Figure 3.14: Simulation setup for antenna design

Figure 3.4 Shows CST Studio Suite

offers a wide range of tools for
designing, analyzing and optimizing
products. The new Electromagnetics
Analyst role, available in
3DEXPERIENCE, allows CST Studio
Suite to be integrated into collaborative
workflows on the 3DEXPERIENCE
platform.

Figure 3.15: antenna design

Substrate

patch
 37

Feeding

Figure 3.16: substrate and patch of the

antenna

Figure 3.17: Ground of the antenna

In figures 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 shows the Fabrication process starts by selection
of material such as dielectric substrate. A suitable and similar substrate must
be chosen in order to provide a general platform for all feeds to be simulated.
This reduces any discrepancies instead of simulating or fabricating different
feed on different substrate. The substrate chosen is FR4 which has the design.
with ease. All algorithms used in this study are run on Scikit-learn module
[35].
 38

3.3.3 Specification of parameters

A compact transparent antenna with single band notch is proposed.

The proposed single band notched antenna is designed on FR4 substrate
having Ɛr = 4.3 and height 1.6 mm. It works on frequency 2.4 GHz. Radiation
patterns with the frequency of 2.4 GHz proposed antenna are investigated in
this thesis. CST Microwave Studio has been used as simulation tool for
design.

Table 3.2 Specification of parameters

Parameters Calculation Simulations

Width 38.39mm 20 mm
Length 29.768mm 30 mm
Lg 7.7 mm 7.7 mm
Wg 20mm 20 mm
εr 4.3 4.3
Thickness 1.6 1.6 mm
Frequency 2.4GHz 2.4 GHz

3.4 Conclusion

The proposed research's approach has been briefly and thoroughly

outlined. In order to include elements relating to the proposed work, the
technique for each phase has been broken down into numerous parts. The
examination of literature included a study on transparent designs. The creation
of the suggested designs and simulation results has been the focus of the
following phase. The method for conducting measurement operations is
included in the final step. Results and analysis of the intended work are
discussed in Chapter 4.
 39

Chapter 4
Results and
Discussions

4.1 Validation results of design transparent antenna

In this chapter will discuss the result and the analysis of antenna design
that used the simulated results obtained by CST software. The radiation
pattern, bandwidth, return loss, smith chart will be covered in this chapter. The
differentiation of return loss (dB) and the input impedance for CST results will
also describes and explore during this chapter.

4.2 Antenna Design

The proposed antenna configuration of patch antenna labelled with

design parameters substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with permittivity of 4.3. W
and L are wide and the length of patch using FR4 substrate. After the manual
calculations, the antennas are designed and simulated by using CST
Microwave Studio simulator software, in this section, the simulation results
for the return loss (RL), input impedance, and bandwidth of the patch antenna
are presented. Much attention has been transparent antenna implementation
where there is a restriction of cost, weight, size, performance and easy
integration with
microwave circuits.

Figure 4.18: Proposed antenna design

 40

4.2.1 Effect of the antenna parameters on its performance

During the parametric study, one parameter varies while all other
parameters are kept fixed. The optimized antenna parameters are: W =
38.39mm, L = 29.768mm, εr =4.3, h=1.6mm, F= 2.4GHz. Figure 4.2 show the
simulated antenna reflection coefficient (20 log|S11|) curves using CST MWS.
It can be noticed from results that the smallest substrate width for obtaining
the maximum available bandwidth is W = 24 mm. It can be also seen that the
reflection coefficient impedance bandwidth is greatly dependent on both the
feed gap width d and the slot on the patch by controlling these two parameters,

the impedance matching between the radiating patch and the feed line can be
easily controlled.
Figure 4.2: S11 parameter for Proposed antenna design

Figure 4.3 and 4.4 presents the antenna surface current and electric
field distributions for the proposed disc transparent antenna. From the electric
field distributions, it is noticed that the transparent antenna supports multiple
resonant modes. It can be seen that the current distribution is mainly located
close to the radiating patch center rather than in the edges. For increasing the
maximum achieved impedance bandwidth, the lower resonant frequency
should be decreased. This can be done by increasing the antenna, which
 41

directly affects lower resonant frequency and then the antenna impedance
bandwidth.
To increase the antenna, cutting out steps from the radiating patch are
used here. This is simply because the surface current will take longer path
when the antenna insert is larger slot, the new antenna with larger slot appears
to be like a longer length antenna, and then the lowest resonance frequency fL
will be decreased according to S11.

Figure 4.3: field distributions for the proposed antenna

 42

Figure 4.4: Simulated surface current for the proposed antenna

Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 show the radiation characteristics for the
proposed antenna. Both yz-cut plane (E-plane) and xz-cut plane (H-plane)
radiation patterns
have been
simulated using
CST software
at 2.4 GHz.
From the

simulation results, the proposed antenna has omnidirectional radiation pattern

in H-plane frequency
(2.4 GHz) with good
agreement with
simulations. The simulated
E-plane radiation
patterns agree with the
simulations especially at
frequency (2.4 GHz)
while the agreement is
not as good as the H-plane
patterns. The E-plane is
identified by most of
transparent antenna patterns, which is perpendicular to H-plane (almost
symmetric). Re-searchers in transparent antenna typically define E-plane as
the plane containing the feed line and the maximum radiation of the antenna.
 43

H-plane is the plane perpendicular to E-plane. It is investigated both E-plane

simulated and E-plane patterns. It is investigated both simulated E-plane
patterns. From simulations, nulls in E-plane at θ = 90° depend on the size of
the finite ground plane and the contact point of SMA feed connector in
particular at the upper edge frequency.

Figure 4.5:
 44

Figure 4.6: Simulated polar H-plane radiation

The 3-D radiation patterns of the proposed Antenna at frequency 2.4

GHz are shown in Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6, respectively. It is observed that
Antenna shows low side and back lobe levels due to which the radiation in the
bore sight direction of the antenna increases with improved directivity and
gain. Both, the E-plane and H-plane show the stable end-fire radiation pattern
with frequency variation. According to E-plane, Frequency = 2.4 GHz Main
lobe magnitude = 2.11 dBi Main lobe direction = 176.0° Angular width (3dB)
= 87.1°. While the H-plane, Frequency 2.4 GHz Main lobe magnitude = 2.08
dBi Main lobe direction = 176.0°

4.3 Summary

The aim of this chapter is to present the result of transparent antenna

for 5G wireless applications in wireless communication systems. And also, to
discuss the result that was achieved. According to E-plane, Frequency = 2.4
GHz Main lobe magnitude = 2.11 dBi Main lobe direction = 176.0° Angular
width (3dB) = 87.1°. While the H-plane, Frequency 2.4 GHz Main lobe
magnitude = 2.08 dBi Main lobe direction = 176.0°.
 45

Chapter 5
Conclusions and
Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

In this research and study of transparent antenna was presents for 5G

wireless applications. In the study stage presented the proposed antenna and its
application in the literature review. In this thesis it was sketched a transparent
microstrip patch antenna with substrate used in presented antenna is FR4 with
thickness 1.6mm having relative permittivity of 4.3 and loss tangent, is 0.035.
Dimension of substrate is 38.39 × 29.76 mm2 which is lower profile
comparatively to another antenna. In Summary, a vary compact sketch of
antenna is presented to use for 5G wireless applications.

5.2 Recommendation

There some of interesting themes that deserve further development in

the future such as making the fabrication of this antenna to achieve the most
goal that to use this transparent antenna for 5G wireless application is real life.
So, the recommendation is to fabricate this antenna as prototype
 46

References

[1] Balani, W., Sarvagya, M., Ali, T., MM, M. P., Anguera, J., Andujar, A., & Das, S. (2019). Design
Techniques of SuperWideband Antenna–Existing and Future Prospective. IEEE Access, 7, 141241-141257.
[2] Rahim, A., Malik, P.K. and Ponnapalli, V.S., 2020. State of the Art: A Review on Vehicular
Communications, Impact of 5G, Fractal Antennas for Future Communication. In Proceedings of First
International Conference on Computing, Communications, and Cyber-Security (IC4S 2019) (pp. 3-15).
Springer, Singapore.
[3] Trujillo-Flores, J.I., Torrealba-Meléndez, R., Muñoz-Pacheco, J.M., VásquezAgustín, M.A.,
Tamariz-Flores, E.I., Colín-Beltrán, E. and López-López, M., 2020. CPW-Fed Transparent Antenna for
Vehicle Communications. Applied Sciences, 10(17), p.6001.
[4] Madhav, B.T.P. and Anilkumar, T., 2018. Design and study of multiband planar wheel ‐like fractal
antenna for vehicular communication applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 60(8),
pp.1985-1993.
[5] Goliya, Y., Rivadeneyra, A., Salmeron, J.F., Albrecht, A., Mock, J., Haider, M., Russer, J., Cruz, B.,
Eschlwech, P., Biebl, E. and Becherer, M., 2019. Next Generation Antennas Based on Screen ‐Printed and
Transparent Silver Nanowire Films. Advanced Optical Materials, 7(21), p.1900995.
[6] Lee, S.Y., Choo, M., Jung, S. and Hong, W., 2018. Optically transparent nano-patterned antennas: a
review and future directions. Applied Sciences, 8(6), p.901.
[7] J. C. Soric, P. Y. Chen, A. Kerkhoff, D. Rainwater, K. Melin, and A. Alù, “Demonstration of an
ultralow profile cloak for scattering suppression of a finite-length rod in free space,” New J. Phys., vol. 15,
Mar. 2013, Art. no. 033037.
[8] J. C. Soric, A. Monti, A. Toscano, F. Bilotti, and A. Alù, “Multiband and wideband bilayer mantle
cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 3235–3240, Jul. 2015.
[9] J. C. Soric, A. Monti, A. Toscano, F. Bilotti, and A. Alù, “Dualpolarized reduction of dipole antenna
blockage using mantle cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 4827–4834, Nov. 2015.
[10] Z. H. Jiang, P. E. Sieber, L. Kang, and D. H. Werner, “Restoring intrinsic properties of
electromagnetic radiators using ultralightweight integrated metasurface cloaks,” Adv. Func. Mat., vol. 25, no.
29, pp. 4708–4716, 2015.
[11] H. M. Bernety, A. B. Yakovlev, H. G. Skinner, S.-Y. Suh, and A. Alù, “Decoupling and cloaking of
interleaved phased antenna arrays using elliptical metasurfaces,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no.
6, pp. 4997–5002, Jun. 2020.
[12] R. C. Hadarig, M. De Cos, and F. Las-Heras, “Microstrip patch antenna bandwidth enhancement
using AMC/EBG structures,” International Journal o f Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2012, 2012.
[13] A. Desai, T. Upadhyaya, M. Palandoken, J. Patel, and R. Patel, “Transparent conductive oxide-based
multiband cpw fed antenna,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 961-975, 2020.
[14] A. Desai, T. Upadhyaya, J. Patel, R. Patel, and M. Palandoken, “Flexible CPW fed transparent
antenna for WLAN and sub-6 GHz 5G applications,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 62,
no. 5, pp. 2090-2103, 2020.
 47

[15] T. Peter, T. Yuk, R. Nilavalan, and S. Cheung, “A novel technique to improve gain in transparent
UWB antennas,” in 2011 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference. IEEE, 2011.
[16] A. Desai and T. Upadhyaya, “Transparent dual band antenna with ^-negative material loading for
smart devices,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 2805-2811, 2018.
[17] A. Desai, T. Upadhyaya, M. Palandoken, and C. Gocen, “Dual band transparent antenna for wireless
MIMO system applications,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 1845-1856, 2019
[18] H. J. Song, T. Y. Hsu, D. F. Sievenpiper, H. P. Hsu, J. Schaffner, and E. Yasan, “A method for
improving the efficiency of transparent film antennas,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
vol. 7, pp.753-756, 2008.
[19] M. R. Haraty, M. Naser-Moghadasi, A. A. Lotfi-Neyestanak, and A. Nikfarjam, “Improving the
efficiency of transparent antenna using gold nanolayer deposition,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation
Letters, vol. 15, pp. 4-7, 2015.
[20] M. Shafi, A. F. Molisch, P. J. Smith, et al., “5G: A tutorial overview of standards, trials, challenges,
deployment, and practice,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1201-1221, Jun. 2017.
[21] J. Li, Q. Zeng, R. Liu, and T. A. Denidni, “Beam-tilting antenna with negative refractive index
metamaterial loading,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 2030–2033, 2017.
[22] Y. Cai, Z. Qian, W. Cao, Y. Zhang, and L. Yang, “Electrically large resonant cavity loaded with ε-
negative and μ-negative metamaterials,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 294–297, 2016.
[23] X. Li, H. Zhou, Z. Gao, H. Wang, and G. Lv, “Metamaterial slabs covered UWB antipodal Vivaldi
antenna,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 2943–2946, 2017.
[24] J. Machac, “Amorphous metamaterial with negative permeability,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag.
Lett., vol. 16, pp. 2138–2141, 2017.
[25] W. Li, H. Wang, X. Hu, W. Cai, C. Zhang, M. Wang, Z. Zang, Solar RRL 5 (2021) 2000573.
[26] H. Wang, H. Li, W. Cai, P. Zhang, S. Cao, Z. Chen, Z. Zang, Nanoscale 12 (2020) 14369–14404.
[27] H. Wang, H. Li, S. Cao, M. Wang, J. Chen, Z. Zang, Solar RRL 4 (2020) 2000226.
[28] M. Wang, W. Li, H. Wang, K. Yang, X. Hu, K. Sun, S. Lu, Z. Zang, Adv. Electron. Mater. 6 (2020)
2000604.
[29] X. Gao and Z. Shen, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation &
USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2015, pp. 2321-2322.
[30] N. Neveu, M. Garcia, J. Casana, R. Dettloff, D. R. Jackson, and J. Chen, in IEEE International
Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments, WiSEE 2013 - Conference Proceedings, 2013.
[31] L. V. Maness, in 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2010, pp. 000560-000613.
[32] G.-G. Wang, J. Zeng, J.-C. Han, L.-Y. Wang, Mater. Lett. 137 (2014) 307–310.
[33] K. Zhu, Y. Yang, W. Song, Mater. Lett. 145 (2015) 279–282.
[34] Lim EH, Wa Leung K, Fang X, Pan Y. Transparent antennas’, Wiley encyclopedia of electrical and
electronics. Engineering. 2015;1-23. http://doi.org/10.1002/047134608X
[35] Desai A, Upadhyaya T, Palandoken M. Dual band slotted transparent resonator for wireless local area
network applications. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2018;60(12):3034-3039.
[36] Desai A, Upadhyaya T. Transparent dual band antenna with μ negative material loading for smart
devices. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2018;60(11):2805-2811.
 48

[37] Clasen G, Langley R. Meshed patch antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2004;52:1412–1416.
[38] Turpin TW, Baktur R. Meshed patch antennas integrated on solar cells. IEEE Antennas Wirel.
Propag. Lett. 2009;8:693–696.
[39] Yasin T, Baktur R. Circularly polarized meshed patch antenna for small satellite application. IEEE
Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2013;12:1057–1060.
[40] Hautcoeur J, Colombel F, Castel X, Himdi M, Motta Cruz EM. Optically transparent monopole
antenna with high radiation efficiency manufactured with silver grid layer (AgGL). Electron. Lett.
2009;45:1014–1015.
[41] Hautcoeur J, Talbi L, Hettak K. Feasibility study of optically transparent CPW-fed monopole antenna
at 60 GHz ISM bands. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2013;61:1651–1657.
[42] Gordon RG. Criteria for choosing transparent conductors. MRS Bull. 2000;25:52–57 Manoj Stanley,
Yi Huang, Tian Loh, Qian Xu, Hanyang Wang and Hai Zhou, “A High Gain Steerable Millimeter-Wave
Antenna Array for 5G Smartphone Applications”, European conference on antennas and propagation, Paris,
April, 2017.
[43] M. El Halaoui, A. Kaabal, H. Asselman, S. Ahyoud and A. Asselman, “Multiband Planar Inverted-F
Antenna with Independent Operating Bands Control for Mobile Handset Applications”, Int. J. Antennas
Propag, vol. 2017, 2017.
[44] J. R. Saberin and C. Furse, “Challenges with Optically Transparent Patch Antennas”, IEEE Antennas
Propag. Mag, vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 10- 16, june 2012.
[45] 53. S. K. Sharma, A. Luttgen and C. D. Sarris, “ On the Integration of Antennas With Touch
Sensor Panels,” in 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI
Radio Science Meeting, pp. 707-708, July 2019.
[46] S. Y. Lee, M. Choo, S. Jung and W. Hong, “Optically Transparent Nano-Patterned Antennas: A
Review and Future Directions,” Appl. Sci, vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 901, June 2018.
[47] Azizi, S., Canale, L., Ahyoud, S., Zissis, G., & Asselman, A. (2020, December). Design of
transparent antenna for 5G wireless applications. In Proceedings (Vol. 63, No. 1, p. 54). MDPI.
[48] Del-Valle-Soto, C.; Velázquez, R.; Valdivia, L.J.; Giannoccaro, N.I.; Visconti, P. An Energy Model
Using Sleeping Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks under Proactive and Reactive Protocols: A
Performance Evaluation. Energies 2020, 13, 3024. [CrossRef]
[49] Sakkijha, Z.; Qaderi, H.; Ghatasheh, O.; Issa, A.; Shatat, A.; Jaber, H.; Alwardat, R.; Alhaj-Ali, S.
An Energy Efficient WSN Implementation for Monitoring and Critical Event Detection. In Proceedings of
the 2019 2nd IEEE Middle East and North Africa COMMunications Conference (MENACOMM), Manama,
Bahrain, 19–21 November 2019; pp. 1–6.
[50] Khalifeh, A.; Bartolini, N.; Silvestri, S.; Bongiovanni, G.; Al-Assaf, A.; Alwardat, R.; Alhaj-Ali, S.
Hybrid wireless sensor networks: A prototype. In Proceedings of the IFIP Conference on Human-Computer
Interaction, Bombay, India, 14–18 September 2019; pp. 549–553.
[51] Darabkh, K.A.; Wafa’a, K.K.; Ala’F, K. LiM-AHP-GC: Life Time Maximizing based on Analytical
Hierarchal Process and Genetic Clustering protocol for the Internet of Things environment. Comput. Netw.
2020, 176, 107257. [CrossRef]
[52] Del-Valle-Soto, C.; Mex-Perera, C.; Nolazco-Flores, J.A.; Velázquez, R.; Rossa-Sierra, A. Wireless
 49

Sensor Network Energy Model and Its Use in the Optimization of Routing Protocols. Energies 2020, 13, 728.
[53] Mohammad, T.; Chih-Min, Y.; Meng-Lin, K.; Kai-Ten, F. On Hybrid Energy Utilization in Wireless
Sensor Networks. Energies 2017, 10, 1940.
[54] Wonbin Hong, Kwang-Hyun Baek, Youngju Lee, Yoongeon Kim, and Seung-Tae Ko, “Study and
Prototyping of Practically Large-Scale mmWave Antenna Systems for 5G Cellular Devices”, IEEE
Communications Magazine , September 2014.
[55] Wonbin Hong, Kwang-Hyun Baek, Youngju Lee, Yoongeon Kim, and Seung-Tae Ko, “Study and
Prototyping of Practically Large-Scale mmWave Antenna Systems for 5G Cellular Devices”, IEEE
Communications Magazine , September 2014.
[56] Manoj Stanley, Yi Huang, Tian Loh, Qian Xu, Hanyang Wang and Hai Zhou, “A High Gain
Steerable Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array for 5G Smartphone Applications”, European conference on
antennas and propagation, Paris, April, 2017.
[57] Manoj Stanley, Yi Huang, Hanyang Wang, Hai Zhou, Ahmed AlEiden and Sumin Joseph, “A Novel
mm-Wave Phased Array Antenna with 3600 Coverage for 5G Smartphone Applications”, UK-ChinaEurope
workshop on mmwaves and terahertz technologies, Liverpool, September 2017.
[58] Green R. B., Guzman M., Izyumskaya N., Ullah B., Hia S., Pitchford J., Timsina R., Avrutin V.,
Ozgur U., Morkoc H., Nibir D., Erdem T., 2019. Optically 5 Transparent Antennas and Filters: A Smart City
Concept to Alleviate Infrastructure and Network Capacity Challenges, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag, (61) pp.
37 47, doi: 10.1109/MAP.2019.2907895.

[59] Liu G., and D. Jiang, 2016. 5G: Vision and Requirements for Mobile Communication System
towards Year 2020, Chin. J. Eng: (2016): e5974586. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5974586
[60] 66. Gagliardi G., Casavola A., Lupia M., Cario G., Tedesco F., Scudo F. L., Gaccio F. C., and
Augimeri A., 2018. A smart city adaptive lighting system, in 2018 Third International Conference on Fog and
Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC): 258 263, 23-26 April 2018, Barcelona, Spain: IEEE, doi:
10.1109/FMEC.2018.8364076.
[61] Chitra B., Xin R. K., and Malathy B., 2019. Smart Lighting System for Library Using IoT
Technology, INTI J., 2019.
[62] Mundada M., and Mukkamala R. R., 2020. Smart Cities for Sustainability - An Analytical
Perspective, in 2020 Fourth World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability
(WorldS4), (31): 770 775, 27-28 July 2020. London, UK: IEEE, doi: 10.1109/WorldS450073.2020.9210379.
[63] Zou S.-J., Shen Y., Xie F.-M., Chen J.-D., Li Y.-Q., and Tang J.-X., 2020. Recent advances in
organic light-emitting diodes: toward smart lighting and displays, Mater. Chem.
[64] Deschamps, G. A., "Microstrip microwave antennas", In 3rd USAF Symposium on Antennas, 1953,
pp. 22-26.
[65] Guan, N., Furuya, H., Delaune, D. and Ito, K., "Antennas made of transparent conductive films",
PIERS online, 4, 1, 2008, pp.116- 120.
[66] R. B. Green, M. Guzman, N. Izyumskaya, B. Ullah and S. Hia, “Optically Transparent Antennas and
Filters: A Smart City Concept to Alleviate Infrastructure and Network Capacity Challenges,” IEEE Antennas
Propag. Mag, vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 37-47, June 2019.
 50

[67] M. El Halaoui, A. Kaabal, H. Asselman, S. Ahyoud and A. Asselman, “Multiband Planar Inverted-F
Antenna with Independent Operating Bands Control for Mobile Handset Applications”, Int. J. Antennas
Propag, vol. 2017, 2017.
[68] Zhang, Q.; Wan, X.; Xing, F.; Huang, L.; Long, G.; Yi, N.; Ni, W.; Liu, Z.; Tian, J.; Chen, Y.
Solution-processable graphene mesh transparent electrodes for organic solar cells. Nano Res. 2013, 6, 478–
484. [CrossRef]
[69] El Halaoui, M., Canale, L., Asselman, A., & Zissis, G. (2020, June). An optically transparent antenna
integrated in OLED light source for 5G applications. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment
and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe
(EEEIC/I&CPS Europe) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[70] White, C., & Khaleel, H. R. (2014). Flexible optically transparent antennas. WIT Trans. State Art
Sci. Eng, 82, 59-70.
[71] Stanley, M., Huang, Y., Wang, H., Zhou, H., Alieldin, A., & Joseph, S. (2018, July). A transparent
dual-polarized antenna array for 5G smartphone applications. In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (pp. 635-636). IEEE.
[72] Desai, A., Upadhyaya, T., Patel, J., Patel, R., & Palandoken, M. (2020). Flexible CPW fed
transparent antenna for WLAN and sub‐6 GHz 5G applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,
62(5), 2090-2103.
[73] Hu, L.; Wu, H.; Cui, Y. Metal nanogrids, nanowires, and nanofibers for transparent electrodes. MRS
Bull. 2011, 36, 760–765. [CrossRef]
[74] Avouris, P. Graphene: Electronic and photonic properties and devices. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4285–
4294. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[75] Perruisseau-Carrier, J.; Tamagnone, M.; Gomez-Diaz, J.S.; Carrasco, E. Graphene antennas: Can
integration and reconfigurability compensate for the loss? In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE European
Microwave Conference (EuMC), Nuremberg, Germany, 6–10 October 2013; pp. 369–372.
[76] Gomez-Diaz, J.S.; Perruisseau-Carrier, J. Microwave to THz properties of graphene and potential
antenna applications. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation (ISAP), Nagoya, Japan, 29 October–2 November 2012; pp. 239–242.
[77] Tamagnone, M.; Gomez-Diaz, J.S.; Mosig, J.R.; Perruisseau-Carrier, J. Analysis and design of
terahertz antennas based on plasmonic resonant graphene sheets. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 112, 114915.
[CrossRef]
[78] Carrasco, E.; Tamagnone, M.; Perruisseau-Carrier, J. Tunable graphene reflective cells for THz
reflectarrays and generalized law of reflection. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102, 104103. [CrossRef]
[79] Fallahi, A.; Perruisseau-Carrier, J. Design of tunable biperiodic graphene metasurfaces. Phys. Rev. B
2012, 86, 195408. [CrossRef] 1. Simons, R.N. and R.Q. Lee, Feasibility study of optically transparent
microstrip patch antenna. 1997.
[80] Tung, P.D. and C.W. Jung, Optically Transparent Wideband Dipole and Patch External Antennas
Using Metal Mesh for UHD TV Applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2019. 68(3):
p. 1907-1917.
[81] Lee, C.M., et al., A FLEXIBLE AND TRANSPARENT ANTENNA ON A POLYAMIDE
 51

SUBSTRATE FOR LAPTOP COMPUTERS. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2015. 57(5).
[82] Kim, T., et al., Megahertz-wave-transmitting conducting polymer electrode for device-to-device
integration. Nat Commun, 2019. 10(1): p. 653.
[83] Alobaidi, O.R., et al. Koch Fractal Loop Circular Polarization (CP) Antenna Integrated with Solar
Cells. in 2019 6th International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace). 2019. IEEE.
[84] Chiu, C.Y., S. Shen, and R.D. Murch. Transparent dual-band antenna for smart watch applications. in
2017 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Proceedings. 2017.
[85] Green, R.B., et al., Optically Transparent Antennas and Filters: A Smart City Concept to Alleviate
Infrastructure and Network Capacity Challenges. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2019. 61(3): p.
37-47.
[86] Stanley, M., et al. A Transparent Dual-Polarized Antenna Array for 5G Smartphone Applications. in
2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio
Science Meeting, APSURSI 2018 - Proceedings. 2018.
[87] Pohl, C. and J.L. Van Genderen, Review article multisensor image fusion in remote sensing:
concepts, methods and applications. International journal of remote sensing, 1998. 19(5): p. 823-854.
[88] Ghamisi, P., et al., Multisource and multitemporal data fusion in remote sensing: A comprehensive
review of the state of the art. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 2019. 7(1): p. 6-39.
[89] Podilchak, S.K., et al., Solar-Panel Integrated Circularly Polarized Meshed Patch for Cubesats and
Other Small Satellites. IEEE Access, 2019. 7: p. 96560-96566.
[90] Liu, X., et al., Transparent and Nontransparent Microstrip Antennas on a CubeSat: Novel low-profile
antennas for CubeSats improve mission reliability. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2017. 59(2):
p. 59-68.
[91] Rodriguez, C., H. Boiardt, and S. Bolooki. CubeSat to commercial intersatellite communications:
Past, present and future. in 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference. 2016.
[92] Kaputa, D.S., et al. MX-1: A New Multi-Modal Remote Sensing UAS Payload with High Accuracy
GPS and IMU. in 2019 IEEE Systems and Technologies for Remote Sensing Applications Through
Unmanned Aerial Systems (STRATUS). 2019. IEEE.
[93] Alam, T., et al., A Solar Panel-Integrated Modified Planner Inverted F Antenna for Low Earth Orbit
Remote Sensing Nanosatellite Communication System. Sensors, 2018. 18(8).
[94] 96. Parchin, N.O.; Basherlou, H.J.; Al-Yasir, Y.I.; Abdulkhaleq, A.M.; Abd-Alhameed, R.A.
Reconfigurable antennas: Switching techniques—A survey. Electronics 2020, 9, 336. [CrossRef]
[95] Alobaidi, O. R., Chelvanathan, P., Tiong, S. K., Bais, B., Uzzaman, M. A., & Amin, N. (2020).
Transparent Antenna for Green Communication Feature: A Systematic Review on Taxonomy Analysis, Open
Challenges, Motivations, Future Directions and Recommendations. IEEE Access, 10, 12286-12321.
[96] Motovilova, E.; Huang, S.Y. A review on reconfigurable liquid dielectric antennas. Materials 2020,
13, 1863. [CrossRef]
[97] M. Giordani, M. Polese, M. Mezzavilla, S. Rangan, M. Zorzi, Towards 6G networks: use cases and
technologies, arXiv preprint arXiv 1903 (2019) 12216.
[98] Mohamadzade, B., Simorangkir, R. B., Maric, S., Lalbakhsh, A., Esselle, K. P., & Hashmi, R. M.
(2020). Recent developments and state of the art in flexible and conformal reconfigurable antennas.
 52

Electronics, 9(9), 1375.

[99] M. Latva-aho, K. Leppanen, ¨ F. Clazzer, A. Munari, Key Drivers and Research Challenges for 6G
Ubiquitous Wireless Intelligence, 2020.
[100] J.F. O’Hara, S. Ekin, W. Choi, I. Song, A Perspective on Terahertz Next-Generation
Wireless Communications, Technologies 7 (2) (2019), p. 43.
[101] J.F. O’Hara, S. Ekin, W. Choi, I. Song, A Perspective on Terahertz Next- Generation
Wireless Communications, Technologies 7 (2) (2019), p. 43.
[102] M.Z. Chowdhury, M. Shahjalal, S. Ahmed, Y.M. Jang, 6G wireless communication systems:
applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions, arXiv preprint arXiv 1909
(2019), 11315.
[103] I.F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, C. Han, Terahertz band: next frontier for wireless communications, Phys.
Commun. 12 (2014) 16–32. [6] K. Tekbıyık, A.R. Ekti, G.K. Kurt, A. Gorçin, ¨ Terahertz band
communication systems: challenges, novelties and standardization efforts, Phys. Commun. 35 (2019) 100–
700.
[104] ITU-R SM 2352-0, Technology Trends of Active Services in the Frequency Range 275-3 000 GHz,
Jun, 2015.
[105] J. Federici, L. Moeller, Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications, J. Appl. Phys.
107 (11) (2010), p. 6.
[106] A.K. Varshney, N.P. Pathak, D. Sircar, Design of Graphene-Based THz Antennas, Singapore,
Springer, Singapore, 2019, pp. 29–35.
[107] M.Z. Chowdhury, M. Shahjalal, S. Ahmed, Y.M. Jang, 6G wireless communication systems:
applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions, arXiv preprint arXiv 1909
(2019), 11315.
[108] I.F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, C. Han, Terahertz band: next frontier for wireless communications, Phys.
Commun. 12 (2014) 16–32. [6] K. Tekbıyık, A.R. Ekti, G.K. Kurt, A. Gorçin, ¨ Terahertz band
communication systems: challenges, novelties and standardization efforts, Phys. Commun. 35 (2019) 100–
700.
[109] ITU-R SM 2352-0, Technology Trends of Active Services in the Frequency Range 275-3 000 GHz,
Jun, 2015.
[110] J. Federici, L. Moeller, Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications, J. Appl. Phys.
107 (11) (2010), p. 6.
[111] N. Naeem, S. Parveen, A. Ismail, Terahertz communications for 5G and beyond. Antenna
Fundamentals for Legacy Mobile Applications and Beyond, Springer, 2018, pp. 305–322.
[112] W. Saad, M. Bennis, M. Chen, A vision of 6G wireless systems: applications, trends, technologies,
and open research problems, IEEE Netw. (2019).
[113] 104. J. Federici, L. Moeller, Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications, J.
Appl. Phys. 107 (11) (2010), p. 6.
[114] M.Z. Chowdhury, M. Shahjalal, S. Ahmed, Y.M. Jang, 6G wireless communication systems:
applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions, arXiv preprint arXiv 1909
(2019), 11315.
 53

[115] A.K. Varshney, N.P. Pathak, D. Sircar, Design of Graphene-Based THz Antennas, Singapore,
Springer, Singapore, 2019, pp. 29–35.
[116] Neves, J. M. S. (2021). Antenna array design for future generation of mobile communication.