8

Cellular Reproduction
Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell division cycle.
(S8LT-IVd-16)

Marilou C. Salazar
Teacher III
Bislig City National High School
 Cellular Reproduction
Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell division cycle
(MELC Week 2 S8LT-IVd-16)

Unpacked Competencies:
1. Describe the cell cycle;
2. Explain mitosis and meiosis; and
3. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell division
cycle.

Localized and Contextualized Learning

Resource Material for Science 8

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from
the Department of Education - Bislig City Division. We encourage teachers and other
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations at
bcdlrmds@gmail.com. We value your feedback and recommendations.

i
Cellular Reproduction
Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell division
cycle. (S8LT-IVd-16)
First Edition,2021

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 indicates that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior to the approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for a profit.
Such agency or office may among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., stories, selections, poems, songs, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Bislig City Division

Secretary: Leonor M. Briones

Development Team of the Learning Material

Author: Marilou C. Salazar
Illustrator: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
Quality Assurance: Nonita C. Patalinghug, PhD.
Jay S. Ayap
Celeste Faith R. Almanon
Mary Grace C. Josafat
Isabel Marilou L. de Lara
Jenile Y. Orias
Norma C. Jabagat
Jay T. Maglinte

Module Concept & Editing: Jay S. Ayap, Celeste Faith R. Almanon

Preface

ii
 This contextualized learning material is developed in support of the K to 12
Science Curriculum. It is designed as an intervention material of the least-learned
competency to help students enrich their learning experiences by answering activities
that are meaningful to their lives which can be done by themselves or with minimal
assistance from the teacher. A variety of tasks deemed suitable for students are provided
to deepen students’ knowledge and skills.
This Learning Material contains Activities, Rubrics, References, and Answer Keys.
It follows the 7E Instructional Model – Elicit, Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate Evaluate,
and Extend which was developed by Lawson in 1995 and narrated by Kanli in 2007, and is
adapted by the science curriculum. Activities are provided in each model as a formative
assessment to check from time-to-time students’ understanding of the lesson. Apart
from identifying and describing, this Learning Material also provides activities that would
allow the students to give insights and personal responses and explore the meanings of
science words. Given the range of learning activities in this package, teachers are
encouraged to freely adapt them to suit their school contexts and students’ needs,
interests, and abilities. The readings found in the References are limited so the teacher is
advised to look for more supplemental readings. The answer key pages may be separated
from the material during the actual implementation of the lesson.
In answer to localization, most of the photos used were taken from Bislig City and
were personally photographed by the authors. Most Illustrations were drawn by local
illustrators and those taken from the internet were properly cited.
The suggested time in the implementation of the Learning Material follows the
regular schedule of the class however, teachers should use their professional judgment
to gauge appropriate timings with a particular group of learners in mind.

iii
It’s My Day!
Directions: Observe the pictures below on how living things reproduce. Answer
the guide questions that follow and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Live birth Seeds

Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/life- Source: https://pixabay.com/phot

birth- foal-horse-born-mare- os/life-birth-foal-horse-born
1221183/ mare-1221183/

Spores Eggs

Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/plant- Source: https://pixabay.com/photo

fern-macro-spore-1853731/ s/chick-egg-hatched-eggs
hell-chicken-1280732/

Guide questions:
1. What is reproduction?
2. Why is reproduction important to living things?

Scoring Rubrics for item number 2.

1
3 points: Discussions do not have misconceptions with complete scientific evidence.
2 points: Discussions do not completely show scientific evidence.
1 point: Discussions do not show complete scientific evidence with misconception.
0: No discussions at all.

Activity 1. Follow Me

Directions:
A. Choose the correct sequence of the stages of mitosis as shown in the
 A B C D
Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

A.) A B C D C.) C A D B
B.) D B A C D.) B C D A

B. Identify the stages of mitosis shown in each diagram below. Choose the
letter of the correct answer inside the box and write it on a separate
sheet of paper.

A. Anaphase C. Metaphase
B. Prophase D. Telophase

1. 2. 3. 4.

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

Activity
Column2.A Much Me Up Column B
Stages 2 Cellular Activities
Directions: Match the stages in Column A with their cellular activities in
1. Interphase A. Synapsis occurs.
Column B. Write the letter of your answers on a separate sheet
B. Two nuclear membrane dissolves and nucleolus
of paper.
2. Synthesis disappears.
3. Prophase I C. Chromatids move to opposite poles.
4. Metaphase I D. Homologous chromosomes separate.
5. Anaphase I E. The cell merely grows.
6. Telophase I F. Daughter cells divide forming four haploid cells.
7. Prophase II G. Two daughter cells are created.
8. Metaphase II H. DNA replication occurs.
9. Anaphase II I. Spindle fibers attach to chromatids at the kinetochores.
10. Telophase II J. Spindle fibers attach to tetrads through their kinetochores.
Activity 3. Observing Mitosis
 
Directions: Identify and differentiate the stages of mitosis in animal cells. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Materials:
 illustrations of the different stages of mitosis in animal cells
 pencil and eraser
 bond paper
 crayons
Procedure:
1. Examine and observe the illustrations of the different stages of mitosis.
Based on your observations, identify, and draw from each illustration the
following: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

1. Locate and label the
centrioles at opposite sides of a cell. These form star-like structures called
3
asters at the poles of the spindles.

Q1. Where can you find the centrioles in animal cells?

2. Examine and label the location of the cleavage furrows in the cell. Cleavage
furrows grow inward in the cell membrane until the cell is divided into two.

Q2. Do you also find a cleavage furrow in plant cells?

 The Cell Cycle
The chromosomes of a cell change their form as they undergo cell
transitions from one stage to another in a typical cell cycle as shown in Figure 1.
The cell cycle may be divided into two stages: the interphase where the
chromosomes are long and extended, and the cell division or mitotic phase
where the chromosomes become condensed or thickened.

Interphase is the interval

between two cell divisions. During
this stage, the cell is not dividing; it
merely grows. The chromosome
doubles or replicates itself because
the DNA molecule contained in the
chromosome produces a precise copy
of itself.

Figure 1. The Cell Cycle

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

Figure 2 shows the cell in the interphase period. The interphase is divided into
three sub-stages, namely:

1. First gap period or G1 where

 cell grows initially
 synthesis of protein and ribonucleic
acid or RNA occurs
 mitochondria increase in number

2. Synthesis stage or S phase where

 DNA are synthesized thus replicating
the chromosomes in preparation for
the next cell division.

Figure 2. The Cell in the Interphase Period

3. Second gap period or G2 where
 cell grows rapidly
Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
 cell prepares for the actual cell
division

Cell Division
The cell division phase happens every after interphase. In eukaryotic
cells, these types of cell division occur, mitosis and meiosis.

1. Mitosis
Mitosis is a cellular process wherein two nuclei and two cells are
produced due to the division of the original nucleus, each of which contains the
same chromosome number as the parent cell. Mitosis is divided into four stages
namely: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Figure 3 shows the
different stages of mitosis.

Figure 3. Stages of Mitosis

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
Prophase Stage
 The repeated coiling of chromosomes resulted in its thicker and shorter
structure. These are made up of two sister chromatids that are identical
to each other because of the replication of DNA during the S phase.
 The two chromatids are still attached at the centromere .
 The nuclear membrane breaks down.

5
Metaphase Stage
 Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane.
 Each spindle fiber from both centrosomes connects to each
chromosome through its kinetochore.

Anaphase Stage
 Spindle fibers begin to contract and become shorter. The continued
contraction causes the separation of the genetically identical sister
chromatids.
 Centromeres divide.
 The single chromatids move towards the opposite poles.

Telophase Stage
 The chromosomes are now at the opposing poles of the spindle.
  The microtubules disappear.
 Two sets of chromosomes are surrounded by new nuclear
membranes, completing the nuclear division process known as
karyokinesis.
 Cytoplasmic division called cytokinesis occurs concurrently,
splitting the cell into two.

What happens after telophase?

Two new nuclear membranes are formed, and two new nuclei are seen.
There are two new daughter cells that are produced from one dividing parent
cell. Thus, mitosis has come to an end.

In animal cells, two grooves or indentations known as cleavage

furrows form at both ends of the metaphase plate during telophase. These
grooves deepen and lengthen and meet, to separate and form the two new
daughter cells. This event is shown in the illustration below in Figure 4.

Plant cells do not form

cell furrows. Instead, a new
cell wall known as cell plate
forms between the two new
nuclei.

Figure 4: Formation of two new daughter cells in animal cells

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

In telophase, the cell plate continues to grow and attaches to the cell membrane.
This results in the formation of two6daughter cells. Each cell is bounded by a cell
membrane. New cell walls form between the two cell membranes at the area
where the cell plate was formed earlier.

Figure 5. Cell Plate Formation

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
2. Meiosis
Figure 5 shows the formation of a cell plate in plant cells. During
There are two main types of cells possessed by multicellular eukaryotic
telophase, membrane-enclosed vesicles from the Golgi complex of the
organisms: somatic, or body cells and gametes, or sex cells. Most of the cells are
cell move
called towards
somatic or bodythe center
cells. Thesewhere
consistthe metaphase
of two complete plate
sets ofofchromosomes,
the cell is
locatedthem diploid
making and in number
become (2N). part of the cell plate.

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that undergo sexual reproduction use

gametes, or sex cells, to produce offspring. Gametes are haploid cells, the union
of which results in the creation of a new organism with a diploid number of
chromosomes in all its somatic or body cells hence, to create new individuals for
the species, two parents are very necessary to provide the gametes.

How are sex cells, the sperms, and eggs, formed? Another form of cell
division known as meiosis produces sex cells. In meiosis, the nucleus will
undergo two divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. The cell divides twice in these
processes.

All human somatic cells have forty-six chromosomes. When human cells
reproduce through mitosis, each new cell will also have forty-six chromosomes.
But in reproductive cells or gametes, each of these cells produced has only
twenty-three chromosomes. Thus, meiosis decreases the chromosome number
by half.
Why must meiosis take place to produce sperm and egg?
When a sperm unites with an egg, each of them contributes only one-half
of the total number of chromosomes (twenty-three chromosomes) to the new
zygote which is diploid in the number of chromosomes (forty-six chromosomes).
Meiosis creates cells that are destined to become gametes (or reproductive cells),
this reduction in chromosome number is critical — without it, the union of two
gametes during fertilization would result in offspring with twice the normal
number of chromosomes.
Thus, in humans, a new life originates with the normal diploid number
(2N) of forty-six chromosomes. Then the zygote undergoes the process of mitosis,
producing cells with forty-six chromosomes each.

Meiosis involves two divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Each follows
similar stages as mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase).
Before meiosis, the reproductive cell is in the interphase stage whereby DNA
replicates to produce chromosomes having two sister chromatids. Then, the cell
will undergo a second growth phase called interkinesis. This stage happens
between Meiosis I and II, however, DNA does not replicate in this stage.

Meiosis I. 7
The first meiotic division, also known as Meiosis I, is a reduction division
phase (diploid - haploid). There are two daughter cells produced after Meiosis 1,
each daughter cell is carrying a haploid number of chromosomes. This consists
of four stages, namely, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.

Prophase I Stage
Meiosis starts
with this stage and
includes the following
substages: leptotene,
zygotene, pachytene,
diplotene, and diaki-
nesis. Figure 6
shows the different
sub-stages of
prophase I.

Figure 6. Substages of Prophase I

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
Substage 1: Leptotene
 Each chromosome is made up of sister chromatids. These are
long threadlike structures which result from the replication of DNA
during the Synthesis or S phase of the cell cycle.

Substage 2: Zygotene
The homologous chromosomes start to pair off through the
8
the process known as synapsis. Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in
size and shape are called homologous chromosomes or tetrads.

Substage 3: Pachytene
The repeated coiling of chromosomes occurs resulting to its
contraction and thickening making the homologous pair of
chromosomes to be very close to each other. At this stage, the process
called crossing over happens. Here, the exchange of segments
between the sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes
occurs. The exchanging process form a cross-linkage called a chiasma. After
crossing over, the sister chromatids of each chromosome may
not be identical with each other based on the genetic material they
contain. Crossing-over is a complicated process that results in genetic
variability.
7

Figure 7. Crossing Over of Homologous

IllustratedChromosomes
by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

Figure 7 shows the pairing of two homologous chromosomes during

synapsis. The paired chromosome then exchanges DNA segments during
crossing over which results to exchange of genetic material. Chiasma shows the
place where the two sister chromatids of the paired homologous chromosomes
touched each other.
Substage 4: Diplotene
The two homologous chromosomes forming a tetrad begin to
repel one another and move apart. They are held only by the chiasma.

Substage 5: Diakinesis
This is the last stage of meiosis prophase 1. Diakinesis stage is
characterized by chiasmata terminalization. After diakinesis, the
dividing cell enters metaphase.
 At this stage, bivalents, or homologous pair chromosomes
distribute them evenly in the nucleus. The nuclear membrane breaks
down and the nucleolus disappears. Chiasma moves towards the end,
which is called terminalization. Chromatids remain attached only at the
terminal chiasmata and enter the metaphase stage.

Metaphase I Stage
 Spindle fibers from the centrosomes of each pole connect to bivalents or
tetrads through the kinetochores. Homologous chromosomes line up at
the equatorial plane. There is a double alignment of the chromosomes.

Anaphase I Stage
 Spindle fibers begin to contract and separate the bivalent or tetrads.
 Homologous chromosomes separate and migrate to each pole of the cell.

Telophase I Stage
 Chromosomes decondense.
 Nuclear membranes reform.
 Cytokinesis or the cytoplasmic division occurs and two haploid (N)
daughter cells with chromosomes with two sister chromatids are formed.

Meiosis II.
The second meiotic division forms four daughter cells, each carrying a
haploid number of chromosomes. This consists of the following stages, namely:
prophase II, metaphase II, Anaphase II, and telophase II.

Prophase II Stage
 Chromosomes (chromatids) condense to form metaphase chromosomes.
 Nuclear membrane dissolves and the nucleolus disappears.
 Centrosomes move towards each pole of the cell.

Metaphase II Stage
 Spindle fibers attach to chromatids at the kinetochores.
 Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane. (Single alignment of
chromosomes).

Anaphase II Stage
 Spindle fibers shortened and separated the sister chromatids.
 Chromatids that are now called chromosomes move towards each pole of
the cell.

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Telophase II Stage
 Single-stranded chromosomes decondense.
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms.
 Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
 Four haploid (N) daughter cells are formed.

Figure 8 shows the stages in Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In meiosis I, the
two homologous chromosomes separate which results in two haploid (N)
daughter cells with chromosomes with two chromatids each. In meiosis II, four
haploid (N) daughter cells are formed. Each cell is carrying a haploid number of
chromosomes.

Figure 8. Stages in Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

Table 1. Differences in Characteristics

10 between Mitosis and Meiosis

Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis

Location Somatic Reproductive cells
cells
Chromosome number of the Diploid (2N) Diploid (2N)
parent cell or haploid
 (N)
Chromosome number of daughter Diploid (2N)
cell or haploid Haploid (N)
(N)
Number of daughter cells Two Four
produced
Number of nuclear divisions One Two
Prophase Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Metaphase Anaphase I, Telophase I,
Steps required to complete the
Anaphase, Prophase II, Metaphase
cell division phase
and II, Anaphase II, and
Telophase Telophase II
Occurrence of synapsis None Yes
Occurrence of crossing over None Yes
Presence of chiasma Absent Present
Kind of reproduction associated
Asexual Sexual
with

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Table 2. Roles of Mitosis and Meiosis in the Cell Division

 Mitosis
1. For somatic or body cell
production
The repeated cell division through
mitosis increases the number of
somatic cells which is important for
the growth of organisms.
2. For asexual reproduction
Unicellular organisms reproduce
fast and easily by mitosis that will
result in the production of genetically
identical offspring. Among plants,
reproduction is also possible
through cloning, grafting, and
marcotting, all of which do not
involve gametes.
3. For genetic stability
During mitosis, the resulting two
daughter cells have the same type
and number of genes as the original
parent cell, thereby preserving and
maintaining the genetic composition
of a population.
4. For repair of damaged cell/
tissues
Mitosis helps in the repair of worn-
out body cells and replaces damaged
cells and tissues through repeated
cell division.
12
Meiosis
1. For gametes or sex cell production
The diploid parent sex cells divide
twice resulting in four genetically
different haploid (N) daughter cells.
2. For sexual reproduction
Most multicellular organisms start as a single
cell a fertilized egg known as zygote. This
zygote is the result of fertilization or the union
of a female gamete, an egg, with a male gamete,
a sperm that are produced through meiotic cell
division.
3. For genetic diversity
Complex or multicellular organisms
produce gametes that contain only one-
half of the information carried by the
parent gamete. During fertilization,
these gametes unite allowing genes
from each parent to combine which
results in differences in the DNA
sequence of offspring.
4. Aid in the repair of genetic
defects
Meiotic recombination is also used in
DNA repair, whereby pieces of DNA are
broken and recombined to produce a
new combination of alleles (form of a
gene). Re- combination replaces
defective gene with the healthy allele
giving way to healthy offspring.
Activity 4. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Directions: Identify whether each phrase describes the characteristics and roles
of mitosis, meiosis, or both. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Produces body cells

2. Ensures genetic stability
3. Divides the parent cell once
4. Divides the parent cell twice
5. Produces four daughter cells
6. Gives way to genetic diversity
7. Produces gametes or sex cells
8. Produces diploid daughter cells
9. Aids in the repair of genetic defects
10. Associated with sexual reproduction
11. Associated with asexual reproduction
12. Produces two identical daughter cells
13. Occurs in the gonads (testes and ovaries)
14. Produces diploid or haploid daughter cells
15. Helps in the repair of damaged cells/tissues

Activity 5. What’s Next?

Directions: Arrange the events of the different stages of meiosis based on the
order of their occurrence. Write the letter of your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

A. Two haploid (N) daughter cells are formed.

B. Homologous chromosomes start to pair off.
C. Four haploid (N) daughter cells are formed.
D. Chromatids move towards each pole of the cell.
E. Two nuclear membranes dissolve and nucleoli disappear.
F. Homologous chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane.
G. Single alignment of chromosomes at the equatorial plane occurs.
H. Spindle fibers begin to contract and separate the bivalent or tetrads.

Activity 6. Solve Me Up!

14
Directions: Complete the puzzle by writing the appropriate word/s. Write your
answers on the given extra copies of puzzle.
 Questions:

Note to the Teacher

Provide extra copies of the crossword puzzle for the students’ use.

15

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which description about cellular interphase is FALSE?
A. The cell is growing.
B. The cell is dividing.
C. The chromosome replicates itself.
D. The chromosome produces a precise copy of itself.

2. Which phase of the cell cycle does the synthesis of protein and RNA occur?
A. G1 phase C. S phase
B. G2 phase D. M phase

3. Which stage in the life of a cell is spent most?

A. cytokinesis phase C. mitotic phase
B. interphase D. synthesis phase

4. Which statement describes what happens during metaphase?

A. DNA replication
B. division of the nucleus
C. division of cytoplasm
D. chromosomes align at the equatorial plane

5. Dogs have diploid chromosome number (2N) which is equal to 78

chromosomes. What is the chromosome number of each daughter cell
produced during meiosis?
A. 39 C. 78
B. 46 D. 92

For items 6 – 7, refer to the statement below.

Homo sapiens or man has a chromosome number of 46 (2N).

6. How many chromosomes are there during metaphase?

A. 12 C. 46
B. 23 D. 64
 
7. How many daughter cells are formed at the end of telophase?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

8. Which stage of mitosis where the single chromatids move towards

the opposite poles?
A. anaphase C. prophase
B. metaphase D. telophase 

16

9. What is the equivalent of the animal cells’ cleavage furrows in plant

cells?
A. cell plate C. centromere
 B. centriole D. centrosome

10. Which diagram correctly represents the process of meiosis?

11. Which description of meiosis is FALSE?

A. It occurs in reproductive cells.
B. It results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
C. Exchanging genetic material does not occur.
D. Pulling apart of homologous pairs of chromosomes occurs.

For item 12, refer to the table below.

Basis of Comparison Mitosis Meiosis

Number of daughter cells 4
Chromosome number N

12. What information/s are needed to complete mitosis?

A. 2 – 4N C. 4 – 2N
B. 2 – N or 2N D. 4 – N

13. If the zygotene substage in prophase I is absent, what cellular activity will
not take place?
A. synapsis C. replication of DNA
B. cytokinesis D. pulling apart of chromosomes

14. In what stage of meiosis II wherein four haploid (N) daughter cells are
formed?
A. anaphase II C. prophase II
B. metaphase II D. telophase II

15. Which stage of human development is characterized by a single cell?

A. baby C. infant
B. fetus D. zygote

17

Activity 7. Arrange Me Up
Directions: Arrange the illustrations showing the stages of meiosis by writing
numbers from 1 to 8 beside each letter. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
 t appropriate actions can we

A. _____
E. _____

B. _____ F. _____

C. _____ G. _____

D. _____ H. _____

All illustrations are illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

18

ANSWER KEY
Elicit Engage: Engage:
Activity 1 Activity 2
1. Reproduction – is a
process by which organisms A. B 1. E 6. G
produce its own kind. B. 1. A 4. B 2. H 7. B
2. It enables and ensures the 2. C 3. A 8. I
continuity of life on earth. 3. D 4. J 9. C
5. D 10. F

Explore: Activity 3

1. 2.

Centriol
e

Prophase Metaphase

3. 4.

Anaphase Cleavage furrow

Question 1: Opposite sides of the cells Question 2: No

All illustrations are illustrated by: Rosa Mia L.

Elaborate: Elaborate:
Activity 4 Activity 5
  1. Mitosis 9. Meiosis 1. B
2. Mitosis 10. Meiosis 2. F
3. Mitosis 11. Mitosis 3. H
4. Meiosis 12. Mitosis 4. A
5. Meiosis 13. Meiosis 5. E
6. Meiosis 14. Both 6. G
7. Meiosis 15. Mitosis 7. D
8. Mitosis 8. C

19
Elaborate: Evaluate: Extend:
Activity 6 1. B 11. C Activity 7
1. Nucleus 9. Forty-six 2. A 12. B
A. 1
2. Cell plate 10. Synthesis 3. D 13. A
B. 7
3. Interphase 4. D 14. D
C. 3
4. Haploid 5. A 15. D
D. 6
5. Diploid 6. C
E. 2
6. Cytokinesis 7. B
F. 4
7. Centriole 8. A
G. 5
REFERENCE
19 PAGE
 Books:
Pia C. Campo, Science Learner’s Module Philippines: Abiva Publishing House,
Inc., 1997, 320 – 327.

Zonia M. Gerona, Science and Technology SEDP Quezon City: Abiva Publishing
House, Inc., 1997, 73 – 82.

Winnelma S. Navarro and Gemma M. Llona, Skill_Booster.Com. Skillbook on

Biology Quezon City: Bookman, Inc., 2009, 115 – 122.

Rodolfo S. Treves, Lesson Plans in Science II Philippines: Bureau of Secondary

Education, Department of Education, 2003, 145 – 153.

Website:

“Life Birth Foal Horse,” Pixabay, accessed date August 12, 2021, https://
pixabay. com/images /search/reproduction/?pagi=2&
“Spring Seeds Sprout,” Pixabay, accessed date August 12, 2020,https://pixabay.
com/photos/spring-seeds-sprout-garden-soil-3424708/
“Plant Fern Macro,” Pixabay, accessed date August 12, 2021, https:// pixabay.
com/photos/plant- fern-macro-spore-1853731/

“Chick Egg Hatched,” Pixabay, accessed date August 12, 2021, https:// pixabay.
com/photos/chick-egg-hatched-eggs hell-chicken-1280732/

20