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UPDATED TO 2020-21 SYLLABUS

CAIE IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
(0620)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE CHEMISTRY (0620)

2. Experiments
1. Apparatus
Reducing Copper(III) Oxide to Copper

Testing products of combustion:

2.2. Experiments
Showing that oxygen and water is needed for rusting iron

Showing that air is 21% Oxygen

3. Rates of Reaction

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3.1. Testing factors affecting rate of 3.3. Keep constant:

reaction Diameter of beaker
The Cross
Different temperature acid
Volume
Different size of particle/reactant
Concentration of acid

4. Energy in Alcohol
Find the amount of energy given when an alcohol is
burnt:
You need to know:
Mass of water
Change in mass of burner containing alcohol
Specific heat capacity of water
Temperature change of water
The molecular mass of the alcohol
Change in mass
Molecular mass= Number of moles burnt
​

Change in temperature × Mass of water ×
SHC of water = Energy
Energy
Moles burnt = Amount of energy per mole (J/mol)
​

3.2. Timing
Time how long it takes for the cross to disappear from
view
You can change the temperature and concentration of
acid used

5. Finding Concentration

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Acid and base titration to find the concentration of a To make colorless substances visible
solution: Dry chromatogram in an oven
Measure volume of acid then pour into conical flask Spray it with a locating agent
Record initial volume of base in burette Heat it for 10 minutes in the oven
Slowly add base from burette, stirring each time
When indicator neutral, record final volume of base
Find amount of bas used: Final – Initial
Find moles of base used by 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒×𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Use balanced equation to find how many moles of acid
are needed to
neutralize the base
Number of moles of Acid Needed
Volume of Acid Used ​ = Concentration of  Acid

8. Separation Methods
Filtration
Mixture goes in a funnel with filter paper, into a flask.
6. Flame Tests Residue is insoluble and filtrate goes through

Lithium = Red
Sodium = Yellow
Potassium = Lilac
Iron = Gold
Magnesium = Bright White
Source of errors for flame tests:
The test cannot detect low concentrations of most
ions. Crystallization
Brightness of the flames varies from one sample to Some water in the solution is evaporated so solution
another. becomes
more concentrated.
Impurities or contaminants affect the test results. Solution is left to cool and crystallise.
The test cannot differentiate between all elements or Crystals are filtered to remove solvent.
compounds

7. Chromatography
Principle: Difference in solubility separates different
pigments
Drop substance to center of filter paper and allow it to
dry
Drop water on substance, one drop at a time
Paper + rings = chromatogram. 8.2. Simple distillation:
Stationary phase: material on which the separation takes
place Impure liquid is heated
Mobile phase: mixture you want to separate, dissolved in It boils, and steam rises into the condenser
a
solvent. Impurities are left behind
Interpreting simple chromatograms: Condenser is cold so steam condenses to the pure liquid
Number of rings/dots = number of substances and it
drops into the beaker
If two dots travel the same distance up the paper they
are the
same substance.
You can calculate the Rf value to identify a substance,
given by the
formula:
Distance moved by solute
Rf  Value =  Distance moved by solvent ​

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9. Making Salts

8.3. Fractional distillation:

Removes a liquid from a mixture of liquids, because
liquids have
different b.p.s
Mixture is heated to evaporate substance with lowest b.p. 9.1. Starting with a metal:
some of the other liquid(s) will evaporate too.
Beads are heated to boiling point of lowest substance, so Add excess metal to an acid
that
substance being removed cannot condense on When bubbling (hydrogen) stops the reaction is done
beads. Filter off excess metal
Other substances continue to condense and will drip
back into
the flask Starting with an insoluble base:
The beaker can be changed after every fraction.
Add insoluble base to acid and heat gently, it will dissolve
Keep adding until no more dissolves (reaction is done)
Filter out the insoluble (excess) base

9.2. Titration:
Put a certain amount alkali in a flask and add
phenolphthalein
Add acid from a burette, stirring, until it goes colourless
8.4. Separating mixture of two solids: Find out how much acid you used and repeat, to be more
accurate
Can be done by dissolving one in an appropriate solvent Evaporate water from neutral solution
Then filter one and extract other from solution by
evaporation
If one solid is magnetic, can use a magnet e.g. sand and
Precipitation:
iron
Mix the two soluble salts, so they react together
Filter the mixture to separate the products produced
Solvent It dissolves…
(soluble
and insoluble salt produced)
Water Some salts, sugar Wash the insoluble salt on the filter paper
White spirit Gloss paint Dry the insoluble salt in a warm oven
Propanone Grease, nail polish

Ethanol
Glues, printing inks, scented substances,
chlorophyll
10. Salts and Indicators

8.5. Choosing a suitable method: 10.1. Solubility of salts

Method of separation Used to separate Soluble Salts Insoluble Salts

Filtration A solid from a liquid All sodium, potassium and

The rest
ammonium salts
Evaporation A solid from a solution
All nitrates N/A
Crystallization A solid from a solution
Chlorides Except silver and lead
Simple Distillation A solvent from a solution
Except barium, lead and
Fractional Distillation Liquids from each other Sulphates
calcium
Different substances from a
Chromatography Potassium, sodium and
solution All other carbonates
ammonium carbonates

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10.2. Indicators: Gas Test and test result

Ammonia (NH3) Damp red litmus paper turns blue
Indicator Color in acid Color in alkaline Bubble gas through limewater -
Carbon dioxide (CO­2)
Phenolphthalein Colorless Pink from colorless to cloudy
Methyl orange Pink Yellow Chlorine (Cl2) Bleaches red/blue litmus paper
Methyl red Red Yellow Hydrogen (H2) Place lighted splint, squeaky pop
Red litmus Red Blue Oxygen (O2) Place glowing splint, splint relights
Blue litmus Red Blue
Substance Test and test result
10.3. pH Scale: White anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
Water crystals turns blue
Blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink
Add to bromine water; from orange to
Alkene
colourless
Alkane Add to bromine water; remains orange
Blue litmus paper turns red
Acid
11. Test for Anions and Add a metal carbonate; bubbles of CO­2
Base Red litmus paper turns blue
Cations
Cation Sodium Hydroxide Ammonia
13. Preparing Gases in the Lab
Aluminum
Soluble white ppt. White ppt. To
(Al3+) Place in flask: Add.... Reaction
make....
Ammonium Ammonium gas - damp CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) →
N/A CaCO3 (marble
(NH4+) red litmus turns blue CO2 Dilute HCl CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) +
chips)
Calcium (Ca2+) White ppt. No ppt. CO2(g)
Light blue soluble Manganese (IV)
Copper (Cu2+) Light blue ppt. oxide 2HCL(aq) + [O] →
ppt. Cl2 Conc. HCl
(as an oxidising H2O(l) + Cl2(g)
Iron(II) (Fe2+) Green ppt. Green ppt.
agent)
Iron(III) (Fe3+) Red-brown ppt. Red-brown ppt. Zn(s) + HCL(aq) →
H2 Pieces of zinc Dilute HCl
Zinc (Zn2+) White soluble ppt. White soluble ppt. ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Manganese (IV)
Hydrogen 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l)
Anion Test Test result O2 oxide
peroxide + O2(g)
Carbonate (as a catalyst)
Limewater goes
Add dilute nitric acid
(CO32-) cloudy

Chloride (Cl-) White ppt. 14. Collecting Gases

Add nitric acid, then
Bromide (Br-) aqueous silver nitrate Cream ppt.
Downward Upward
Iodide (I-) Yellow ppt. Gas
Method displacement displacement Over water
syringe
Nitrate Add aqueous sodium Gas produced turns of air of air
hydroxide then add damp red litmus Gas is To
(NO3-) Gas more Gas less
aluminum paper blue Use sparingly measure
dense than dense than
Sulphate Add nitric acid, then when... soluble in the
air air
add aqueous barium White ppt. water volume
(SO42-)
nitrate

12. Other Tests

Gas Test and test result

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Downward Upward
Gas
Method displacement displacement Over water
syringe
of air of air

Apparatus

Carbon-
dioxide,
Carbon
chlorine,
Ammonia, dioxide,
Examples sulphur Any gas
hydrogen hydrogen,
dioxide,
oxygen
hydrogen
chloride

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Chemistry (0620)

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