Atd Unit-Ii Second Law and Availability Analysis

20AG401- THERMODYNAMICS
Dr.M.Arunkumar.,M.E.,Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
Department of Agriculture Engineering
SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
UNIT-II
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND PURE
SUBSTANCES
Second law of Thermodynamics – Entropy – Carnot

principles – Change in Entropy – Entropy and
irreversibility - Applications. Pure substances –
Phase change processes of pure substances- PVT
Surfaces, PV, TV, and PT diagrams of water and
other substances and differences of the same, phase-
change processes, Concept of Vapour Pressure,
Properties of steam, Saturation Temperature and
Pressure, Use of property tables, TS diagrams,
Mollier Chart.
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Second law of thermodynamics
Kelvin-Plank statement
Clausius statement
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Kelvin-Plank statement
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Kelvin Plank statement
• It is impossible to construct
an engine working on a
cyclic process which
converts the heat energy
supplied into equivalent
amount of useful work.
• No heat engine can have a

thermal efficiency of 100%
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Clausius statement
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Clausius statement
• Heat can flow from hot body to cold body
automatically but it can flow from cold body
to hot body with the help of any external aid.
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Heat reservoir
• The ideal body having large thermal energy
capacity which either continuously supplies or
absorbs the infinite amount of heat.
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Source and sink
• If the reservoir continuously supplies
the heat energy to the system that is
called a source.
• If the reservoir continuously receives
the heat energy from the source means

that is called a source.
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Heat engine
• It is a device which operates a
thermodynamic cycle and produces work y
supplying heat from hot reservoir.
• Example: I.C engines, boiler and etc.,
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Workdone W= Q1-Q2
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Heat Pump
• It is a device which is used to
supply heat to a hot system. T1
• It is used to maintain the

Q1
temperature of the body higher
that the surroundings.
• Example: Room heater used
during winter season.
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
(COP)Hp =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟏 𝑻𝟏
= = = Q2
𝑾 𝑸𝟏 −𝑸𝟐 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐
T2
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Refrigerator
• It is a device which is used to
remove the heat from the cold
system.
• It is used to maintain the temperature

of the body lower than the
surrounding.
• Example: A/C, Coolers REF
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
• (COP)ref =
𝑸 𝑸𝟐 𝑻
= 𝟐= = 𝟐
𝑾 𝑸𝟏 −𝑸𝟐 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐
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Coefficient of performance(COP)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
(COP) =
It is the ratio between the heat extracted to the work

input
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PMM2 (Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind)
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PMM2 (Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind)
• It violates the second law of thermodynamics.

• It is impossible to construct an engine
working on a cyclic process which converts
the heat energy supplied into equivalent
amount of useful work.
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Available energy
• Usefully converted energy
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Unavailable energy
• Unavailable energy which is usually rejected
as waste.
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High grade energy
• A form of energy is called high grade energy
as per the ease of its conversion to other forms
of energy.
• As such work is known to being able to
completely be turned into heat and other
forms of energy but heat cannot be converted
to work completely.
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Low grade energy
• low grade energy is that which is difficult to
convert to other forms of energy.
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Energy and exergy
• Energy= Exergy (Available part)+Anergy (Unavailable
part)
• "exergy" is a term for useful energy.
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Carnot cycle
• Ideal
• Hypothetical
• Reversible
• Imaginary
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Carnot cycle
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Heat supplied, 𝑄2−3 = 𝑇2 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇3 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑄
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 𝑇2 = 𝑇3
𝑇
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑇 . 𝑑𝑠
Process 3-4 : Isentropic expansion
Air is isentropically expanded from state 3 to state 4. During this
process, both pressure and temperature decrease from 𝑝3 to 𝑝4
and 𝑇3 to 𝑇4 respectively. But, the entropy remains constant (𝑠3
= 𝑠4 ).
Process 4-1: Isothermal heat rejection
During this process, the heat is isothermally rejected from the
fluid and it attains its initial position. Thus, the fluid completes
one full cycle.
Here rejected,
𝑄2 = 𝑇1 . 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇4 . 𝑑𝑠
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Work done during the cycle, W=Heat supplied –
Heat rejected
𝑊 = 𝑇2 . 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑇1 . 𝑑𝑠
𝑊 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑑𝑠
Efficiency of the Carnot engine,
𝑤 𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑑𝑠
𝜂= =
𝑄1 𝑇2 𝑑𝑠
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝜼𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕 =
𝑻𝟐
where 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are minimum and maximum
temperatures respectively.
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Note
• In this cycle, all four processes are reversible.
Therefore, it is a reversible cycle. By Carnot
theorem, the reversible engine gives the
maximum efficiency than any other engine.
• Thus, the Carnot cycle produces maximum

efficiency than any other cycle.
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Carnot theorem
• Heat engines that are working between two
heat reservoirs are less efficient than the
Carnot heat engine that are operating
between same reservoirs.
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Determine whether the following cases represent the reversible,
irreversible or impossible heat engines:
(i) 900 kW of heat rejected
(ii) 560 kW of heat rejected
(iii) 108 kW of heat rejected
In each case the engine is supplied with 1120 kJ/s of heat. The
source and sink temperature are maintained at 560 K and 280 K.
Given data:
𝑇1 = 560 𝐾
𝑇2 = 280 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑄1 = 1120
𝑠
𝑖 𝑄2 = 900 𝑘𝑊
𝑖𝑖 𝑄2 = 560 𝑘𝑊
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄2 = 108 𝑘𝑊
To find:
Conclude the above cases are reversible, irreversible and impossible heat
engines
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Solution
From Carnot theorem, the
Carnot engine gives
maximum efficiency than any
other engine.
Carnot efficiency,
𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟐
• 𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑻𝟏
560−280
=
560
= 0.5 = 50%
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Case (i) 900 kW of heat rejected
𝑘𝐽
𝑸𝟏 − 𝑸 𝟐 𝑄1 = 1120
𝜼𝑰 = 𝑠
𝑸𝟏 𝑄2 = 900 𝑘𝑊
1120−900
=
1120
= 0.1964
= 19.64%
𝜂𝐼 < 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴ The engine is possible

irreversible heat engine.
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Case (ii) 560 kW of heat rejected
𝑸𝟏 − 𝑸𝟐 𝑘𝐽
𝜼𝑰𝑰 = 𝑄1 = 1120
𝑸𝟏 𝑠
1120 − 560 𝑄2 = 560𝑘𝑊
= = 0.5
1120
= 50%
𝜂𝐼𝐼 = 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥
Therefore, it is
reversible heat engine
because by II law all the
reversible engines have
same efficiency.
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Case (iii) 108 kW of heat rejected
𝑸𝟏 −𝑸𝟐 𝑘𝐽
𝜼𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝑄1 = 1120
𝑸𝟏 𝑠
𝑄2 = 108𝑘𝑊
1120−108
=
1120
= 0.9036
= 90.36%
𝜂𝐼𝐼𝐼 > 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴ It is impossible heat
engine.
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In a Carnot cycle, the maximum pressure and temperature are limited
to 18 bar and 410° 𝐶. The volume ratio of isentropic compression is 6
and isothermal expansion is 1.5. Assume the volume of the air at the
beginning of isothermal expansion as 0.18 𝑚3 . Show the cycle on p-V
and T-s diagrams and determine the
(1) pressure and temperature at main points
(2) thermal efficiency of the cycle.
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Given data:
Highest Pressure, 𝑝2 = 18 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 18 × 100 = 1800 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Highest temperature, 𝑇2 = 410° 𝐶 = 410 + 273 = 683𝐾
= 𝑇3
Volume, 𝑉2 = 0.18 𝑚3
𝑉1
=6
𝑉2
𝑉3
= 1.5
𝑉2
To find:
(1) pressure and temperature at main points
(2) thermal efficiency of the cycle.
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Solution:
Process 1-2 (isentropic compression)
Since the process 1-2 is isentropic compression, from the isentropic relation
𝛾−1
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑇2
= 𝑇1 =
𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝛾−1
𝑉2
We know that
𝑉1
=6
𝑉2
∴ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟔 𝑽𝟐
𝑇2
𝑇1 =
6𝑉2 𝛾−1
𝑉2
683
= = 333.55 𝐾
(6)1.4−1
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝑲
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𝑝2 𝑉1 𝛾
=
𝑝1 𝑉2
𝑝2
𝑝1 = 𝑉1 𝛾
𝑉2
1800
= = 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
6 1.4
Process2-3: (isothermal expansion)
𝑝2 𝑉2 = 𝑝3 𝑉3 for isothermal process

𝑉
𝑝3 = 𝑝2 2
𝑉3
1
= 1800 ×
1.5
𝒑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
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Process 3-4: (adiabatic expansion)
Since the process 3-4 is adiabatic expansion,
from the PVT relation
𝑝3 𝑉3 𝛾 = 𝑝4 𝑉4 𝛾
𝑉3 𝛾
∴ 𝑝4 = 𝑝3
𝑉4
𝑉1 𝑉4
We know that = =6
𝑉2 𝑉3
1 1.4
= 1200 ×
6
𝒑𝟒 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑄1 −𝑄2
Thermal efficiency, 𝜂 =
𝑄1
Heat supplied during cycle,
𝑉3
𝑄1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 ln = 1800 × 0.18 × ln 1.5
𝑉2
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐉
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𝑉4 𝑝1
Heat rejected during cycle, 𝑄2 = 𝑝4 𝑉4 ln (or) = 𝑝4 𝑉4 ln
𝑉1 𝑝4
𝑝1
= 𝑝1 𝑉1 ln
𝑝4
146
= 146 × 108 × ln
97.7
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐉
𝑄1 −𝑄2
Thermal efficiency, 𝜂 =
𝑄1
𝑄2
=1−
𝑄1
63.34
=1−
131.37
= 𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟗%
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Two reversible heat engines A and B
are arranged in series. Engine A
rejecting heat directly to engine B.
Engine A receives 200 kJ at a
temperature of 421° 𝐶 from a hot source
while engine B is in communication
with a cold sink at a temperature of
4.4° 𝐶. If the work output of A is twice
that of B, find the :
(i) intermediate temperature between A
and B
(ii). efficiency of each engine and
(iii) heat rejected to the cold sink.
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• Given data:
𝑇1 = 421° 𝐶 = 421 + 273
= 694 𝐾
𝑇4 = 4.4° 𝐶 = 4.4 + 273
= 277.4 𝐾
𝑄1 = 200 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝐴 = 2 𝑊𝐵
• To find: 𝑄2
𝑇, 𝜂𝐴, 𝜂𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄4 𝜂𝐴 = 1 −
𝑄1
𝑄4
𝜂𝐵 = 1 −
𝑄3
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Solution
Work output from engine A,
𝑊𝐴 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 200 − 𝑄2
For reversible heat engine,
𝑇1 𝑄1
= ---------(1)
𝑇 𝑄2
694 200
So, =
𝑇 𝑄2
∴ 𝑄2 = 0.288 𝑇
So,
𝑊𝐴 = 200 − 0.288 𝑇 −−−− −(2)
𝑊𝐵 = 100 − 0.144 𝑇---------(3)
(∵ 𝑊𝐴 = 2𝑊𝐵 )
and also 𝑊𝐵 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄4
= 0.288 𝑇 − 𝑄4 -------(4)
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Equating equations we get,
100 − 0.144 𝑇 = 0.288 𝑇 − 𝑄4
∴ 𝑄4 = 0.432 𝑇 − 100--------(5)
Similarly, for reversible engine B,
𝑇 𝑄3
=
𝑇4 𝑄4
So,
𝑇 𝑄2
=
277.4 𝑄4
𝑇 0.288 𝑇
=
277.4 0.432 𝑇 − 100
𝑇 0.432 𝑇 − 100 = 277.4 × 0.288 𝑇

0.432 𝑇 2 − 100 𝑇 − 79.9 𝑇 = 0
0.432 𝑇 2 = 179.9 𝑇
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𝑇 = 416.43 𝐾 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟑° 𝑪
So,
𝑄2 = 0.288 × 416.43
= 119.93 𝑘𝐽
𝑄4 = 0.432 × 416.43 − 100

= 𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑱
Efficiency of engine A,
𝑄2 119.93
𝜂𝐴 = 1 − =1−
𝑄1 200
= 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟒%
Efficiency of engine B,
𝑄4 79.89
𝜂𝐵 = 1 − =1 −
𝑄3 119.93
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟗%
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Problem based on heat pump
A heat pump operates on a carnot Body

heat pump cycle with a COP of TH (24˚ C)
8.7. It keeps space at 24° 𝐶 by
consuming 2.15 kw of power. Qs
Determine the temperature of the
reservoir from which the heat is Heat
absorbed and the heating load
W Pump
2.15KW
provided by the heat pump.
Qr
Surroundings
TL =?
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Given data:
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝐻𝑃 = 8.7
Body (space) temperature, 𝑇𝐻 Qs
Body
TH (24˚ C)
= 24° 𝐶
= 297 k Qs
Power consumed, 𝑊 = 2.15 𝑘𝑤
W
Heat
Pump
To find: 2.15KW
(i). Temperature of reservoir
from which heat is absorbed,𝑇𝐿 Qr
(ii). Heating load 𝑄𝑠
Surroundings
TL =?
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Solution:
We know that,
𝑇𝐻
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝐻𝑃 = Body
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 TH (24˚ C)
297 Qs
8.7 =
297 − 𝑇𝐿
Heat
297 W Pump
297 − 𝑇𝐿 = 2.15KW
8.7
Qr
𝑇𝐿 = 262.86 𝑘
Surroundings
TL =?
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𝑄𝑠
Also 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝐻𝑃 =
𝑤
Body
TH (24˚ C)
𝑄𝑠
8.7 =
𝑤
Qs
𝑄𝑠 = 18.71 𝑘𝑤
Heat
W Pump
2.15KW
Qr
Surroundings
TL =?
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Refrigerator
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Problem
An inventor claims to Given data
have developed a Temperature of the
refrigeration system that refrigerated space,
removes heat from the 𝑇𝐿 = −6° 𝐶
closed region at −6° 𝐶 and = 267 𝑘
transfer it to the Room temperature,
surrounding air at 27° 𝐶 𝑇𝐻 = 27° 𝐶
= 300 𝑘
while maintaining a 𝐶𝑜𝑝
𝐶𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 9
of 9. Is this claim
To find:
reasonable? why?
Truthfulness of this claim
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solution
Solution:
Carnot 𝐶𝑜𝑝 of the system
𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
267
=
300 − 267
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 8.09
Here 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟 > 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 .
In the problem COP claimed by the inventor is greater than the maximum
COP.
So the inventor claim is not valid.
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A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5° 𝐶
and delivers heat to a reservoir at 60° 𝐶. A heat engine is driven by a source at
840° 𝐶 and rejects heat to a reservoir at 60° 𝐶. The reversible heat engine, in
addition to drive the heat pump, also drives a machine that absorbs 30 kW. If
the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s from the 5° 𝐶 reservoir, Determine (1) the rate
of heat supply from the 840° 𝐶 source and (2) the rate of heat rejection to the
60° 𝐶 sink.
SRI SHAKTHI
A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5° 𝐶 and
delivers heat to a reservoir at 60° 𝐶. A heat engine is driven by a source at 840° 𝐶 and
rejects heat to a reservoir at 60° 𝐶. The reversible heat engine, in addition to drive the
heat pump, also drives a machine that absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s
from the 5° 𝐶 reservoir, Determine (1) the rate of heat supply from the 840° 𝐶 source and
(2) the rate of heat rejection to the 60° 𝐶 sink.
Given data
𝑇1 = 840 + 273
T1=1113K T4=278K = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝑲
𝑇2 = 60 + 273
Q1 Q4=17 kW
= 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑲
𝑇4 = 5 + 273
W1 W2
HE HP = 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝑲
𝑇3 = 60 + 273
= 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑲
Q2 Q3
W3=30 kW 𝑸𝟒 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝑱Τ𝒔
T2=T3=333K = 𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝑾
𝑾𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌 𝑾
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To find:
T1=1113K T4=278K
𝑸𝟏 and 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 Q4=17 kW
Q1
Solution :
𝑾𝟏 W1 W2
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = HE HP
𝑸𝟏
𝑊1 = 𝑾𝟐 + 𝒘𝟑
Q2 Q3
W3=30 kW
𝑾𝟐 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄4
T2=T3=333K
𝑸𝟑
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 =
𝑸𝟑 − 𝑄4
𝑇3
Carnot 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 =
𝑇3 −𝑇4
333
= = 6.055
333−278
SRI SHAKTHI
Also,
𝑄3
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = T1=1113K T4=278K
𝑄3 − 𝑄4
Q4=17 kW
𝑄3 Q1
6.055 =
𝑄3 − 17
W1 W2
HE HP
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑾
Work input to the heat pump, Q2 Q3

W3=30 kW
𝑊2 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄4 T2=T3=333K
= 20.36 − 17 = 3.36𝑘𝑊
It is given that
𝑊1 = 𝑊2 + 𝑤3 = 3.36 + 30 = 33.36 𝐾𝑤
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We know that 𝑾 𝟏 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝑸 𝟐
Heat rejected to the sink, 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝑾𝟏 T1=1113K T4=278K

Q4=17 kW
Maximum efficiency of heat engine, Q1
𝑊1
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = W1 W2
𝑄1 HE HP
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 1113 − 333
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 0.7008 = 70.08%
𝑇1 1113 Q2 Q3
W3=30 kW
𝑊1
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = T2=T3=333K
𝑄1
𝑊1 33.36
𝑄1 = = = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟔 𝒌𝑾
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.7008
Heat rejected to the sink, 𝑄2 = 𝑄1 − 𝑊1 = 47.6 − 33.36 = 14.24 𝑘𝑊
∴ Net heat transferred to the reservoir at 60° 𝐶, = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

= 14.24 + 20.36 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔 𝒌𝑾
SRI SHAKTHI
A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K is used to
drive heat pump which extracts heat from the reservoir at a rate twice that at which
engine rejects heat to it. If the efficiency of the engine is 40 % of the maximum
possible and the coefficient of performance of the heat pump is 50% of the
maximum possible, make calculations for the temperature of the reservoir to which
the heat pump rejects heat. Also work out the rate of heat pump if the rate of supply
of heat to the engine is 50 kW.
SRI SHAKTHI
A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K is used to
drive heat pump which extracts heat from the reservoir at a rate twice that at which
engine rejects heat to it. If the efficiency of the engine is 40 % of the maximum
possible and the coefficient of performance of the heat pump is 50% of the
maximum possible, make calculations for the temperature of the reservoir to which
the heat pump rejects heat. Also work out the rate of heat pump if the rate of supply
of heat to the engine is 50 kW.
Given data:
𝑇1 = 1000 𝐾 T1=1000K T3
𝑇2 = 300 𝐾
𝑄4 = 2𝑄2
Q1 Q3
Efficiency of heat engine,
𝜂𝐻𝐸 = 40% of maximum possible efficiency
W
COP of heat pump = 50% of maximum HE HP
possible COP
Rate of supply to heat engine 𝑄1 = 50 𝑘𝑊 Q2 Q4

To find: T2=T4=300K
𝑄3 and 𝑇3
SRI SHAKTHI
Solution
To find Q3:
Work input to HP = 𝑄3 − 𝑄4
Heat rejected by heat pump, 𝑄3 = 𝑄4 + Work input to HP(𝑄2 )
To find work input to HP(Q2)
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑄 −𝑄
We know that 𝜂𝐻𝐸 = = 1 2
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑄1
𝑇 −𝑇 1000−300
Carnot efficiency 𝜂 = 1 2= = 0.7
𝑇1 1000
Actual efficiency = 40 % of Carnot efficiency = 0.4 × 0.7 = 0.28
SRI SHAKTHI
50 − 𝑄2
0.28 =
50
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑾
𝑄4 = 2 𝑄2 = 2 × 36 = 72 𝑘𝑊
Work output of heat engine W = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 50 − 36 = 14 𝑘 𝑊
Work output of heat engine = Work input to HP = 14 kW
Heat rejected by heat pump,

𝑄3 = 𝑄4 + Work input to HP
= 72 + 14 = 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑾
To find T3
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑇3 𝑄3
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 𝑊
SRI SHAKTHI
𝑄3 86
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = = 6.14
𝑊 14
Actual COP of heat pump = 50 % of Carnot COP
= 0.5 × 6.14 = 3.07
𝑇3
3.07 =
𝑇3 − 𝑇4
𝑇3
=
𝑇3 − 300
3.07 𝑇3 − 300 = 𝑇3
𝑻𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟗 𝑲
Result:
Q3 = 86 kW
T3 = 444.9 K
SRI SHAKTHI
Third law of thermodynamics
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
Concept of Entropy (S)
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑄
Change in entropy, 𝑑𝑠 = =
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑇
2 𝑑𝑄
Change in entropy, ∆𝑆=S1-S2=‫׬‬1
𝑇
SRI SHAKTHI
PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE IN ENTROPY
The change of entropy for reversible
process is given by the expression,
𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑠 =
𝑇
Now, the change in entropy is
examined for an irreversible process.
Let a thermodynamics system

undergoes a change of state from 1 to 2 by
a reversible process 1-A-2 and returns to
state 1 either by an internally reversible
process 2-B-1 or by an irreversible process
2-C-1 shown in Fig.
SRI SHAKTHI
For reversible cycle 1-A-2-B-1, the
same equation can be used.
2𝐴 1𝐵
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
න + න =0
𝑇 𝑇
1𝐴 2𝐵
-------(1)
For irreversible cycle 1-A-2-C-1,
Clausius inequality is applied as
follows.
2𝐴 1𝐶
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
න +න ≤0
𝑇 𝑇
1𝐴 2𝐶
------------(2)
SRI SHAKTHI
Subtracting the equation(1)-(2),
1𝐶 1𝐵
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
න − න ≤0
𝑇 𝑇
2𝐶 2𝐵
-------(3)
On reversing the limit and

rearranging the equation
2𝐵 2𝐶
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
න ≥ න
𝑇 𝑇
1𝐵 1𝐶
-------(4)
SRI SHAKTHI
Since, the process 2-B-1 is
reversible,
𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑠 =
𝑇
Substituting this value in

equation,
2 2𝐶
𝑑𝑄
න 𝑑𝑠 ≥ න
𝑇
1 1𝐶
𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑠 ≥
𝑇
SRI SHAKTHI
The principle of increase of entropy states that the entropy of an
isolated system never decreases. So, it will be 𝑑𝑠 ≥ 0 for an isolated
system.
Simply,
ds = 0 for the reversible process.
ds > 0 for the irreversible process.
ds < 0 for the impossible process.
Applications of entropy principle

1. Mixing of two fluids
2. Transfer of heat through a finite temperature difference.
SRI SHAKTHI
Change in entropy of ideal gas
(i) In terms of temperature and volume
𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚Cv ln + 𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑉1
(i) In terms of pressure and temperature
𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚Cp ln − 𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑃1
(i) In terms of pressure and volume
𝑉2 𝑃2
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚Cp ln + 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ln
𝑉1 𝑃1
SRI SHAKTHI
5 kg of air at 2 bar and 30° 𝐶 is compressed to 24 bar pressure
according to the law 𝑝𝑉 1.2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. After compression air is
cooled at constant volume to 30° 𝐶. Determine the (i) volume and
temperature at the end of compression, (ii) change of entropy during
compression and (iii) change in entropy during constant volume
cooling. Take 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾, 𝐶𝑣 = 0.718 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
SRI SHAKTHI
5 kg of air at 2 bar and 30° 𝐶 is compressed to 24 bar pressure
according to the law 𝑝𝑉 1.2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. After compression air is
cooled at constant volume to 30° 𝐶. Determine the (i) volume and
temperature at the end of compression, (ii) change of entropy during
compression and (iii) change in entropy during constant volume
cooling. Take 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾, 𝐶𝑣 = 0.718 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
Given data: To find:
𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑔
𝑽𝟐
𝑝1 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇1 = 30° 𝐶 = 30 + 273 = 303 𝐾
𝑝2 = 24 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 2400 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑻𝟐
𝑝𝑉 1.2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇3 = 30° 𝐶 = 30 + 273 = 303 𝐾 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏
𝐶𝑝 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝐶𝑣 = 0.718 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑺𝟑 −𝑺𝟐
SRI SHAKTHI
Solution
According to the law, 𝑝𝑉 1.2 = 𝐶
𝑝1 𝑉11.2 = 𝑝2 𝑉21.2
From characteristic gas equation,

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑚𝑅𝑇1
𝑉1 =
𝑝1
5×0.287×(303)
=
200
= 2.17 𝑚3
SRI SHAKTHI
From 𝑝1 𝑉11.2 = 𝑝2 𝑉21.2
1
𝑝1 1.2
𝑉2 = × 𝑉1
𝑝2
1
200 1.2
= × 2.17
2400
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝟑
1.2−1 1.2−1
𝑇2 𝑝2 1.2 2400 1.2
Similarly, = = 303 ×
𝑇1 𝑝1 200
= 458.47 𝐾
T2= 𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟕° 𝑪
SRI SHAKTHI
Change in entropy during compression,
T2 V2
𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑣 ln + mR ln
T1 V1
458.47 0.274
𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 5 × 0.718 × ln + 5 × 0.287 × ln
303 2.17
𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑱Τ𝑲
Process 2-3 is a constant volume process
T3
Change in entropy 𝑆3 − 𝑆1 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑣 ln
T2
303
= 5 × 0.718 ln
458.47
𝑺𝟑 − 𝑺𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑱Τ𝑲

SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
5𝑚3 of air at 2 bar,27° 𝐶 is compressed up to 6 bar pressure following
𝑝𝑉 1.3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. It is subsequently adiabatically to 2 bar. Considering
the two processes to be reversible, determine the network, net heat
transfer and change in entropy. Also plot the processes on T-s and p-V
diagrams.
SRI SHAKTHI
5𝑚3 of air at 2 bar,27° 𝐶 is compressed up to 6 bar pressure following
𝑝𝑉 1.3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. It is subsequently adiabatically to 2 bar. Considering
the two processes to be reversible, determine the network, net heat
transfer and change in entropy. Also plot the processes on T-s and p-V
diagrams.
Given data: To find:
𝑉1 = 5 𝑚3 𝑾
𝑝1 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 200 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2
𝑇1 = 27° 𝐶 = 27 + 273 = 300 𝐾 𝑸
𝑝2 = 6 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 600 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2
𝑝𝑉 1.3 = 𝐶 ∆𝑺
∴ 𝑛 = 1.3
Process 1-2 :Polytropic 𝑻 − 𝒔 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒑 − 𝑽 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐬
Process 2-3 :Reversible adiabatic
𝑝3 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 200 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2
SRI SHAKTHI
𝑚𝑅(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
Work done, 𝑊1−2 =
𝑛−1
𝛾−𝑛
𝑄1−2 = 𝑊1−2 ×
𝛾−1
𝑇2 𝑝2
∆𝑆1−2 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 ln − mR ln
𝑇1 𝑝1
SRI SHAKTHI
Process 1-2: Polytropic process
From general gas equation,
𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1
𝑝1 𝑉1 200 × 5
𝑚1 = = = 11.61 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇1 0.287 × 300
From polytropic process relation,

𝑛−1
𝑝2 𝑛
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 ×
𝑝1
1.3−1
600 1.3
= 300 × = 386.57 𝐾
200
SRI SHAKTHI
𝑚𝑅(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
Work done, 𝑊1−2 =
𝑛−1
11.61 × 0.287(300 − 386.57)

𝑊1−2 =
1.3 − 1
= −961.52 𝑘𝐽
Heat transfer,
𝛾−𝑛
𝑄1−2 = 𝑊1−2 ×
𝛾−1
1.4 − 1.3
𝑄1−2 = −961.52 ×
1.4 − 1
𝑄1−2 = −240.38 𝑘𝐽
SRI SHAKTHI
𝑇2 𝑝2
Change in entropy, ∆𝑆1−2 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 ln − mR ln
𝑇1 𝑝1
386.57 600
∆𝑆1−2 = 11.61 × 1.005 × ln − 11.61 × 0.287 × ln
300 200
∆𝑆1−2 = −0.702 𝑘𝐽Τ𝐾
Process 2-3 : Adiabatic process
From adiabatic process relation,

𝛾−1 1.4−1
𝑝3 𝛾 200 1.4
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 × = 386.57 × = 282.43 𝐾
𝑝2 600
𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇3 )
Workdone, 𝑊2−3 =
ϒ−1
11.61 × 0.287(386.57 − 282.43)

𝑊2−3 = = 867.5 𝑘𝐽
1.4 − 1
SRI SHAKTHI
Heat transfer, 𝑄2−3 = 0 for adiabatic process
𝑇3 𝑝3
Change in entropy, ∆𝑆2−3 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑝 ln − mR ln
𝑇2 𝑝2
282.43 200
∆𝑆2−3 = 11.61 × 1.005 × ln − 11.61 × 0.287 × ln
386.57 600
∆𝑆2−3 = −0.0017 𝑘𝐽Τ𝐾
Net work transfer, 𝑊 = 𝑊1−2 + 𝑊2−3

= −961.52 + 867.5 = −𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝒌𝑱
Net heat transfer, 𝑄 = 𝑄1−2 + 𝑄2−3 = −240.38 + 0 = −𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑱
Change in entropy, 𝑆 = 𝛻S1−2 + ∆S2−3

= −0.702 − 0.0017 = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑱Τ𝑲
SRI SHAKTHI
Energy
High Grade Energy Low grade Energy
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
Energy and exergy
• Energy= Exergy (Available part)+Anergy (Unavailable
part)
• "exergy" is a term for useful energy.
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI
SRI SHAKTHI

Atd Unit-Ii Second Law and Availability Analysis

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20AG401- THERMODYNAMICS

Second law of Thermodynamics – Entropy – Carnot

• No heat engine can have a

the heat energy from the source means

• It is used to maintain the

• It is used to maintain the temperature

• Example: A/C, Coolers REF

It is the ratio between the heat extracted to the work

• It violates the second law of thermodynamics.

• Thus, the Carnot cycle produces maximum

∴ The engine is possible

Process2-3: (isothermal expansion)

𝑝2 𝑉2 = 𝑝3 𝑉3 for isothermal process

𝑇 0.432 𝑇 − 100 = 277.4 × 0.288 𝑇

𝑄4 = 0.432 × 416.43 − 100

A heat pump operates on a carnot Body

Work input to the heat pump, Q2 Q3

Heat rejected to the sink, 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝑾𝟏 T1=1113K T4=278K

Heat rejected to the sink, 𝑄2 = 𝑄1 − 𝑊1 = 47.6 − 33.36 = 14.24 𝑘𝑊

∴ Net heat transferred to the reservoir at 60° 𝐶, = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

Rate of supply to heat engine 𝑄1 = 50 𝑘𝑊 Q2 Q4

Heat rejected by heat pump, 𝑄3 = 𝑄4 + Work input to HP(𝑄2 )

To find work input to HP(Q2)

Actual efficiency = 40 % of Carnot efficiency = 0.4 × 0.7 = 0.28

Work output of heat engine W = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 50 − 36 = 14 𝑘 𝑊

Work output of heat engine = Work input to HP = 14 kW

Heat rejected by heat pump,

Actual COP of heat pump = 50 % of Carnot COP

= 0.5 × 6.14 = 3.07

Let a thermodynamics system

On reversing the limit and

Substituting this value in

ds > 0 for the irreversible process.

ds < 0 for the impossible process.

Applications of entropy principle

(i) In terms of temperature and volume

(i) In terms of pressure and volume

From characteristic gas equation,

𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑱Τ𝑲

Process 2-3 is a constant volume process

𝑺𝟑 − 𝑺𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑱Τ𝑲

From polytropic process relation,

11.61 × 0.287(300 − 386.57)

∆𝑆1−2 = −0.702 𝑘𝐽Τ𝐾

Process 2-3 : Adiabatic process

From adiabatic process relation,

11.61 × 0.287(386.57 − 282.43)

∆𝑆2−3 = −0.0017 𝑘𝐽Τ𝐾

Net work transfer, 𝑊 = 𝑊1−2 + 𝑊2−3

Net heat transfer, 𝑄 = 𝑄1−2 + 𝑄2−3 = −240.38 + 0 = −𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑱

Change in entropy, 𝑆 = 𝛻S1−2 + ∆S2−3

High Grade Energy Low grade Energy

• "exergy" is a term for useful energy.

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