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    The Mean Value Theorem

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    The Mean Value Theorem

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    The Mean Value Theorem

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    Alf Ching

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    2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl The Mean Value Theorem Download Maple Worksheet Let fbe an increasing function on [a, b] and c be a number in (a,b ), we have f(x) —4 9 < Me) i auxin [a,b] x-¢ Iff'(c) exists then f'(c) is nonnegative. If Fis a differentiable function on [ a, b] _, is the derivative of f always nonnegative ? Here is another question : If a car travels 180 km in 1.5 hours, can we guarantee it will read 120 km/hr during the trip ? Ata first glance, these two questions seem to be irrelevant; however, they are a related to the following theorem : ‘The Mean Value Theorem If fis continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b ), then there is a number cin (a, 6 ) such that .._ f(b) f(a) MO pa hitpssealculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.im! 1 2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl Or equivalently, f(b)-f(a)=f'(c)(x-a). The Mean Value Theorem says that" For a given differentiable function over a given interval, the average rate of change over the interval equals the instantaneous rate of Change at some point in that interval”. Geometrically, this is what Mean Value Theorem means First, let's consider a special case for the Mean Value Theorem with f( a)=f(b)=0. Rolle's Theorem If fis continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b ) such that f(@)= f(b), then there is a number cin (a, b ) such that f (c) = 0. htpsscalculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.him! ana 2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl If fis a constant then f(x) = 0, so c can be taken to be any number in(a,b ). Recall that if f'(c) = 0 then cis a critical number of f. Hence, f (¢ ) may be a local extrema. Now it comes the question " If fis a inconstant function which is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b_) such that f(a)=f(b), is it true that f must have a local extrema in(a, b )?" By the extreme Value Theorem, f attains an absolute maximum and minimum values on [a, b] . htpsscalculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.him! ana zona Les supp Mean_Valua_teorem hn The fact that f(a) = f(b) implies one of the absolute extrema must ‘occur at some number cin ( a,b ), thatis, f(c) is a local extreme value of f Since f (c) exists, by Fermat's Theorem, we get f'(c) = 0. The animation below illustrates the idea how to get the Mean Value Theorem from Rolle's Theorem. (Reet) (S)(S)55) Proof of the Mean Value Theorem Let's take a look at the following animation to see how we can pull the graph of fsuch that the secant line joining the two endpoints become horizontal htpsscalculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.him! ana 2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl fee) =I) htpsscalculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.him! ona 2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl m= (ffo}-fa) ) #(b-a) Consider the function Jentxy Seiafa) x)= fx)“ (xa ) Note that g is is continuous on [ a, 6] and differentiable in (a,b )such thatg(a)=g(b). By Rolle's Theorem, we get that there is a number cin ( a,b) such that g'(c) =0. Since f(b) - f(a) I (X)EF CO) , we get htpsscalculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.him! ena mooie Lets suppl Mean_Value_teorem in _ f(b)-fla) "boa F’(c) Note: If f does not satisfy the condition " fis continuous on [ a, b] and differentiable in( a, b )", then the conclusion in the Mean Value Theorem may not hold. Here are two examples : (1) Let f(x) =| x] on [-1, 1] It's not hard to see that f(-1_) = f(1), but there does not exist c in [-1, 1] such that f'(c) =0. htpsscalculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.him! m4 2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl X+2 x<1 (2) Let g(x) ={ on [0,2] . x43 1 Therefore, arcsin(#)..ateécos(x) "5 forallxin[-1, 1] . The significance of the Mean Value Theorem is that it enables us to obtain information about a function from information about its derivative. The following examples provide instances of this principle. Example Suppose that f(0)= —3. and f'( x) S 5 for all values of x. How large can f (2) be ? We are given that fis differentiable everywhere and therefore fis continuous everywhere. We can apply the Mean Value Theorem on [0, 2] . There exists a number c that F(2)-£(0)=f'(¢) (2-0) So f(2)=F(0)+2F'(c)S-3+2 (6)=7 The largest possible value for f (2) is 7. hitpssealculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.im! ron 2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl Example Determine the number of roots of fax 44x43 x45 First we notice that f(-1)=-3 0 By the Intermediate Value Theorem, we see that there exists a number cin [-1, 0] such that f(c) =0 The derivative of f(x) = x 44 x4 3x+5 is f'(x)= 7x9 420x443 Hence, f "( x) > 3 for all x Using the Mean Value Theorem, we get if x > 0, then f(x) - (0) =f'( C4 )(x-0 ) for some C4 between 0 and x Hence, F(x)> FOF (ey )(X-0 )>S forall x>0. Similarly, ifx<-1 , then f(-1)=f(x) +f'( eg )(-1-x )forsome cy between -1 and x, and so htpsscalculus.math nycu.edu.wimaple/Siteabs1_tiaple/suppl_Mean_Value_thaorem/suppl_ Mean_Value_theorem.him! nna 2ozatare EFAS suppl_Mean_Value_treorem.himl f(x) 3 for all x, we get a contradiction Therefore, f has exactly one root and the root is between -1 and 0 Example (Racetrack Principle) Let f and g be differentiable for all x in [a, 6] and suppose f(a) = g(a) Iff'(x)

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