Sarhad University, Peshawar

(Department:Institute of biological sciences Program: DPT

Examination: Final Term Spring 2020
Course & Course Code:Biomechanics and Ergonomics-II DPT-235 Total Marks: 50 (50% Weightage)
*Student Name: ARSHAD KHAN Instructor:DR. MEMOONA
*Registration # SU-18-01-107-002
*Student Email: arshadkh085@gmail.com Duration:24 Hours

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS:

 Answer All Questions in the same Question Paper under each question/section subsequently.
 Upload the same at your SUIT PORTAL only and Answer Sheet sent through EMAIL will not be accepted.
 The total size of this file should not exceed 1MB at the time of uploading it at portal so don’t insert images.
 Just type the answers under each question, avoid inserting images and follow the instructions at SUIT Portal.
 Before uploading, save the file in this format FINAL EXAM_DEPARTMENT_COURSE_Student
Name_Reg#.doc
 Copying, plagiarism, and sharing your answers with other students is strictly prohibited and disciplinary action
will be initiated against such students
 The students must submit this answer sheet on SUIT Portal as an assignment till last step as mentioned in this
video/tutorial before the deadline: https://youtu.be/Vnpz5nKkfgM

Attempt All Questions. Each Question Carries 10 marks

Q#1:
i. What are the Physiological Effects of Aging?
Solution#1
PHYSOLOGICAL EFFECT OF AGING;
 With aging our fluid or water portion of a cell decreases which causes many physiological
changes. It effects muscle, cartilage, bone, ligaments and joint etc.
EFFECT ON MUSCLE
 With aging muscle flexibility, number of muscle fiber and muscle mass decreases as a result there
strength also decreases. Postural imbalance and steadiness are decreased as muscular strength
decreases and muscular coordination decrease.
EFFECT ON SKIN;
 Skin is more easily damage
 Decrease inflammatory response
 Skin easily stretched under low load
 Altered thermal regulation
EFFECT ON BLOOD;
 Decrease blood flow as daily life activity decrease and the process of hematopoiesis stops as its
demands decreases.
EFFECT ON NERVOUS SYSTEM;
 Aging effect our nervous system and their responses decreases. Decrease blood flow as daily life
activity decrease and the process of hematopoietic stops as its demands decreases.

REDUCE MENTAL HEALTH;

 Mental health and intelligence level are reduced due to physiological, anatomical and social
behavior experienced by an old age individual in the time lapse.
EFFECT ON CARDIVASCULAR SYSTEM;
 Cardiac output decrease linearly after the third decade at a rate of about 1 percent per year in normal
subject
 The cardiac output of an 80-year-old subject is approximately half that of a 20-year-old
EFFECT ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;
 A linear decrease of vital capacity is found that amounts to a decrement of about 26 ml per year for
men and 22 ml per year for women starting at age 20
EFFECT ON VISION;

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 Visual acuity (cataracts, macular degeneration)
 Dark adaptation
 Contrast sensitivity
EFFECT ON AUDITORY SYSTEM;
 High frequency hearing loss
Q#2

Do aging workers need any special accommodations? Write a detail note

Solution#2
A work place is said to be ergonomically designed work place when it has a complete setup for every
person with different age and different type of work they do.
 Any obstacle or object which serves as a resistance in their path or works should be removed and
arranged them in such a way that which prevent them from injuries
 Identify the risk factors which can create injury chances and illuminate those factors from the
working site of an old age worker.
 According to the medical condition of an old man assign him a job he/she can do it
 Do not assign those duties which require heavy lifting and huge muscular strength.
 Safety and security should be providing them when they are doing their work task .Providing them
lifting machine through which they lift a heavy object easily.
 Take help for ergonomics engineer to design working place and different working modalities this
will help you in performing efficient job without any disturbance.
 There should be a proper chairs in their workstation on which they feel comfortable and do their
work with easy

Q#3.

i. What is buoyancy? Discus Archimedes’ principle?

What factors affect the total drag force?
Solution#
BUOYANCY;
 When a body is immersed in fluid, an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the body.
 This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called the
force of buoyancy.
 The buoyancy force is caused by the difference between the pressure at the top of the object
which pushed at downward, and the pressure at the bottom (buoyant force) which pushes at
upward.
 If the weight of the water displaced is less than the weight of the object, the object will sink.
 If the weight of the water displaced is equal to weight of the object, the object will float.
Formula; consider a body partially submerge in a liquid density (p) is known is figure below;
 The body subjected to following two forces;
1) Downward gravitational force (W)
2) Upward force of liquid (FB)
 The upward force of liquid is known as force of buoyancy (FB) and is equal to weight of water
displaced by body.
 FB= weight of water displaced by body
 = p*g* volume of water displaced by body
 = p*g8(h*b*l)

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES;
 An Archimedes principle states that when a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid, it
experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

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  When in fluid, the object experiences two forces;
1) The actual weight which acts downwards.
2) The buoyant force which act upwards.
FORMULA;
 F b = weight of fluid displaced
 = mg ; (P=m/V)
 F b=Vpg
 F b= buoyant force
 P= density of fluid displaced
 V= volume of fluid displaced
 W1= Actual weight
 W2= Apparent weight

FECTOR AFFECT THE TOTAL DRAG FORCE;

 When a body moves through a moving a fluid, it is acted upon by two forces exerted by the flow
upon it;
1) Shear force
2) Pressure force
 The resultant of shear and pressure forces acting in the direction of flow, is called drag force.
 Drug force is the retarding force exerted on a moving body in a fluid medium.
 It does not attempt to turn the object, simply to show it down.
 It is a function of the speed of the body, and the size or shape of the body, and the fluid through
which it is moving.
FORMULA;
 C d=F d/1/2PV2 A
 C d= Drag coefficient
 C d= Drag force

Q#4. Write down the special considerations Lifting Analysis?
Solution#4
 Lifting involves movement of an object from one location to another location, generally
traversing both vertical and horizontal distances. Whenever we lift an object or weight.
Then get closed to the weight. Bend the knees and get a good grip, strengthen our leg to lift the load.
 Prevent bending and twisting of body during weight lifting.
 We have to bend our knees to lower the weight into place.
 This can subdivided into three stages;
1) Access
2) Movement
3) Placement
LIFTING TECNIQUES;
 Stoop lifting
 Squat lifting
 Semi- squat lifting
1) SEMI SQUAT LIFT;
 This would be the ideal lift for heavy loads performed on an occasional basis
2) SQUAT LIFT;
 To be used as an alternative to the semi-squat when space is limited and load size does not allow
for foot placement of the side of the object to be lifted
3) STOOP LIFT;
 Lifting scenarios requiring light loads (20 pound and below) on a frequent basis are more
efficiently managed using this techniques.

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Q#5.
I. How can ergonomic injuries be prevented?
II. What are the 5 of the 6 risk factors associated with ergonomic injuries?
III. What are the three ergonomic risk factors?
IV. What are the 3 major areas of Ergonomics?
V. What are the benefits of ergonomics?
Solution#5
1) ERGONOMICS INJURIES BE PREVENTED;
 The risk factor can also be subsiding by training the employees and aware those about different
risk
 We can also prevent injuries by changing our posture and movement during our work.
 Stretch breaks need to occur every two hours to prevent muscle fatigue.
 Stretching, changing and getting up and away from the desk can help prevent repetitive injuries.
 Through short breaks physical stress can released and prevent injuries.
 We can also be prevented by using the right the right tools for a particular job also arranging
proper work station which covers the entire agronomical dimension in injuries.
2) 5 OF 6 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ERGONOMICS INJURIES;
Most common ergonomically injuries and are the reason behind work related issues
The 5 main risk factors for ergonomically injuries are given as follow.
 Forceful exertions,
 Awkward work postures,
 Localized contact stresses,
 Whole-body or segmental vibration,
 Repetitive motions or prolonged activities.
3) ERGONOMICS RISK FACTOR;
 There are 3 primary ergonomics risk factor;
1) High task repetition
 Many work tasks and cycles are repetitive in nature, and are frequently controlled by hourly or
daily production target and work process.
2) Forceful exertion
 Many work tasks require high force loads on the human body
3) Repetitive or sustained awkward poster
 Awkward posters place excessive force on joints and overload the muscles and tendons around
the effected joint.
4) THREE MAJOR AREAS OF ERGONOMICS;

1) Cognitive ergonomic.
 Is concerned with mental processes, such as memory, reasoning, motor response and perception.
2) Organization ergonomic.
 This area covers the social and colonial aspect of the environment it is used to set a detail set of
rules according the infrastructure of the community so that they society system will run
smoothly.
3) Physical ergonomic
 They have concerned with physiological, anthropometric, biomechanical and anatomical
characteristics as they related physical activity.

(5) Benefits of ergonomics

 Ergonomics lower cost
 Ergonomics improves productivity

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 Ergonomics improves product quality

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