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> >

1 3p1

> >

1
o o

+ +5 +3 +1 -1
+ +5 +3 +1 -1
+2 +1
D 115 185 + +5 +3 +1 -1
+3 +1
+1

oC

+
3 2 2 3
+
4 4 3 3

2 4

= =
> > 2 > 2 >

2H5 > CH3 3> CH4 2 > H2 > H2


>
2
3
3 = - /
= /
/
= /
= /
2 = /
= - /

3
3+ + - /
3+ + -
3

+ - -
2 3

+ + + -
2
+ 2+ + -
32 2
+ H2 + H2 + - + 1/2H2
+ 2 + 2H+ + H2
2 3 3 2

4 3 /dm3 2+
3
2
4 34 4

3
2-
4
4-

34 4

2 34

2 5 4
234 234

234

234 Th 233 + β
234 Th 234 + β
234 Th 234 + β
234 Th 234 + β
234 Th 233 + β

2 2 4

2 4 2 4

4
- + - +
2 2
- + - +
2 2
-
2
-
2
-
2

3
2

3 4
4 3 3 3 4
2 4 /cm3
3 3
2 4

2 4 2 4 /dm3 3
3

5
1

3
3CH2CH2
H12

2 2
2 4 2 2
H2 4

= oC

= oC

= oC/m

= oC/m
oC
o
oC

4
H14
o

o o

123 2.8

+ 3

1 A

5
4

3
A
2
P
1

. = 5 1 1 = 5 2
2 = 4 1 = 1+ 2 = A
8
22. 2 2 3

A2 + 2 3
A2 + 2
3

A2 + 2
A2 + 2 3
3

A2 + 2
3

23.
2 2 2

2 2 2
3
2 2

2 2

2 + 2 3

1 2 3

3
+

2+
2 4
2+ + 2 + 4H2
2 4 4

+ H
2 2 3 H

11
28.
+ 2 +
3 3

3
2 3 /dm3 + = /dm3

/dm3 3 /dm3
3

A 3.2

12
> > > >
> > > > > >

8.3
3 /dm3
3
14

pH

3
25

3
3
4
4

13
2 4 /dm3 3

/dm3 3

/dm3 /dm3

3 /dm3 /dm3

2 /dm3 /dm3

2 /dm3 /dm3

4 /dm3 /dm3

2C 2 4 4 2
H2C2 4 + + 2+
4 2

2+

2+

2C 2 4

2C 2 4

14
4

2+ 3+ 2+ 2+

2+ +
2+ +
2+ +
2H+ + H2
1 + 2H+ + H2 +1.23
2 2
2 + +

2+ 2+

2+
2
H2 2+
2

2 H+ H2
H+ 2+
2 15
0

2+ +
H2 2 + 2H+ + 2H2
2+ + 1.18

2 + 2H2 +
2+ +

2+ 2+ 2+
2+
2
2
2 2

+ 2 +
2 +

2 + 2H2 + +
2+ +
2+ +
: 4 2 2H2 + 4H2 4 4 + 2 + 2
: 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 2
: 2 + 2C + 2 + 2

2 3

5
3
2
2

4 2

3(CH2 3 2, (CH3CH2 2 3CH2 32

3 4C , (CH3 2CHCH2CH3 , CH3(CH2 3CH3

3CH2CH2 3CH2 3

3CH2CH2CH3 , CH3CH2CH CH2 , CH3CH2C CH

2C CH2 , CH3CH CH2 , CH3CH2CH CH2

18
3

3
3

C C CH2 CH2
4

C18H 2 C H32 2 C H 2

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