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57
57
57
1 3p1
> >
1
o o
+ +5 +3 +1 -1
+ +5 +3 +1 -1
+2 +1
D 115 185 + +5 +3 +1 -1
+3 +1
+1
oC
+
3 2 2 3
+
4 4 3 3
2 4
= =
> > 2 > 2 >
3
3+ + - /
3+ + -
3
+ - -
2 3
+ + + -
2
+ 2+ + -
32 2
+ H2 + H2 + - + 1/2H2
+ 2 + 2H+ + H2
2 3 3 2
4 3 /dm3 2+
3
2
4 34 4
3
2-
4
4-
34 4
2 34
2 5 4
234 234
234
234 Th 233 + β
234 Th 234 + β
234 Th 234 + β
234 Th 234 + β
234 Th 233 + β
2 2 4
2 4 2 4
4
- + - +
2 2
- + - +
2 2
-
2
-
2
-
2
3
2
3 4
4 3 3 3 4
2 4 /cm3
3 3
2 4
2 4 2 4 /dm3 3
3
5
1
3
3CH2CH2
H12
2 2
2 4 2 2
H2 4
= oC
= oC
= oC/m
= oC/m
oC
o
oC
4
H14
o
o o
123 2.8
+ 3
1 A
5
4
3
A
2
P
1
. = 5 1 1 = 5 2
2 = 4 1 = 1+ 2 = A
8
22. 2 2 3
A2 + 2 3
A2 + 2
3
A2 + 2
A2 + 2 3
3
A2 + 2
3
23.
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2 2
2 2
2 + 2 3
1 2 3
3
+
2+
2 4
2+ + 2 + 4H2
2 4 4
+ H
2 2 3 H
11
28.
+ 2 +
3 3
3
2 3 /dm3 + = /dm3
/dm3 3 /dm3
3
A 3.2
12
> > > >
> > > > > >
8.3
3 /dm3
3
14
pH
3
25
3
3
4
4
13
2 4 /dm3 3
/dm3 3
/dm3 /dm3
3 /dm3 /dm3
2 /dm3 /dm3
2 /dm3 /dm3
4 /dm3 /dm3
2C 2 4 4 2
H2C2 4 + + 2+
4 2
2+
2+
2C 2 4
2C 2 4
14
4
2+ 3+ 2+ 2+
2+ +
2+ +
2+ +
2H+ + H2
1 + 2H+ + H2 +1.23
2 2
2 + +
2+ 2+
2+
2
H2 2+
2
2 H+ H2
H+ 2+
2 15
0
2+ +
H2 2 + 2H+ + 2H2
2+ + 1.18
2 + 2H2 +
2+ +
2+ 2+ 2+
2+
2
2
2 2
+ 2 +
2 +
2 + 2H2 + +
2+ +
2+ +
: 4 2 2H2 + 4H2 4 4 + 2 + 2
: 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 2
: 2 + 2C + 2 + 2
2 3
5
3
2
2
4 2
3CH2CH2 3CH2 3
18
3
3
3
C C CH2 CH2
4
C18H 2 C H32 2 C H 2