COMMUNICATION

Hidaya Ismail
MA Student
School of Letters
MG University
• Communication: Meaning, types and
characteristics of communication.

• Effective communication: Verbal and

Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group
communications, Classroom communication.

• Barriers to effective communication.

• Mass-Media and Society.

The term 'communication' is derived from the Latin word 'communis'
meaning having something in common or establishing commonness.
Thus, Communication is the exchange of thoughts,
information, message etc. by way of speech, writing or
signal.
Allen Louis

Communication is an exchange of
facts, ideas, opinions
or emotions by two or more persons.

George Terry

Communication is the process by which

information is
transmitted between individuals and/or
organization so
that an understanding response results.
 Characteristics of
Communication

Two Way Process communication can take place only

when there are at least two persons. One person has
to convey some message and another has to receive it.

Knowledge of Language(Base Language) To make the

communication successful, the receiver should first of
all understand the sender's message, for this, the
sender must speak in a language that is known to the
receiver.
 Exchange of Ideas Communication cannot be thought in the
absence of exchange of ideas. In order to complete the process of
communication , there must be an exchange of idea, order,
feelings, etc among two or more than two persons.
Continuous Process Communication is an endless process, we
cannot freeze it at any moment. So, it is a dynamic process of
action. It also interacts towards a desired goal.
Use of Words as Well as Symbols Communication need not
necessarily be made orally or in writing. Certain gestures or
symbols or actions may also covey one's willingness or
understanding of a given problem.
Communication is all-pervasive Communication is present
everywhere and found in all levels.
Mutual Understanding It means that the receiver should receive
the information in the same spirit with which it is being given. In the
process of communication, it is more important to understand the
information rather than carry it out.
 Types of Communication

1. Intrapersonal Communication (Self , God, within)

2. Interpersonal Communication ( two or more, between)
3. Group Communication ( Classroom, Organisation)
4. Mass Communication (Radio, TV)
5. Intercultural Communication
6. Formal and Informal Communication
7. Direct and Indirect
8. Verbal and Non verbal
Intrapersonal Communication: When a man communicates with
himself to develop useful ideas .
Interpersonal Communication : Dyadic , when a person
communicates his thoughts to another person. Three stages : Phatic
, personal, intimate .
Group Communication : Communication that happen in a group . Eg:
Classroom, Organization . Memebers will be known . There will be a
set goal.
Mass Communication: includes a large heterogeneous group of
people or society ; Radio, TV
Public Communication: sender and receiver has direct contact .
Intercultural Communication: Between different cultures .
National or International.
Formal : fixed person , hierarchical, rules . Eg:
School, College, Organisation
Informal: also known as Grapevine given by
Keith Davis . Between friends and family
Direct : face to face . Eg : traditional way of
speaking
Indirect: virtual communication
Asynchronous: feedback delayed Eg: email, blog
Synchronous : feedback in the realtime
Verbal : using words. Oral and written
Non Verbal : without words. Gestures and
symbols
Process of Communication

O Sender: He is the person who sends the message which

may be a thought, idea, symbol, a picture report or an
order and postures and gestures, even a momentary
smile. He is the initiator of the message.

O Message: It is the content the sender wants to convey

to the receiver. It is the information conveyed by
words as in speech and write-ups, pictures, signs, or
symbols depending upon the situation.

O Encoding: Encoding is transforming the message into

an appropriate medium which may be verbal or non.
verbal depending upon the situation, space, time, and
nature of the message to be sent to the intended
receiver. The sender encodes the message into a series
of words, symbols or pictures.
Decoding: Decoding refers to interpreting or comprehending the sent
message. The receiver interprets the message and tries to understand it in
the best possible manner.
Feedback: It refers to the response given by the receiver after interpreting
the message. It is necessary to ensure that the message has been correctly
decoded and comprehended the way it was sent.
Modes of Communication
Linear Model of Communication (one way)
•Lasswell's Model
•Aristotle's Model
•Berlo's SMCR Model
•Shannon and Weaver Model
Transactional Model (two way )
•Barlund's Model
•Murphy's model of Communication
•Thill and Bovee's Model
Interactive Model ( through the use of new communication technique)
•Schramm’s Model
• Eugene White’s Model
Linear Model
One way communication
Linear model was
Used for mass communication
founded by Shannon
sender is the only one who sends message and Weaver which
and receiver doesn’t give feedback or was later adapted by
response. David Berlo into his
The message signal is encoded and own model known as
transmitted through channel in presence of SMCR (Source,
noise. Message, Channel,
This model is not applicable in general Receiver) Model of
human communication as general human Communication.
communication has to have feedback and
responses.
 Transactional Model

exchange of messages between sender and receiver

where each take turns to send or receive messages.
both sender and receiver are known as
communicators and their role reverses each time in
the communication process as both processes of
sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
The model is mostly used for interpersonal
communication and is also called circular model of
communication.
The transactional model is the most general model of
communication (Everyday talk and interactions )
 Interactive Model

Interactive model (also known as convergence model)

deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking
place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-
versa.
The communication process take place between
humans or machines in both verbal or non-verbal
way.
This is a relatively new model of communication for
new technologies like web and internet.
Effective Communication

Effective communication is defined as the

ability to convey information to another
effectively and efficiently.
The message that is sent is the same
message that is received.
There must be a mutual understanding
between the sender and the receiver for
the transmission of ideas or information to
be successful.
7 C’s of Effective Communication
1. Clear
2. Correct
3. Complete
4. Concrete
5. Concise
6. Consideration
7. Courteous
Barriers of Communication

Noise : Noise is an interruption that can

creep in at any point of time in the
communication process and make it
ineffective. Environment is one major
cause that interferes with message
reception like noises from the roadside,
constant chattering of individuals, blaring
loudspeaker, faulty transmission, etc.
Linguistic and Cultural Barriers
Physical Barriers
Psychological Barriers
Physiological Barriers
Semantic Barriers
Mass Media and Society

1. Traditional Media
2. Print Media
3. Electronic Media
4. OOH ( Out Of Home ) - Transit Media
5. New Media
THANK YOU