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The Effect of The P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Various Tall
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IES’21 13-18 Aralık/December 2021 - İzmir

ULUSLARARASI İZMİR DEMOKRASİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ

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Uluslararası İzmir Demokrasi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Sempozyumu ii
The Effect of the P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Various Tall RC Buildings

The Effect of the P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Tall RC Frame
Buildings

Murat Muvafık1, Muhammet Özdemir2, Yousif Shabo Yousif QILO3

1
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Turkey,
muvafik@yyu.edu.tr
2
Agri Ibrahim Çeçen University, Vocational School of Ahmed-i Hani, Construction Department,
Turkey, mozdemir@agri.edu.tr
3
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Turkey,
yuusif@yahoo.com.tr

Abstract
The analyses of the structures are usually carried out by linear elastic techniques called first
order. Depending on the undeformed geometry of the structure, the translations and internal forces are
calculated. However, this situation is different for structures exposed to lateral loads such as earthquake
and wind. Self-weight and additional vertical loads cause additional moments that lead to greater lateral
displacements in deformed structures. This situation is called the P-Delta effect. P-Delta effects can be
explained by considering the additional forces and moments resulting from the deformation of the
structure. These are known as geometric second-order effects. The aim of this study is to determine the
P-Delta effect on the static and dynamic behaviour of high-rise reinforced concrete structures by using the
Matrix Displacement Method in some models. In the study, a 20-storey reinforced concrete building was
selected. ETABS 2018 structural analysis program was used to analyse the models and obtain the results,
focusing on drift, storey shear forces and bending moments. The results showed that the P-Delta effect
dramatically changed the lateral displacement, shear force and bending moment values of the structures.

Keywords: P- delta effect, tall buildings, ETABS

1. INTRODUCTION
A building-type structure must be constructed in a stable, safe and economical manner.
In order to achieve this goal, all conditions and parameters must be taken into account in the
analysis and design of the structure. In general, the analysis of structures is performed using
linear elastic techniques, which is called first-order analysis. Displacements and internal forces
are calculated in a first-order analysis in relation to the undeformed geometric structure. It does
not consider buckling and yielding effects. In first-order analysis, the deflections and internal
stresses are related to the force applied (Dems, 1991). Usually, the deformation of structures
leads to a geometric second-order effect, which can’t be assessed by the first-order analysis.
This type of geometric non-linearity can be studied by performing iterative processes that are
only possible through the use of computer programs. This procedure is known as second-order
analysis or the P-Delta effect. Deflections and internal stresses are not relative to the force

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The Effect of the P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Various Tall RC Buildings

applied (Paulay, 1978). The P-Delta effects are explained by taking into consideration the
additional forces and moments that result from the structure deformation. Those are known as
geometric second-order effects. In some cases, the results from the first-order analysis could be
used to obtain the second-order analysis by the procedure explained in this study, which is ideal
for computer-based elastic frame analysis. Effects of second-order cause more deformations,
moments and forces beyond those determined by first-order analysis (Mangukiya, et al., 2016).
The P-Delta effect gains more importance as the height and slenderness of the structures
increase, especially in areas that are seismically active or have strong winds. Because with the
increase in the number of floors of the buildings, the lateral displacements increase and thus
additional moments occur in the elements. The determination of these additional moments and
internal forces is of great importance for the safe design of structures.

Figure 1. P-Delta effect on cantilever column.

The P-Delta effect depends mainly on the vertical and horizontal loads assigned to the structure,
also it depends on the properties, height, stiffness and regularity of the building. If the axial
forces in the elements are big values or if the elements of the structure are slender, then the
additional bending moments due to the P-Delta effect should be considered in the analysis.
(Wood & Parker, 2013)

In this study, 5-10-15-20-storey buildings were modelled. Static and dynamic analyses were done
for these buildings using the ETABS program. The results of the analysis for the displacements,
shear forces and bending moments were examined for the following two cases:

1. P-Delta effect on the analysis type (static and dynamic),

2. P-Delta effect on building height

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

There are many parameters involved in the structural analysis, which directly affect the
internal stresses of all elements. In this section, the impact of the P-Delta on the various
structural system will be studied, and through it is possible to come out with the results and the
conclusions about the importance of including the P-Delta effect in the analysis. Structures will
be analysed using the matrix displacement method, which is the best way to extract the internal
forces and displacements in the buildings. Buildings with different structural systems, whose
building heights were kept constant, were solved according to the ACI 318-14 standard with 3
different analysis methods (Equivalent linear static analysis (ELSA), response spectrum analysis
(RSA), time history analysis (THA)), and displacement, shear force and bending moment
calculations were made at certain floor heights. These structures were modelled with the same
materials and exposed to the same earthquake loads and analysed using the ETABS software.
For all the structural models, the earthquake acceleration record with a magnitude of 6.7 that

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The Effect of the P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Various Tall RC Buildings

occurred in Van-Muradiye on October 23, 2011 was taken into account and applied to the
structures.

Table 1. Material of Properties

Material Feature Value
Type Concreate
Directional Symmetry Type Isotropic
Weight per Unit Volume (kN/𝑚𝑚3) 23.5631
Mass per Unit Volume (kg/𝑚𝑚3) 2402.77
Modulus of Elasticity, (E) (MPa) 24855.58
Poisson’s Ratio, (U) 0.2
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, (A) (1/C) 0.0000099
Shear Modulus, G (MPa) 10356.49

Figure 2. Van-Muradiye earthquake accelerogram

The difference in building models changes the building geometries and the difference in
geometry changes the rigidity of the building, which in turn changes the consequences of the P-
Delta effect on the building. In this study, 5-10-15-20-storey frame type buildings were
modelled. All buildings are reinforced concrete structures with the dimension of 20 mx10 m, the
height of all floors is 3 m. Symmetry models were chosen to avoid torsional irregularity. Also,
floors of equal height were chosen to avoid the soft story in the models.

Figure 3. The 20-story building with moment resisting frame system

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The Effect of the P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Various Tall RC Buildings

3. RESULTS
In this paper, static and dynamic analyses were made for buildings with 5-10-15-20 floors. These
analyses were performed separately with and without the P-Delta effect. As a result of the
analysis, the displacement, shear force, rotational and bending moment values were calculated
at the base, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th floors of each building. Thus, the effect of the P-Delta effect
on the building height and analysis method has been examined. The results are shown in
following tables and graphs.

Table 2. Displacement (mm), for MRF without and with P-Δ effect, for three types of analysis.
ELSA RSA THA
Storey ∉ P-Δ ∈ P-Δ % ∉ P-Δ ∈ P-Δ % ∉ P-Δ ∈ P-Δ %
Base 0.00 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.00 0.0%
Storey 5 34.95 40.11 14.8% 31.82 34.37 8.0% 28.17 33.08 17.4%
Storey 10 74.13 83.97 13.3% 61.73 65.93 6.8% 46.84 60.96 30.2%
Storey 15 107.11 119.51 11.6% 83.80 88.33 5.4% 64.60 83.33 29.0%
Storey 20 125.00 138.27 10.6% 95.24 99.60 4.6% 76.56 97.16 26.9%

It can be seen from Table 2 that the P-Delta effect is directly related to the story height in all
analysis methods (static and dynamic). As the story height increases, the effect of P-Delta on the
displacement of that story also increases. In addition, the greatest effect of P-Delta effect on
building displacement occurred under THA, then ELSA and the least effect on RSA.

20

15 THA ∈ P-Δ
THA ∉ P-Δ
Storey

10
RSA ∈ P-Δ
5 RSA ∉ P-Δ
0 ELSA ∈ P-Δ
ELSA ∉ P-Δ
0,0 200,0 400,0 600,0 800,0 1000,0 1200,0
Storey Shreas (kN) for MRF.

Figure 4. Storey Shears (KN), for MRF without and with P-Δ effect, for three types of analysis.

From Figure 4, it can be said that the shear force decreases as the story height increases.
However, according to the ELSA results, the P-Delta effect does not affect the story shear forces,
and according to the RSA and THA results, the P-Delta effect reduces the story shear force. It can
be said that this amount of decrease is higher in THA results.

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The Effect of the P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Various Tall RC Buildings

Table 3. Bending moment (KN-m),, for MRF without and with P-Δ effect, for three types of analysis.
ELSA RSA THA
Storey ∉ P-Δ ∈ P-Δ % ∉ P-Δ ∈ P-Δ % ∉ P-Δ ∈ P-Δ %
Base 43796.7 48436.5 10.6% 33622.1 35159.6 4.6% 26404.3 26862.1 1.7%
Storey 5 29554.6 32174.4 8.9% 22181.2 22790.2 2.7% 14423.2 22176.8 53.8%
Storey 10 16041.4 17040.1 6.2% 12483.7 12498.6 0.1% 8242.0 11291.2 37.0%
Storey 15 5142.5 5323.7 3.5% 4727.3 4626.1 -2.1% 3157.8 4307.2 36.4%
Storey 20 0.0 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0%

It is seen from Table 3, that the bending moment value decreases as the story height increases.
However, the P-Delta effect increases the amount of bending moment in the story. In addition,
the analysis method in which the P-Delta effect increased the bending moment the most is TSA,
then ELSA, and the least increased is RSA.

4. CONCLUSION
The aim of this study is to determine the P-Delta effect on the static and dynamic
behaviour of high-rise reinforced concrete structures by using the Matrix Displacement Method
in some models. In the study, a 20-storey reinforced concrete building was selected. ETABS 2018
structural analysis program was used to analyse the models and obtain the results, focusing on
drift, storey shear forces and bending moments. As a result of the analysis, the displacements,
rotations and shear forces at critical points of the structures in the earthquake directions were
examined. According to this,

1. In the case of including the P-Delta effect in the equivalent static, spectral and time-
history analysis, the maximum translation, relative story translation and bending moment are
always higher than that of without P-Delta effect.
2. The largest value of the maximum translation occurs in Equivalent Static Analysis,
Spectral Analysis, Time-History Analysis, respectively.
3. The bending moment occurring at the base, has always the largest value in Equivalent
Static Analysis, while it is the smallest value in Time-History Analysis. Accordingly, the use of
Equivalent Static Analysis in the design of buildings is considered to be safer.

5. REFERENCES
[1] Weaver, W.; Gere, J.: Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures (3rd edition). New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.
[2] ACI 318-14,: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. s.l.: American Concrete
Institute, USA, 2015
[3] ASCE 7-16,: Minimum Design Loads and Associated for Buildings and Other Structures.
Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, USA, 2016
[4] Avinash, T.: Investigation of The Effects of P-Delta on Tubular Tall Buildings. International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 08(2), 2017.
[5] Bondre, R.; Gaikwad, S.: Analysis of Structures with Respect to Linear Static Analysis Using P-
Delta Effect. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(4), 2016.
[6] Cardone, D.; Dolce, M.; Gesualdi, G.: Lateral force distributions for the linear static analysis
of base-isolated buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 7(3), 2009

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 The Effect of the P-Delta on Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Various Tall RC Buildings

[7] Chen, S.-J.; Wang, W.-C.: Moment Amplification Factor For P-Delta Effect Of Steel Beam-
Column. Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(2), 1999.
[8] Dhadve, P. et al.: Assessment of P-Delta Effect on High Rise Buildings. International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(5), 2015.
[9] Dhawale, P. J; Narule, G. N.: Analysis of P-Delta Effect on High Rise Buildings. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 2016
[10] Freeman, S. A.: Response Spectra as a Useful Design and Analysis Tool for Practicing
Structural Engineers. Journal of Earthquake Technology, 44(1), 2007.
[11] Hibbeler, R.: Structural Analysis 7h Edition. s.l.:Prentice Hall., 2008
[12] Kim, J.-K.; Yang, J.-K.: Buckling behaviour of slender high-strength concrete columns.
Engineering Structures, 17(1), 1995, 39-51.
[13] Manik, Rao; Harsoor, R. S.: Effect Of P-Delta in Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Buildings.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 05(11), 2016.
[14] Vijayalakshmi, R.; Bindu, B.; Vahini, M.: Effects Of P-Delta on High Rise Buildings Located in
Seismic Zones. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(8), 2017.
[15]ETABS, https://www.csiamerica.com/products/etabs, CSI Software.

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