Project Management: Virtual Learning Resource Centre

Project management
Learning guide
Virtual Learning
Resource Centre
" Asliidgc - no o hc icpioduccd wilou pcinission. Nov-ul
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In a woiId of icIcnIcss oiganisaionaI clangc, nanaging lc cxcinaI
cnviionncn and kccping pacc wil dcvcIopncns in infoinaion cclnoIogv
aic ius sonc of lc picssuics facing oiganisaions wlacvci lcii sizc, lc woiId
ovci. 1lc iadiionaI nanagcncn siucuics and funcionaI liciaiclics on wlicl
oiganisaions wcic foundcd, aic hcing sccn as Icss suiahIc foi lc fas noving
oiganisaions of odav. Oiganisaions aic icaIising lc hcncfis la cioss-
funcionaI cans can hiing o lc nanagcncn of vaiious piohIcns and
aciviics. As oiganisaions hcconc noic conpIcx, pioicc nanagcncn wil is
goaI ccnicd fiancwoik and acnion o dcaiI, is ncclanisns foi nonioiing
and focus on ouconcs, offcis an appcaIing and IogicaI fiancwoik o cnahIc
oiganisaions o novc foiwaid.

1lis Icaining guidc wiII cxpIoic lc nauic of pioiccs, lc inpoiancc of cffccivc
connunicaion and pcopIc nanagcncn and lc noic connon ooIs
associacd wil iadiionaI pioicc nanagcncn. Wc wiII aIso Iook a lc
icIcvancc of pioicc nanagcncn cclniqucs o cvcivdav nanagcncn and wc
wiII scc la lc pioicc nanagcncn appioacl can hc uscd in a vaiicv of
siuaions hv anv individuaI, wilou lc nccd foi spcciaIis knowIcdgc.

2
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l. If vou lavc Icss lan an loui, icad lc ovcivicw and iv sonc of lc
dcvcIopncn aciviics.

2. If vou lavc noic lan an loui, cloosc fion lc vidcos Iiscd in lc icsouiccs
sccion. Ccal Ditected Ptcject Management givcs a good ovcivicw of pioicc
nanagcncn. Team Building. A Questicn c[ Balance slows a pioicc can a woik
and Iooks a skiIIs of can Icadcislip. Shall \e Statt Again`. piovidcs a
lunoious and cIcai insigl ino onc pioicc nanagcncn ooI, ciiicaI pal
anaIvsis. Cloosc fion lc iouinaI aiicIcs and lavc a Iook a lc infoinaion fiIc
on pioicc nanagcncn.

3. If vou wouId Iikc o Iook a pioicc nanagcncn in noic dcaiI, lavc a Iook a
lc inciacivc CD-i packagc Undetstanding Ptcject Management avaiIahIc fion
LRC icccpion. 1lcic is aIso a wcaIl of hooks o cloosc fion in lc icsouiccs
sccion. You can aIso hiowsc lc wchsic foi lc Associaion of Pioicc
Managcncn, a UK-hascd oiganisaion.
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Goal Directed Project Management, (l996}, Sundav 1incs[1avIoi Madc FiIns,
45 and l2 nins.

1lc pioicc nanagci Iooking foi guidancc wiII find la nucl of lc Iiciauic
las a cclnicaI concx sucl as lc consiucion of a unncI oi a huiIding,
dcsigncd and hiougl ino hcing hv spcciaIiss indcpcndcnIv of lc usci.
Wilin oiganisaions lis appioacl is oo icsiiccd. Expciicncc of inpIcncning
I1 clangcs slowcd cIcaiIv la a cclnicaI soIuion aIonc was no cnougl.
Clanging lc cclnoIogv las inpIicaions foi oiganisaionaI siucuics. 1lc
pioiccs wcic succcssfuI wlcn pcopIc and lc oiganisaionaI facois wcic
considcicd aIongsidc lc 'svscn'. I is lis iccogniion la pioiccs lavc
conposic, no ius cclnicaI, goaIs la undcipins lc appIicaion of goaI
diicccd pioicc nanagcncn and is lc suhicc of lcsc vidcos.

Team Building: A Question o[ Balance, (l99u}, Fcnnan 1iaining, 3u nins.

1lis vidco iIIusiacs lc inpoian diffcicnccs hcwccn can ioIcs and can
funcions. I docs so hv slowing a pioicc can a woik , and uscs lc
nncnonic BES1 o lcIp cIaiifv lc kcv skiIIs of can Icadcislip: _aIancc lc
can o bxpIoi divcisiv, plaic lc goaI, qius lc can.

Shall We Start Again .! (l986}, McIiosc, 27 nins.

CiiicaI pal anaIvsis is a connonIv uscd ooI in lc nanagcncn of pioiccs.
1lis vidco considcis lis foinaI and siucuicd appioacl o pioicc nanagcncn
in a Iigl-lcaicd wav.=
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1lcic is a paiicuIaiIv good iouinaI cniIcd Project Manager Todav=wlicl las
nanv uscfuI aiicIcs. I is woilwliIc hiowsing liougl icccn issucs of lis foi
lc Iacs linking and idcas. Howcvci, hcIow aic a scIccion of vciv uscfuI
aiicIcs la lavc appcaicd ovci lc Ias fcw vcais, incIuding sonc cIassics.

Bodv, D (l993},=Managing change in changing times, Managcncn Sciviccs, VoI
37 (lu}, Ocohci, p22-26.

Bowcn, H K c aI (l994}, Mahe projects the school [or leadersI Haivaid Busincss
Rcvicw. VoI 72 (5}, Scp-Oc, pl3l-l4u.

Cookc-Davics, 1 (l99u}, Return o[ the project managers, Managcncn 1odav,
Mav, pll9-l2u.

Hiisclloin, L and CiInoic, 1 (l992}, The neu boundaries o[ the boundarvless'
companv, Haivaid Busincss Rcvicw, VoI 7u (3}, plu4-ll5.

Lconaid-Baion, D c aI (l994}, Hou to integrate uorh and deepen expertise,
Haivaid Busincss Rcvicw, VoI 72 (5}, pl2l-l3u.

LiIc, B (l997}, Projects, plans and multimedia, Managcncn SkiIIs and
DcvcIopncn, ApiiI, p35-36.

Loid, M A (l993}, Implementing strategv through project management, Long
Rangc PIanning, VoI 26(l}, p76-85.

Mcvci, C (l994}, Hou the right measures help teams excel, Haivaid Busincss
Rcvicw, VoI 72 (3}, p95-lu3.

Piagoiskv, C (l997}, Hou to manage projects, CMA Magazinc, Dcc-Ian. pl5-l8.

Sclaffci, R H and 1lonpson, H A (l992}, Success[ul change programs begin uith
results, Haivaid Busincss Rcvicw, VoI 7u (l}, p8u-89.

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1lcic aic a sciics of fiIcs conaining a coIIccion of icccn ncwspapci and iouinaI
aiicIcs on lc foIIowing opics:

can woiking
pioicc nanagcncn
noivaion
ncgoiaing
coacling
Icadcislip.
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GG=Books naikcd wil asciisks aic on saIc in lc LRC Bookslop. MaiI oidci
scivicc avaiIahIc: 1cI: +44(u}l442 84ll59. Fax: +44(u}l442 84l2ll.
EnaiI: ccIia.uckciOasliidgc.oig.uk=

Andciscn, E S c aI (l995}, Goal Directed Project Management. Kogan Pagc,
2nd cd.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=E^kaF=''=

Wlcn Coopcis & Lvhiand dccidcd o adop CoaI Diicccd Pioicc Managcncn
as is sandaid appioacl o pioicc nanagcncn acioss Euiopc, lc poIicv was
iapidIv akcn up hv aII conpanics aII ovci lc woiId. 1lc sccond cdiion of an
inpoian hook cxcnds lc idcas of lc oiiginaI and dcvcIops lc ccniaI focus
on clangc nanagcncn.

Biinci, W c aI (l993}, Project Leadership. Cowci.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: =gqc=E_ofF=''

1lc hook hcgins hv cxpIaining wlv lc conccp of pioicc Icadcislip is hcing
adopcd so widcIv in foiwaid-Iooking oiganisaions. Pai l cxanincs lc pioicc
Icadci's asks and Pai 2 slows low o landIc cacl sagc of a pioiccs Iifc.

6
Buiick, Rohci (2uuu}, The Project Worhout: A Toolhit [or Reaping the Reuards
[rom=~=Your Business ProjectsI 2
nd
cdiion F1 Pinan PuhIisling.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=E_rqF=GG=(IncIudcs CD-ROM}

'1lc Pioicc Woikou' akcs vou scp hv scp liougl voui pioicc, acing as a
conpanion and guidc o uIinac pioicc succcss. 1lc auloi piovidcs foui aicas
of focus la can Icad o succcss: focussing on hcncfis, using aII voui conpanv's
funcionaI skiIIs, nanaging piogicss in sagcs, and iving o find lc haIancc of
lc nanv laid and sof cIcncns la wiII woik hcs foi vou.

CoIdia, EIivalu (l997}, Critical ChainI Cowci.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gq=EdliF=GG=

Di. CoIdia cxlois lis icadcis o cxaninc and icasscss lcii husincss piaciccs
wil a ficsl vision. 1lc hook docs foi pioicc nanagcncn wla CoIdia's olci
novcIs lavc donc foi pioducion and naikcing.

Haiiis, I (l997}, Sharpen Your Team's Shills in Project Management.
McCiaw-HiII.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=Ee^oF=

1lis hook akcs vou liougl lc hasic skiIIs and cclniqucs of pioicc
nanagcncn, wlicl is lc nos connon wav woik is landIcd. I slows vou
wla o do and wla no o do, o pIan and cxccuc pioiccs succcssfuIIv. Using
lis hook vou and voui can wiII Icain low o piioiiisc, nonioi and conioI o
iun cos cffccivc incIv and quaIiv pioiccs.

Lcwis, I P (l997}, Team-Based Project Management. AMACOM.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=EibtF=
=
1lis hook piovidcs an ovcivicw of lc fundancnaIs of pioicc nanagcncn and
cxpIoics lc spccifics on low o gc lc hcs pcifoinancc fion voui can. I
slows low o noivac cans o hc connicd, cfficicn, and pcifoining a lcii
hcs. In addiion lc auloi invcsigacs: low o hc a pioacivc nanagci wlo
dcvcIops can ncnhcis: undcisand wla noivacs cnpIovccs: Icad a can
7
cffccivcIv and fIcxihIv: iun cxciing and pioducivc nccings and dcaI wil
unsaisfacoiv can ncnhcis and icsoIvc can confIic.
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Licnz, B P and Rca, K P (l998}, Project Management [or the 21st Centurv.
Acadcnic Picss.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=EifbF=
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'Pioicc Managcncn' focuscs on piovcn nclods and Icssons Icaincd foi
dcaIing wil pioiccs in nanv diffcicn indusiics and scings. I addicsscs issucs
of oiganisaion, pioccss, and cclnoIogv as wcII as low nodcin cclnoIogv ooIs
sucl as lc Incinc and WWW can suppoi cffccivc pioicc nanagcncn and
pioicc succcss.
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Lock, D (l996},=The Fssentials o[ Project Management. Cowci.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: =gqc=Eil`F=
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1lis hook is incndcd as an inioducion o pioicc nanagcncn. Wil lc aid of
cxanpIcs & iIIusiaions lc csscniaIs of pioicc nanagcncn pioccduics aic
cxpIaincd.
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NcwhoId, Rohci C (l998). Project Management in the Fast Lane, S Lucic Picss.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=EkbtF=GG=

1lis hook piovidcs lc icadci wil a piacicaI appioacl o inpIcncning CiiicaI
Clain SclcduIing in oiganisaions and i is a ncccssaiv conpanion o EIi
CoIdia's ncw hook cniIcd 'CiiicaI Clain'.

Noion, B & D'Vaz, N. C. (l995}, Project Management, Insiuc of Managcncn
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=EkloF

Pioicc nanagcncn gicw ino hol a conccp and discipIinc fion is oiigins in
lc US spacc piogiannc in lc caiIv l96u's, wlcn i was iccogniscd la lc
ooIs and cclniqucs cnpIovcd wcic no losc connonIv uscd in iadiionaI
nanagcncn piacicc in husincss and indusiv.

8
Ohcng, E (l994}, All Change! The Project Leader's Secret Handbooh. Pinan.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gjq=El_bF=''=
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1lc nain pai of lis hook wiII lcIp vou csahIisl lc ovciaII iuIcs foi
succcssfuIIv nanaging Clangc. 1lc landhook wilin is a scp-hv-scp guidc.

Wason, C S (l997}, Managing Projects [or Personal Success. IncinaionaI
1lonpson PuhIisling.
Asliidgc slcIf icfcicncc: gqc=Et^qF=
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1lis hook is a piacicaI guidc o succcssfuI connciciaI and indusiiaI pioicc
nanagcncn. I Iooks hcvond ncwoik anaIvsis o lc lunan and nanagciiaI
issucs of piofcssionaI pioicc woik. I diaws acnion o lc dcvcIopncn of kcv
nanagcncn skiIIs sucl as ncgoiaion, connunicaion, Icadcislip, oiganisaion
and gioup dvnanics.
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uuu.apm.org.uh

1lc Associaion of Pioicc Managcncn is lc UK-hascd oiganisaion dcdicacd
o advancing lc scicncc of pioicc nanagcncn and lc piofcssionaI
dcvcIopncn of pioicc nanagcis and pioicc nanagcncn spcciaIiss. I was
foincd in l972 o advancc lc discipIinc of pioicc nanagcncn and o
pionoc lc piofcssionaI dcvcIopncn of pioicc nanagcis in aII husincss aicas.

uuu.goldratt.co.uh

Avialan Y. CoIdia Insiuc wchsic piovidcs aiicIcs and casc sudics on
ciiicaI clain pioicc nanagcncn.

uuu.pdinstitute.com

IncIudcs uoiiaIs on singIc pioicc CiiicaI Clain, nuIi-pioicc CiiicaI Clain,
pioicc pIanning and pioduc dcvcIopncn IifccvcIcs.
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Pioicc nanagcncn is no ncw. If wc considci lc Cica WaII of Clina oi lc
pvianids, wc wondci a lc pIanning, oiganisaion and lunan cffoi la nus
lavc hccn icquiicd, and canno faiI o hc inpicsscd hv lc slcci sizc and
claIIcngcs picscncd hv sucl anhiious sclcncs. AIlougl no cxpIiciIv icfciicd
o as pioiccs lcic is no douh la lis is wla lcv wcic. Moic icccn cxanpIcs
incIudc nan's Ianding on lc noon, lc ClanncI 1unncI and foi nanv
oiganisaions, dcaIing wil lc cffccs of Euiopcan Moncaiv Union.

On a pcisonaI IcvcI wc lavc aII uscd pioicc nanagcncn cclniqucs a
soncinc oi olci. Foi insancc, going on loIidav, noving lousc, gcing
naiiicd, aII icquiic pIanning, oiganising and appiopiiac icsouiccs o aclicvc a
dcsiicd ouconc. Wc can scc la sucl undciakings, lowcvci hig oi snaII lcv
nav hc, lavc an ohiccivc: lc aclicvcncn of a spccific and uniquc cvcn wilin
dcfincd icsouiccs. In olci woids, lcv aic pioiccs.

Pioicc nanagcncn las hccn icfincd and dcvcIopcd, and is now a nanagcncn
spcciaIiv in is own iigl wil ooIs and cclniqucs appIicahIc o a vaiicv of
aciviics and asks in divcisc husincss cnviionncns.

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Wc aII lavc cxpciicncc of pioiccs of onc kind oi anolci. 1lcv nav no lavc
hccn on lc scaIc of lc pvianids, and lcv nav no lavc acuaIIv hccn caIIcd
pioiccs, hu lcn pioiccs aic no dcfincd hv sizc and scaIc aIonc. No aII
aciviics aic pioiccs. Pioiccs diffci fion olci aciviics wilin an oiganisaion
in la lcv:

aic goaI ccnicd wil spccific cxpIici ohiccivcs
invoIvc ncw and ficqucnIv unfaniIiai oi unknown asks
lu

icquiic lc iigl pcopIc o hc invoIvcd a lc iigl inc (lis ficqucnIv
ncans hiinging ogclci pcopIc fion vciv diffcicn hackgiounds wlo
lavc no woikcd ogclci hcfoic}
lavc dcfincd sai and finisl dacs
aic uniquc
can icsuI in clangcs o pcopIc's daiIv woik pacins and[oi Iiving
condiions.

Rcpciivc aciviics sucl as losc icquiicd as pai of a nanufacuiing pioccss, aic
no pioiccs, aIlougl aciviics icquiicd o dcvcIop a ncw pioduc couId hc
considcicd so. Pioiccs can iangc fion nassivc pcioclcnicaI insaIIaions o
inpioving adninisiaivc pioccduics: fion huiIding a waII in voui gaidcn o lc
huiIding of a ncw lospiaI.
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Manv iadiionaI dcfiniions, sucl as lc onc hcIow, cnplasisc lc svscnaic
appioacl:

.. an endeavcut in uhich human. matetial and [inancial tescutces ate ctganised in
a ncvel uav. tc undettake a uniaue sccpe c[ uctk. c[ given speci[icaticn uith ccnsttaints
c[ ccst and time. sc as tc achieve oene[icial change de[ined ov auantitative and
aualitative cojectives (1)

1iadiionaI pioicc nanagcncn was ncasuicd agains licc ciiciia: inc, cos
and quaIiv (figuic l}. I was conccincd wil conpIcing spccific woik o a
spccificd IcvcI of quaIiv, wilin a dcfincd inc scaIc, and o cos.

ll
Fig l

Scutce. Btinet. \ et al (1003). Project Leadership. Ccuet Puolishing.
Reptinted uith petmissicn.

1lcsc aspccs of pioicc nanagcncn aic siII vaIid and inpoian, hu lcv
canno hc acndcd o in isoIaion fion lc 'higgci picuic' and lc ciuciaI
lunan cIcncn. Oui picfciicd dcfiniion of pioicc nanagcncn:

Managing the ditect and inditect ptcject team memoets tc achieve the cojectives c[ the
stakehcldets

I iccogniscs la uIinacIv pioicc succcss is dcpcndcn on pcopIc, incIuding
lc nuIipIiciv of sakcloIdcis wlo wiII akc a vicw on lc pioicc's succcss, and
losc invoIvcd in lc pioicc's inpIcncnaion.

Undcisanding lc higgci picuic ncans laving a cIcai undcisanding of lc
concx in wlicl lc pioicc akcs pIacc. Wla, in lc cxcinaI oi connciciaI
cnviionncn ncccssiacs lc pioiccs Wlo aic lc sakcloIdcis Wla aic lcii
ohiccivcs Aic lcv aIigncd Wla ioIc do pcisonaI agcndas and oiganisaionaI
poIiics pIav
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Wil oiganisaionaI clangc now a fac of Iifc, Lconaid-Baion c aI (2} suggcs
la o Icad in lc 2l
s
ccnuiv, a conpanv nus cxccI in wo wavs:

It must ccnstantlv ouild and te[tesh its individual ateas c[ expettise sc it has the ctitical
capaoilities needed tc stav ahead. and

It must get its evet-changing mix c[ disciplines tc uctk tcgethet in the evet-changing
uav needed tc ptevail in the evet-changing ccmpetitive envitcnment.

Soncwla coniadicoiv pcilaps. Is i possihIc o aclicvc hol of lcsc 1lc
soIuion, lcv sac, is in lc cicaivc usc of dcvcIopncn pioiccs. Foi insancc,
3M nanagcs liougl pioicc cans and suggcss la wlcic pioccsscs aic no
iouinc, and wlcic pioducs aic no sandaidiscd, lis appioacl las nanv
advanagcs. Managcncn svIcs of odav pionoc cnpowcincn wlcic pcopIc
aic cncouiagcd o hc icsponsihIc foi lcii own woik pioccsscs, hu
cnpowcincn siII nccds o hc nanagcd. Paianccis aic nccdcd o guidc lis
appioacl oi lc aIcinaivc is claos.

Pioicc nanagcncn las hccn icposiioncd o dcaI wil lcsc claIIcngcs. In
nanv oiganisaions i is sccn as a coic nanagcncn skiII, pioviding lc ncccssaiv
discipIincd fiancwoik o ackIc consan clangc in a nclodicaI wav. I aIso
offcis oppoiuniics foi nuIi-discipIinaiv Icaining and lc cIininaion of cioss-
funcionaI iihaIisn.

t==~=
=
I is inpoian o considci wlv pioiccs faiI. Wlacvci lc nauic of lc pioicc oi
wlacvci is sizc, pioiccs invoIvc pcopIc, aciviics and olci vaiiahIcs ovci
wlicl lc pioicc nanagci can onIv acnp o conioI. No naci low wcII a
pioicc is pIanncd, lcic wiII aIwavs hc a cciain IcvcI of unpicdicahiIiv la
canno hc foicsccn. Cciain cvcns wiII no go as pIanncd, and piohIcns can
aiisc, cg saff sickncss, naclinc hicakdowns, Iac suppIicis, cc. 1lc possihiIiics
l3
aic infinic. Hisoiv and cxpciicncc las slown la pioicc faiIuics lavc cciain
claiacciisics. Haiiis (3} suggcss lc nain icasons wlv pioiccs faiI:

insufficicn undcisanding of cIicn cxpccaions
pooi Icadcislip and pooi canwoik
conpIcxiv of pioicc
pooi pioicc dcsign and siucuic
pooi pIanning and oiganisaion
Iack of accounahiIiv, pooi conioI ncclanisns
inadcquac infoinaion svscns, pooi connunicaions
inconpIcc oi anhiguous spccificaion.

Pioicc faiIuic usuaIIv sais a lc pIanning plasc. EaiIici woik hv accouning
and audiing fiin KPMC on l2u iunawav pioiccs idcnifics siniIai piohIcns
(4}. Wc can scc fion lc Iis ahovc la cffccivc pioicc nanagcncn icquiics
good Icadcislip and canwoik, caicfuI and considcicd pioicc pIanning, and
ahovc aII cffccivc clanncIs foi connunicaion. AII lcsc icIv on pcopIc, an
aspcc of pioicc nanagcncn picviousIv no givcn a Io of acnion, hu wlicl
is incicasingIv hcing iccogniscd as pivoaI.
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The project manager

1lc kcv ohiccivc of lc pioicc nanagci is o cnsuic la lc ouconcs fion lc
pioicc ncc lc cxpccaions of lc cIicn, aic dcIivcicd on inc and wilin cos.
1o succccd lc pioicc nanagci nus lavc a widc iangc of skiIIs. Foui of lc kcv
oncs aic:

oiganisaionaI awaicncss - an ahiIiv o undcisand lc cnviionncnaI
and husincss picssuics wlicl affcc lc pioicc: icad lc oiganisaion cIinac:
undcisand lc poIiics and dcaI wil divcisc and clanging cIicn and
sakcloIdci cxpccaions
l4

can and incipcisonaI skiIIs - pioicc nanagcis can iaicIv acconpIisl
cvcivling aIonc. 1lcv nccd o hc adcp can huiIdcis, ahIc o focus on hol
ask and icIaionslip issucs. 1lcv nccd lc Icadcislip skiIIs o fosci a vciv opcn
and suppoiivc cIinac wlcic pcopIc aic ahIc o woik wil anhiguiv and wlcic
lcv icaIisc lc nccd o voIuncci infoinaion wlcn lcv aic iunning ino
difficuIics
pIanning and co-oidinaion skiIIs - lc pioicc nanagci nus hc ahIc o
usc appiopiiac ooIs foi lc pioicc in land. Foi cxanpIc, on lc ask fion,
woiking hack fion lc hig picuic lcv nus hc ahIc o idcnifv appiopiiac
niIcsoncs and undcisand lc diffcicn woik sicans and aciviics wlicl
undcipin lcn. On lc icIaionslip fion, lcv nccd o dcvcIop sakcloIdci
naps and scc low o usc lcsc in dcvcIoping lcii connunicaion siacgv
Icaining skiIIs - as pioiccs aic consanIv noving foiwaid, pioicc
nanagcis nus coninuousIv icvicw lc siuaion in cins of hol asks and
icIaionslips in oidci o anicipac piohIcns and akc lc ncccssaiv scps o kccp
lc pioicc on iack.

Project teams

Pioicc cans aic hiougl ogclci o focus on lc conpIcion of a spccific
pioicc. Fcw pioiccs icIv soIcIv on onc spcciaIiv oi aica of cxpciisc o hc
succcssfuI, nos icquiic a vaiicv of skiIIs and cxpciisc, ncccssiaing a nuIi-
discipIinaiv appioacl. 1lc cnpoiaiv nauic of nanv pioiccs ofcn ncans la
cans conc ogclci quickIv, wil IiIc oi no loncvnoon pciiod o scIc ino
woiking ogclci. In spic of lcsc picssuics, i is ciuciaI la lc pioicc
nanagci invcss inc in addicssing hol ask and icIaionslip issucs a lis caiIv
sagc. 1lis wiII lcIp lc can o dcvcIop lc iohus woiking piaciccs wlicl wiII
aIIow lc can o pcifoin as lc picssuic o dcIivci iiscs.

1lc sizc of lc can wiII dcpcnd on lc sizc and nauic of lc pioicc. 1can
ncnhcis slouId hc closcn foi lc skiIIs, knowIcdgc oi cxpciicncc wlicl lcv
can hiing.

l5
Pioicc oiganisaions no Iongci opciac undci a liciaiclicaI funcionaI siucuic.
Maiix cans aic diawn fion a vaiicv of discipIincs, oi aic hiougl ogclci foi
spccific pioiccs. UsuaIIv a coic pioicc can wiII hc icsponsihIc foi lc pioicc,
wliIc olci can ncnhcis nav hc cnpoiaiv, hiougl in a a sagc in lc pioicc
wlcic lcii cxpciisc is icquiicd foi a sloi pciiod. Foi cxanpIc, in lc huiIding
of a ncw supcinaikc, fiing lc sccuiiv svscn nav hc conpIccd hv a
suhconiacoi owaids lc cnd of lc pioicc. 1lc coniacoi piovidcs a spccific
skiII, wlicl wlcn lc aciviv las hccn conpIccd is no Iongci icquiicd.

Biinging ogclci a nixuic of skiIIs, aiudcs and cuIuics hiings is own iisks.
SucccssfuI cans aic auononous, scIf-icIian and lavc connon goaIs. PcopIc
aic individuaIs and wlacvci lcii ioIc wilin lc pioicc, lcv hiing a cciain
unpicdicahiIiv o lc pioicc. If lc pioicc nanagci is awaic of lis lcn s[lc
can pIan and conioI foi vaiiahiIiv hv idcnifving kcv skiIIs icquiicd, scIccing
lc iigl can pIavcis and cnsuiing cvcivonc undcisands lcii ioIcs and
icsponsihiIiics a lc ousc.

Staheholders

Evciv pioicc las sakcloIdcis - pcopIc inpaccd hv lc pioicc, diiccIv oi
indiiccIv. In dcciding low o appioacl a pioicc lc pioicc nanagci nccds o
link ahou sakcloIdcis as lcv aic no aIwavs ohvious.

SakcloIdcis can hc incinaI oi cxcinaI o lc oiganisaion, lcv can incIudc cnd
uscis, cusoncis, suppIicis, govcinncn, financicis cc. 1lcv aic no ncccssaiiIv
suppoicis of lc pioicc, indccd soncincs lcv can hc dcad sc agains i.
Soncincs lcii 'sakc' is appaicn fion lc sai, soncincs i onIv hcconcs
appaicn if soncling gocs wiong. Foi cxanpIc, Pioicc A inioduccs a ncw wav
of woiking wlicl las an advcisc inpac on Pioicc B, wlicl is hcing iun
cIscwlcic in lc oiganisaion. 1lc nanagci and sponsoi of Pioicc B aic
inpoian sakcloIdcis foi lc nanagci of Pioicc A - vc couId casiIv lavc hccn
ovciIookcd. Wlocvci lcv aic, sakcloIdcis nccd o hc idcnificd caiIv on, as do
lcii ohiccivcs and lcii sancc in icIaion o lc pioicc.

=
=
l6
m=~~=~=

1lc pioccss of pioicc nanagcncn can hc considcicd undci foui naioi
lcadings:

NK= pIanning
OK oiganising
PK conioIIing and nonioiing
QK audi and icvicw.

A fiancwoik foi pioicc nanagcncn suggcsing kcv aciviics is iIIusiacd in
figuic 2.

c=O= m=~~=~=
=
=
m~==

Pioicc nanagcncn hcgins wil pIanning. PIanning is lc nos ciuciaI pai of
lc pioicc and conncnccs hcfoic anv icsouiccs aic connicd. 1inc spcn on
cIaiifving ohiccivcs, idcnifving ciiicaI succcss facois, icsouiccs, coss and
quaIiv spccificaion, niIcsoncs and asks is inc wcII spcn. 1lc pIan is Iikc a
ioad nap and kcv aciviics a lis sagc incIudc lc foIIowing:
l7

dcfinc lc pioicc

Wla is lc nauic of lc pioicc o hc undciakcn Wla is o hc donc

idcnifv cins of icfcicncc. 1lcsc incIudc:

- lc scopc of lc pioicc
- idcnifving quaIiv spccificaions
- idcnifving lc hudgc avaiIahIc
- cIaiifving cxpcccd sai and conpIcion dacs.

cxpIoic cIicn cxpccaions

Cusonci cxpccaions nccd o hc dcfincd as accuiacIv as possihIc.
Wla aic lc cxpcccd ouconcs 1o wla dcgicc can lc cxpccaions and
icquiicncns of lc pioicc hc dcfincd and pIanncd

As a pioicc nanagci i is aII oo casv o hcIicvc vou know wla lc cusonci
wans of vou, hu ofcn lc pioicc nanagci's dcfiniion of succcss and lc cIicns
aic no aIigncd (5}. Ncvci nakc assunpions. ExpIoic assunpions and iisks
wil lc cIicn and idcnifv possihIc consiains. Ask qucsions, cxpIoic and
cIaiifv. Wla aic lc uIinac dcIivciahIcs Docs anv aspcc of lc pioicc lavc
piioiiv Foi cxanpIc, in lc casc of a ncw OIvnpic sadiun, conpIcing lc
pioicc on inc is a piioiiv and ciiicaI o lc succcss of lc pioicc.

idcnifv sakcloIdcis

In dcciding low o appioacl a pioicc lc pioicc nanagci nccds o link ahou
sakcloIdcis as lcv aic no aIwavs ohvious. 1o do lis, lc pioicc nanagci
nus Iook hcvond lc inncdiac can. Foi insancc, clanging lc ickc
coIIccion cquipncn a a ncio saion wilou conducing a iiaI wlicl
invoIvcd passcngcis icsuIcd in lc dcvcIopncn of inadcquac insiucions and
cndIcss qucucs duiing lc fiis wccks of opciaion. In lis casc, passcngcis wcic
a kcv sakcloIdci gioup wlo wcic conpIccIv ovciIookcd - lc icsuI was naioi
danagc o lc icpuaions of hol lc pioicc nanagci and lc ncio conpanv.
1lc had puhIiciv fion lis incidcn Icd o cxia vigiIancc fion a sccond
l8
sakcloIdci wlicl lad hccn nisscd - lc govcinncn hodv icsponsihIc foi
lcaIl and safcv. 1lc pooi Iauncl of onc pioicc lad unfoicsccn inpIicaions
on olci aicas of lc ncio's opciaion. SakcloIdcis nccd o hc idcnificd caiIv
on, consuIcd and nanagcd liouglou lc pioicc.

idcnifv pioicc ohiccivcs

I[ vcu aim at ncthing vcu ate sute tc hit it (3).

1o ncasuic succcss vou nus lavc cIcai ohiccivcs and succcss ciiciia. 1lcsc
slouId cnconpass hol 'laid', angihIc ncasuics sucl as inc, cos and
spccificaion wlicl dcsciihc 'wla' lc pioicc las o dcIivci, and 'sof' ncasuics
wlicl dcsciihc 'low' lc pioicc slouId hc iun.

Sonc pioiccs aic quic ccnctete, foi cxanpIc wlcn consiucing a hiidgc, i is
casv o scc wlcn lc 'laid' ciiciia lavc hccn nc. Olci pioiccs, foi cxanpIc
dcvcIoping dcpaincnaI skiIIs in landIing cusonci conpIains, lavc a Icss
angihIc ouconc - lcv aic fai noic cpen. Diffcicn sakcloIdcis wiII lavc
diffcicn pciccpions of lc dcsiicd ouconcs. 1lc pioicc nanagci las o
icconciIc lcsc diffciing pciccpions a lc ousc in oidci o ncgoiac a icaIisic
sc of 'laid' ohiccivcs.

1lc succcss of a pioicc wiII aIso hc iudgcd hv 'sof' ciiciia, cvcn lougl lcsc
aic iaicIv spcI ou. 1o idcnifv sof ciiciia lc pioicc nanagci nus ask kcv
sakcloIdcis low lcv wan lc pioicc o hc nanagcd and lcn hc adcp a
picking up nixcd ncssagcs. Foi cxanpIc 'I an iigl hclind vou, hu if
soncling gocs wiong in voui naikc cs, vou aic on voui own' givcs a cIcai
indicaion of wlcic lc pioicc nangci can icIv on suppoi.

considci lc nccd foi a fcasihiIiv sudv

In sonc cascs lc ouconcs fion a pioicc nav hc unknown and nav hc
dcpcndcn on facois vc o hc idcnificd. Wlcic a pioicc icquiics a ligl IcvcI of
capiaI invcsncn, sucl as lc ClanncI 1unncI, a fcasihiIiv sudv nav hc
icquiicd o idcnifv cnviionncnaI, gcoIogicaI and cclnicaI issucs. Oiganising a
fcasihiIiv sudv can hc a naioi pioicc in iscIf, hu is ofcn ncccssaiv in Iaigc
l9
pioiccs o convincc financiaI hackcis, govcinncn dcpaincns and olci naioi
invcsois.

idcnifv icsouiccs icquiicd

1lc scaIc of icsouiccs icquiicd foi lc pioicc nccds o hc idcnificd:
wla pcopIc wiII hc nccdcd: skiIIs, cxpciicncc, knowIcdgc,
suhconiacois, consuIans, nanagcncn, suppoi, suppIicis
wla cquipncn wiII hc nccdcd: naciiaIs, sofwaic, cclnicaI, faciIiics
wla aic lc IikcIv coss
AccuiacIv idcnifving lc iuc cos of a pioicc is a naioi piohIcn, paiicuIaiIv
in Iaigc pioiccs oi wlcic lc ouconcs canno hc accuiacIv dcfincd a lc
pIanning sagc. Coss aic usuaIIv undcicsinacd. 1lc nain coss of a pioicc aic
usuaIIv losc associacd wil lunan icsouiccs. Budgcing is a naioi cIcncn of
pioicc cosing and is an inpoian nonioiing ooI.

iisk nanagcncn

Risk nanagcncn slouId hc considcicd in aII pioiccs. 1lcic aic aII kinds of
iisks. Foi insancc lcic aic ohvious lcaIl and safcv iisks associacd wil lc
consiucion of an oiI pIafoin, hu lcic can aIso hc iisks associacd wil
conpanv inagc. An cxanpIc of lis is wlcic lc Iaigc supcinaikcs clains aic
now cnciing lc financiaI sciviccs naikc, wlicl i couId hc aigucd is a naikc
la is vicwcd wil sonc sccpicisn hv nanv cusoncis.

In siuaions wlcic lcic is a ligl dcgicc of uncciainv, lcic is aIso a ligl
dcgicc of iisk in cins of lc piogicss of lc pioicc and lc icIcvancc and
suiahiIiv of lc icsuIan ouconcs. In sucl cascs i nav hc appiopiiac o
undciakc a fcasihiIiv sudv, paiicuIaiIv wlcic lcic is a ligl IcvcI of
invcsncn icquiicd. Managing iisk is an inlcicn pai of pioicc pIanning and
icquiics nanagcis o akc a gIohaI vicw of lc pioicc and undcisand
dcpcndcncics and inciacions hcwccn lc vaiious aciviics. 1lc pioicc
nanagci nccds o hc cIcai ahou low iisk in onc aica nigl affcc olci aicas of
lc pioicc. A pioicc nanagci can pIan o avoid iisk, icducc oi ncuiaIisc iisk.
Risk nccds o hc considcicd a cacl sagc of pioicc nanagcncn.

Stage o[ project

2u
pIanning assess lc iisk
oiganising minimise lc iisk
conioIIing and nonioiing manage lc iisk
audi and icvicw mcdel lc iisk

Eacl iisk slouId hc considcicd in cins of is ptcoaoilitv and is impact on lc
pioicc, slouId i occui. An aIcinaivc wav of nininising iisk in iII-dcfincd
pioiccs is o appIv a sagcd appioacl. Woik is dcfincd o a cciain sagc in lc
pioicc, wlcic i is lcn ciiicaIIv icvicwcd icgaiding piogicss and aclicvcncns.
1lc pioicc couId hc wiicn off a anv sagc of lc pioicc. ExanpIcs of sucl
pioiccs incIudc icscaicl pioiccs wlcic ouconcs canno hc cIcaiIv dcfincd. Foi
insancc in icscaicl pioiccs foi ncw diugs, i nav hcconc cvidcn a a cciain
sagc in lc pioicc la a diug las unacccpahIc sidc affccs. A dccision nav hc
nadc, foIIowing asscssncn of lc IcvcI of acccpahiIiv of lc iisks fion lc
diug, la lc pioicc slouId hc ahandoncd.

coningcncv pIans

Coningcncv pIans aIIow foi dcaIing wil uncxpcccd oi cvcn cxpcccd piohIcns.
Duiing lc pIanning sagc, lc pioicc nanagci appIics a 'wla if' sccnaiio o
idcnifv iisks, paiicuIaiIv o losc aciviics la Iic on lc ciiicaI pal, oi lavc
lc pocniaI o causc naioi piohIcns. Siacgics oi ccntingencv plans nus lcn
hc idcnificd o nininisc lc affccs. Rcsouicc inpIicaions nccd o hc addicsscd
in lc cvcn of a iisk naciiaIising, and wiII nccd o hc hudgccd foi in lc
pioicc pIan. Foi cxanpIc, lc icfuihislncn of lc ciuisc slip lc OE2 wcn
ovci inc o sucl an cxcn la i lad o sc saiI wil nanv cahins unfinislcd,
wil non funcioning pIunhing and nanv angiv passcngcis as a icsuI. 1lc
vovagc was a oaI disasci and cos lc conpanv vas suns of noncv, no o
ncnion lc danagc la was donc o lc icpuaion of lc slip. No coningcncv
pIans wcic avaiIahIc o nanagc sucl an cvcnuaIiv.

1lc finaI pioicc pIan is no wiicn in ahIcs of sonc. PIans nus cvoIvc and
clangc ovci lc Iifc of lc pioicc o akc accoun of cvcns, consiains and
unfoicsccn piohIcns.

2l
l~=

Oncc lc pIanning sagc is conpIcc and lc pIan las hccn agiccd wil lc cIicn
and kcv sakcloIdcis, lc pioicc nanagci can now hcgin o oiganisc lc pioicc.
Bv now, lc pioicc nanagci wiII lavc idcnificd aII lc infoinaion ncccssaiv o
cnahIc lc pioicc o hc siucuicd and oiganiscd, aIong wil pioccduics foi
nonioiing and conioIIing. A kcv ask a lis sagc is o picpaic a woik
hicakdown siucuic.

woik hicakdown siucuic

1lc woik hicakdown siucuic is a conpiclcnsivc Iis of aII aciviics icquiicd o
ncc lc pioicc ohiccivc. Eacl aciviv is cxpIodcd uniI aII asks ncccssaiv o
pcifoin lc aciviv lavc hccn idcnificd. 1lcic wiII hc a nunhci of asks oi
scpping soncs wlicl, aIlougl no ciiicaI in cins of inc, aic icquiicd o
novc lc pioicc foiwaid. Picpaiing a woik hicakdown siucuic can hc inc
consuning as pcopIc nccd o hc consuIcd and opinions sougl.

Oncc lc Iis is conpIcc lc can nus csinac lc inc icquiicd foi cacl
aciviv. Soncincs i is cnping o aIIow cxia inc, 'in casc of..'. 1lis nav hc
appiopiiac in sonc insanccs wlcic cciain aciviics aic considcicd ligl iisk. I
lcn hcconcs an aspcc of iisk nanagcncn oi coningcncv pIanning, hu cvciv
cffoi slouId hc nadc o nakc csinacs as accuiac as possihIc, as gcing i
wiong can icsuI in wascd icsouiccs.

1can ncnhcis invoIvcd in caiiving ou cciain aciviics slouId lavc acccss o
woik hicakdown siucuics and fccI ahIc o coniihuc o lcn. An accuiac
undcisanding of lc fIow of woik is icquiicd hv aII invoIvcd if lc svscn is o
funcion cffccivcIv.

Milestones

MiIcsoncs aic kcv sagcs in lc pioicc naikcd hv lc conpIcion of significan
cvcns. A niIcsonc can hc dcfincd as:

22
A [ixed pcint taken at anv given time duting the ptcgtess c[ a ptcject. uhete actual
ptcgtess can oe ccmpated against estimated ptcgtess(3).

MiIcsoncs usuaIIv signifv kcv dcIivciahIcs and coniihuc o lc pioducion of
lc woik hicakdown siucuic. Eacl niIcsonc nus hc cIcaiIv dcfincd and
fuilci suhdividcd ino aciviics and asks la nccd o hc undciakcn o
conpIcc oi aiiivc a a paiicuIai niIcsonc. DcIivciahIcs foi cacl sagc wiII nccd
o hc nadc cxpIici, indicaing piogicss and adlcicncc o pcifoinancc
indicaois.

1lis cnahIcs caiIv idcnificaion of piohIcns so la coiiccivc acion can hc
akcn. Oncc niIcsoncs lavc hccn idcnificd, aciviics and asks suppoiing lc
niIcsonc hcconc appaicn. Bicaking down lc woik ino discicc sagcs lcIps
o idcnifv wla las o hc dcIivcicd a cacl sagc and lc icIaionslips hcwccn
lc aciviics. A sinpIc woik hicakdown siucuic foi lc opcning of a ncw
lcaIl cIuh is iIIusiacd in figuic 3.

c=P=t=~======~==~==

23
Oncc agiccd, lc woik hicakdown siucuic slouId no hc clangcd, unIcss
ciicunsanccs ncccssiac i. 1lcn i slouId onIv hc donc hv individuaIs wlo
lavc lc appiopiiac auloiiv. Olciwisc lc docuncn hcconcs a ficc foi aII
and Ioscs cicdihiIiv and inpoiancc. Adcquac clangc conioI pioccduics aic
aIso ncccssaiv o cnsuic la clangcs icqucscd hv lc cIicn do no hackfiic
Iaci. I nav no aIwavs hc appiopiiac oi piudcn o agicc aII icqucss fion lc
cIicn wlo nav no hc awaic of aII lc ciicunsanccs. Fion lc woik hicakdown
siucuic, lc pioicc nanagci can idcnifv dcpcndcn aciviics and pioducc a
sclcduIc of aciviics in scqucniaI oidci, conpIcc wil sai and sop dacs,
aking ino accoun lc dcadIinc dac foi lc pioicc.

Scheduling

1lc pioicc sclcduIc idcnifics wla nccds o hc donc, hv wlon, a wla sagc. I
aIso iIIusiacs icsouiccs icquiicd foi cacl sagc, incIuding lc inc icquiicd. A
lis sagc in lc pioicc, Can clais, ciiicaI pal anaIvsis and PER1 diagians
can hc considcicd o faciIiac pIanning and nonioi piogicss.

1lcsc aic spccific ooIs and cclniqucs wlicl faciIiac lc oiganising and
aIIocaion of icsouiccs o lc vaiious aciviics. Sucl ooIs aic dcpcndcn on
icIcvan and accuiac infoinaion and, if lc pioicc is Iaigc and conpIcx,
cxpciicncc and cxpciisc in lcii usc. In Iaigc concicc pioiccs, pioicc
nanagcncn sofwaic aIIows lis ask o hc undciakcn icIaivcIv quickIv, if lc
sizc and nauic of lc pioicc waiian.

Critical path analvsis

CiiicaI pal anaIvsis (CPA} is uscd o idcnifv lc ciiicaI pal liougl lc
pioicc. 1lis is lc Iongcs pal liougl lc pioicc wlcic aII lc aciviics
icquiicd o conpIcc lc pioicc aic found. I liglIigls lc caiIics inc lc
pioicc can hc conpIccd. I is ciiicaI hccausc piohIcns wil anv aciviv on la
pal couId dcIav lc pioicc. Bv idcnifving ciiicaI cvcns, losc aciviics
icquiiing paiicuIai acnion aic liglIiglcd. A sinpIc CPA foi lc opcning of a
lcaIl cIuh is iIIusiacd in figuic 4.

24
c=Q `~=~=~~====~=

Fion figuic 4 wc can scc la lc caiIics sai dac la lc lcaIl cIuh couId
opcn is 29 davs afci lc Icasc is agiccd. 1lc cIuh is dcpcndcn on lc avaiIahiIiv
of iaincd saff and lc caiIics lis couId hc aclicvcd is 29 davs. 1lcicfoic i is
ciiicaI la lc incivicw and iaining pIan is conpIccd as pci sclcduIc.

Wc can scc la cciain aciviics lavc [lcat. ic lcv lavc noic inc aIIocacd o
lcn lan lcv nccd. Wc can scc la icsouicc A las considciahIc [lcat inc in
cloosing lc cquipncn. Wc can aIso scc la icsouicc A is no hcing uscd afci
dav scvcn uniI lc finaI inspccion of lc cIuh, wlcicas icsouicc B is husv
liouglou. If icsouicc A couId coniihuc o incivicwing and iaining, i couId
savc inc and noncv, and wouId hiing lc opcning of lc cIuh foiwaid. 1lis
opinisaion of icsouiccs is caIIcd icsouicc snooling.

Piogiannc EvaIuaion and Rcvicw 1cclniquc (PER1} is vciv siniIai o ciiicaI
pal anaIvsis, hu cnds o hc uscd on Iaigci pioiccs (3}. I aIso foins lc hasic
siucuic of CPA uscd in conpuciiscd pioicc nanagcncn cclniqucs. PER1
diagians can hc uscfuI in idcnifving wlcn lcic is oo nucl aciviv and in
liglIigling unknown iisks.

25
Gantt charts

A Can clai iIIusiacs lc piogicss of lc pioicc agains lc pioicc pIan,
pioviding a snapslo of lc pioicc a anv onc inc (Fig 5}. 1lc Can clai can
aIso hc dcsigncd o slow losc aciviics la Iic on lc ciiicaI pal.
=
c=RK= d~=`~W=e~===
=
@@@@@=Z=on lc ciiicaI pal ''''' = non ciiicaI==
=
Computer so[tuare

Conpucis offci a uscfuI ooI o lcIp vou nanagc lc pioicc and icducc sonc
of lc cdiousncss. 1lcv can hc invaIuahIc in nanaging daa, sclcduIing and
idcnifving piogicss, hu lcv canno icpIacc good pioicc nanagcncn and
Icadcislip skiIIs. 1lcv canno nanagc lc pioicc. 1oo nucl acnion can hc
givcn o pioicc nanagcncn sofwaic, lc ooIs and cclniqucs aic uscfuI and
lavc lcii pIacc, hu lcv do no on lcii own cnsuic a succcssfuI pioicc. 1uinci
(l} idcnifics 3 nain vpcs of pioicc nanagcncn sofwaic:

l. Ncwoiking svscns (CPA, PER1}
2. Cos and icsouicc nanagcncn svscns
3. AppIicaion gcnciaois

26
MS Pioicc is avaiIahIc on lc conpuci ncwoik in lc LRC.

Critical Chain

CiiicaI Clain is onc of, if no, lc nos significan advanccs in lc aica of
pioicc nanagcncn foi sonc considciahIc inc. I was dcvcIopcd in lc Iac
l98u's hv Di. EIi CoIdia (auloi of lc The Goal"} and is a pai of lc 1lcoiv
of Consiains hodv of knowIcdgc. I hccanc puhIic donain wil lc
puhIicaion of Critical Chain" hv CoIdia in l995.

CiiicaI Clain claIIcngcs a nunhci of assunpions connonIv lcId ahou
pioicc nanagcncn. Manv uscis of CiiicaI Clain wouId aiguc la,

Manv pioiccs lavc noic lan cnougl inc in lcii sclcduIcs o ncc
oiiginaI connincns on scopc, quaIiv and cos ^ka copc wil lc
nuncious dcIavs and clangcs cxpciicnccd duiing lc IifccvcIc of lc
pioicc
Safcv inc in pioicc sclcduIcs is ofcn nisuscd hv plcnoncna sucl as
Sudcn Svndionc, Bad MuIi-asking, Paikinson's Law and
Svnclioniscd Incgiaion lcncc nanv pioiccs finisling Iac, ovci
hudgc and wil cu scopc.

OhviousIv, lis is a naioi claIIcngc! 1lc CiiicaI Clain nclodoIogv docs nanv
lings diffcicnIv.

A CiiicaI Pal is dccinincd hv lc Iongcs sciics of ask dcpcndcncics.
Howcvci, a pioicc is aIso consiaincd hv lc capaciv of is icsouiccs.
1lcicfoic, a pioicc's CiiicaI Clain is dccinincd hv is Iongcs sciics of
ask AND icsouicc dcpcndcn cvcns, pioducing a dianaicaIIv diffcicn
sclcduIc.
I is no ncccssaiv foi cvciv pioicc aciviv o finisl on inc. 1lc
aciviics la nus finisl on inc aic losc la pioducc a dcIivciahIc
pioniscd o a cusonci on a spccific dac
Manv aciviics in a pioicc wiII vaiv fion lc csinacs on lc pioicc
sclcduIc. 1lcicfoic, huffcis nus hc uscd o piocc lc pioicc fion
27
lcsc vaiianccs. Buffcis piocc lc ovciaII pioicc conpIcion incs,
NO1 lc conpIcion incs of individuaI asks.
Pioicc cxccuion slouId hc nonioicd and conioIIcd accoiding o lc
inpac 'cvcns' lavc on lc pioicc's huffcis. Buffci Managcncn givcs
pioicc cans ligl IcvcIs of focus and cnsuics coiiccivc acions aic in lc
iigl pIacc, lc iigl inc and o lc iigl dcgicc.

1lcsc cclniqucs vpicaIIv ncan la a CiiicaI Clain sclcduIc can hc sloici
lan a convcnionaI sclcduIc AND noic sahIc AND noic icIiahIv conpIcc on
inc! CiiicaI Clain is hcing adopcd hv sonc of lc woiId's Iaigcs
oiganisaions and uscd wil sonc succcss.

MS pioicc piovidcs no suppoi foi lc CiiicaI Clain nclodoIogv a aII.
Pioclain is a landv hoI-on packagc la sis on op of MS Pioicc and
connands i o do sonc good lings la aIIow us o sclcduIc and cxccuc
pioiccs in Iinc wil lc CiiicaI Clain nclodoIogv.

If vou wouId Iikc o discuss CiiicaI Clain wil sonconc fion Asliidgc, pIcasc
conac, AIcx Dinlan, Asliidgc ConsuIing cnaiI -
aIcx.dinlanOasliidgc.oig.uk

Resources

A lis sagc icsouiccs idcnificd in lc pIanning sagc nus hc nohiIiscd. 1lc
pioicc can idcnificd lc 'wla' in lc pIanning sagc and now nus cnci lc
inpIcncnaion sagc. Managing pcopIc, knowIcdgc, hudgcs and inc hcconc
csscniaI. FoinaI nclods of connunicaion and fccdhack nccd o hc cIaiificd
and agiccd, cg icpoiing pioccsscs, ficqucncv of nccings cc, paiicuIaiIv a lc
conpIcion of cacl niIcsonc. Connunicaion slouId hc a wo-wav pioccss.

Fccdhack is icquiicd fion losc icsponsihIc foi cciain aciviics, and lc pioicc
nanagci nus infoin and updac can ncnhcis of anv clangcs oi piohIcns o
lc pioicc pIan. Lincs of icsponsihiIiv nccd o hc nadc cxpIici and cvciv
individuaI nccds o hc cIcai ahou lcii IcvcI of accounahiIiv.

Budgcs agiccd in lc pIanning sagc now nccd o hc acccsscd o pav foi
naciiaIs, saff, suppIicis and suhconiacois wlcic icIcvan. Again svscns aic
28
viaI o cnsuic la piohIcns of ovcispcnd, uncxpcccd coss, can hc liglIiglcd
caiIv. Wlcic ousidc suppoi is icquiicd as in lc casc of suh-coniacois, i is
cquaIIv inpoian la connunicaion clanncIs aic in pIacc and IcvcIs of
icsponsihiIiv and accounahiIiv aic nadc cIcai. I is paiicuIaiIv inpoian la
cxpIici and unanhiguous coniacs aic agiccd.
=
`=~==

Mcclanisns foi conioIIing and nonioiing lc pioicc slouId hc an inlcicn
pai of lc pioicc. Rcvicws aic viaI o akc sock of piogicss, icdcfinc and wcak
lc pioicc. 1lc pioicc nanagci wiII wan o nanagc and conioI aspccs of lc
pioicc as wcII as possihIc, hu in sonc pioiccs a cciain aspcc of lc pioicc
wiII hc noic inpoian. 1lc nauic of lc pioicc nav aIci, goaI poss novcd oi
uncxpcccd piohIcns nav aiisc la lavc a hcaiing on an aspcc of lc pioicc.
Monioiing is paiicuIaiIv inpoian wlcic lcic is a ligl dcgicc of uncciainv
oi gucsswoik ahou csinacs. Effccivc conioI svscns:

NK EnahIc caiIv dcccion of piohIcns so la coiiccivc acion can hc akcn a lc
iigl inc
OK=Piovidc incIv foiccass of finaI coss, incscaIcs liougl lc appIicaion of
pcifoinancc indicaois=
PK Connunicac infoinaion and daa o can ncnhcis a lc iigl inc in lc
iigl foina
QK Ensuic accounahiIiv and icsponsihiIiv a aII IcvcIs of lc pioicc.

nanaging consiains

AII pioiccs opciac wilin sonc consiains. Haiiis (3} dcfincs consiains as:
Busincss consiains, cg govcinncn, IcgaI icquiicncns, husincss
siacgv
Econonic consiains, cg cos, financc, cuiicncv iacs, incics IcvcIs
EnviionncnaI consiains, cg skiIIs avaiIahIc, plvsicaI cnviionncn,
sccuiiv ncasuics, connunicaion, pioccduics
1cclnicaI consiains, cg oiganisaionaI ahiIiics, sandaids,
Iiniaions, cquipncn.

29
Rccognising sucl consiains nccds o hc donc in lc caiIv sagcs of lc pioicc.
Oncc lc pioicc is undciwav lcv wiII hcconc appaicn liouglou lc pioicc
and lcicfoic lavc o hc nanagcd inncdiacIv Icss lcv fiusiac, dcIav oi cvcn
woisc Icad o lc ahandonncn oi faiIuic of lc pioicc. Cciain consiains wiII
hc ousidc lc conioI of lc pioicc nanagci, hu caiIv iccogniion of lcsc and
aIIowancc foi lcn wiII inpiovc lc piospcc of a succcssfuI pioicc.

conioIIing icsouiccs

Rememoet that time is mcnev.
B. FiankIin, in 'Advicc o a Young 1iadcsnan' c. l78u

Rcsouiccs can hc vciv difficuI o conioI paiicuIaiIv in Iong pioiccs oi conpIcx
pioiccs. PiohIcns wil cquipncn, saff, financc, wiII affcc inc, quaIiv oi cos.
1lcic nccds o hc a haIancc hcwccn inc, cos and quaIiv and lcsc can ofcn
clangc duiing lc couisc of lc pioicc. I nav foi insancc hc ncccssaiv o iadc
sonc cos foi cxia inc. Wlcic coiiccivc acion is ncccssaiv, i nav hc ncccssaiv
o icaiiangc woikIoad, pu in noic cffoi and icsouiccs oi Iowci lc anhiions
of lc pioicc. 1cclnicaI and pcopIc issucs nccd o hc dcaI wil in paiaIIcI.
Pcifoinancc indicaois nonioi pcifoinancc and piogicss agains spccific
ciiciia and slouId hc pai of lc ongoing icvicw pioccss. Pcifoinancc indicaois
slouId hc sc agains cacl aciviv, lc nos inpoian oncs gcnciaIIv icIac o
saving wilin cos, kccping o inc dcadIincs, and nccing quaIiv
spccificaions. A fccdhack Ioop, oi a cIoscd Ioop conioI svscn, cnsuics la
cacl insiucion las a coiicsponding confiinaion signaI o cnsuic nonioiing
of icsouiccs and piogicss. PcopIc aic gcnciaIIv lc nos inpoian cosIv
icsouicc in pioiccs. Rcsouicc snooling slouId hc considcicd wlcic lcic is
spaic capaciv anong pcisonncI.

1lc conpIcion of pioicc niIcsoncs is an oppoiunc inc o icvicw icsouiccs
and piogicss and o ncasuic pcifoinancc. I is aIso a good inc o invoIvc lc
cIicn and icvicw pioicc ohiccivcs o cnsuic lc pioicc icnains on iack. CIicn
saisfacion nccds o hc nonioicd, paiicuIaiIv wlcic piioiiics clangc, oi wlcic
consiains incifcic wil piogicss. In Iong, conpIcx pioiccs i can hc
paiicuIaiIv difficuI foi lc pioicc nanagci o kccp lis[lci cvc on lc pioicc
ohiccivcs. No pioicc cvci iuns conpIccIv iuc o foin: sonc aciviics wiII cos
noic lan cxpcccd and sonc Icss. 1lc pioicc pIan wiII ficqucnIv hc updacd
3u
and clangcd, hu if donc in a conioIIcd wav i dcnonsiacs la coiiccivc
acion is hcing akcn, la icsouiccs aic hcing opiniscd and la lc pioicc is
hcing conioIIcd and nanagcd.

^=~==
=
1lc succcss of a pioicc can hc considcicd in cins of low i nc lc cIicn's
cxpccaions.

expectaticns ate like land mines. I[ vcu atent cleat aocut them. thev can explcde at the
uctst pcssiole mcment and desttcv the ttust vcu have uctked sc hatd tc develcp (6)

1lc pioicc slouId no hc considcicd conpIccd uniI a finaI audi and icvicw
las akcn pIacc. 1iadiionaIIv lis las no hccn pai of lc pioicc fiancwoik in
nanv oiganisaions, hu incicasingIv lc inpoiancc of a icvicw pioccss is
hcconing appaicn and sandaid. Foi cxanpIc, pos pioicc appiaisaI (PPA} las
hccn an csahIislcd aciviv in BP foi ovci wcnv vcais. 1lis is an ohiccivc
appiaisaI of lc pioicc hv cxcinaI audiois and hv losc wlo paiicipacd in lc
pioicc, wil an cnplasis on Icaining fion lc pioicc.

Ouconcs fion lc pioicc aic cIcaiIv inpoian in cins of wlclci i nc
cxpccaions. AII pioiccs wlclci succcssfuI oi no slouId hc icvicwcd. 1lc
conpIcc pioicc siucuic and pioccss slouId hc audicd:

did pioicc iun o inc, wilin cos and ncc quaIiv spccificaions
wla wcn wiong CouId i lavc hccn avoidcd
wla wcn wcII CongiauIac can ncnhcis.
wla did no go so wcII How can i hc avoidcd in lc fuuic
wla was Icaincd
inpIicaions foi clangc
wla ooIs and cclniqucs wcic uscfuI

Apai fion lc ohvious icvicw of wlclci lc cIicn was saisficd oi no, wlclci
lc pioicc was dcIivcicd on inc, wilin cos o lc iigl spccificaion, lcic aic
aIso inpoian pcisonaI Icaining ouconcs o hc considcicd. 1lcic wiII hc
Icaining fion ius paiicipaing on a pioicc. Ncw skiIIs nav hc Icain in
3l
nanaging pcopIc, hudgcs, usc of I1. Cicaci insigl can hc gaincd fion woiking
wil pcopIc fion olci spcciaIiics and fion conac wil scnioi ncnhcis of an
oiganisaion. EquaIIv, oiganisaionaI Icaining can akc pIacc. Lcaining ahou
olci conpanics, lcii nclods, landIing suppIicis, coniacois - lc Iis is
cndIcss.

Audi and icvicw slouId foIIow a siucuicd pioccss o naxinisc Icaining. I
slouId aIso hc undciakcn fion a 'no hIanc' pcispccivc. Bol lc conpIcion
and lc Icaining slouId hc ccIchiacd - lis wav icaI iansfcicncc of Icaining
fion hol succcssfuI and unsucccssfuI pioiccs can hc icIacd o fuuic pioiccs.
32
a=~=

1lc foIIowing dcvcIopncn aciviics aic cxciciscs incndcd o lcIp vou link
ahou lc icIcvancc and uscfuIncss of pioicc nanagcncn in voui aica of woik.
Pick lc oncs la nos appcaI and lavc a go:

diaw a sakcloIdci nap foi a pioicc vou aic woiking on. Inaginc
vou lavc conpIccd lc pioicc succcssfuIIv, link of wla nigl lavc gonc
wiong and aII lc haiiicis vou wouId lavc ovciconc. 1link of lc pcopIc wlo
wouId lavc hccn inpaccd diiccIv oi indiiccIv hv lc pioicc. Lis aII lc
pcopIc, dcpaincns and oiganisaions la conc o nind. Ncx, foi cacl nanc
on voui Iis ask lc qucsion: t===~=\
=
Makc nocs aIongsidc cacl nanc on voui Iis using kcvwoids.
1lcn ask vouiscIf 'Do lcv wan i' and ' Wla do lcv link i is'

1lc answcis o lcsc qucsions wiII givc vou insigls ino lc iangc of pcopIc
and agcndas vou aic dcaIing wil. Now considci lc inpIicaions foi nanaging
lcii cxpccaions.

link ahou pioiccs vou lavc paiicipacd in - onc la was succcssfuI
and onc la was unsucccssfuI. Wlv do vou link lc unsucccssfuI pioicc faiIcd
Wla cffccs did i lavc on lc can, cIicn, dcpaincn[oiganisaion How
nigl faiIuic lavc hccn avoidcd
Wla wcic lc claiacciisics of lc succcssfuI pioicc
Considci discussing wil coIIcagucs giving acnion o pIanning,
oiganising,
Monioiing and icvicw pioccduics.

Iis licc conpccnccs la vou wouId Iikc o dcvcIop in vouiscIf la
wouId cnahIc vou o nanagc pioiccs oi cans noic cffccivcIv. Considci wla
lcIp, infoinaion vou nccd o aclicvc lis.
33
pLL= = = = p===
=
NK=
OK=
PK=
=
iv voui land a ciiicaI pal anaIvsis. AppIv CPA o a pioicc vou lavc
icccnIv hccn invoIvcd in. Can vou idcnifv lc ciiicaI pal Wla aciviics Iic
on lc ciiicaI pal Did lcsc aciviics uin ou o hc ciiicaI in lc cvcn of lc
pioicc

considci low lc pioicc nanagcncn appioacl couId hc appIicd o
nanagcncn piohIcns in voui oiganisaion. Wla kinds of piohIcns wouId i
hc suiahIc foi How couId vou cngagc coIIcagucs in considciing lis appioacl
Wla ooIs and cclniqucs, nclods wouId hc uscfuI

considci low audi and icvicw cclniqucs couId hc appIicd in voui
oiganisaion How couId lcv hc appIicd o piohIcns oi pioiccs using a
Icaining pcispccivc

find ou wlclci pioicc nanagcncn sofwaic is uscd in voui
oiganisaion. If so icvicw lc sofwaic and considci low appiopiiac i is foi
aciviics in voui can oi dcpaincn. Wla ooIs oi cclniqucs Iook uscfuI

low aic pioicc cans nanagcd in voui oiganisaion Do pioicc
nanagcncn guidcIincs cxis oi do individuaI cans dccidc lcii own woiking
piaciccs Wla aic lc advanagcs and disadvanagcs of woiking o pioicc
nanagcncn guidcIincs

low couId paiicipaion in pioiccs hc noic cffccivcIv uscd as a
Icaining cxpciicncc in voui oiganisaion hol foi vouiscIf and foi voui saff

This leatning guide uas utitten ov Ii. Cattcll. an Ashtidge asscciate. and Catcle
Ostetueil. a client and ptcgtamme ditectct at Ashtidge
34
o==

l} 1uinci, I R (l993}, Handbooh o[ Project Based Management: Improving the
processes [or achieving strategic objectives. McCiaw HiII.
2} Lconaid-Baion, D c aI (l994}, Hou to integrate uorh and deepen expertiseI
Haivaid Busincss Rcvicw, Scp-Oc. pl2l-l3u.
3} Haiiis, I (l997}, in Sharpen Your Team's Shills in Project Management.
McCiaw-HiII, p53.
4} In Wason, C S (l997}, Managing Project [or Personal Success. IncinaionaI
1lonpson, p4.
5} Sasiowski, F and Buiscin, D (l994}, Total Qualitv Project Management [or
the Design Firm, Ioln WiIcv & Sons.
6} In NcIson, C (l996}, TQM and ISO 9000 [or Architects and Designers.
McCiaw-HiII.

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