PROBLEM 1: Indication of unstabilized road pavement due to visible cracks

Roads are a major form of transportation, and numerous vehicles use them daily. Because
of this, having adequate roads is essential for a safe journey. However, over time, roads do
sustain damage as a result of frequent automobile use. When a road is broken, its surface initially
develops fractures (Paving, 2018).

Overloading, seepage, unsuitable or poor road surface drainage, lack of proper road
maintenance, lack of proper design, unfavorable climatic conditions, among other things, are
major reasons for pavement deterioration and degradation (Jamal, 2017). Distresses on the road
disrupt and negatively impact traffic safety and flow, resulting in subpar road performance.
Early detection of road cracks is crucial because it allows for appropriate corrective action and
preventive road maintenance to be implemented before the issue gets out of hand and the
pavement starts to deteriorate. Thus, maintaining the pavement has significant economic
advantages since it keeps the pavement from failing.

Road cracking, a sign of unstable road construction, is extremely noticeable in some

regions of the community in today's society. The weather conditions are one of the explanations
for why this phenomena occurred. Uncontrolled cracking nearly always results from the weather
in some form. Concrete hydration and shrinkage are influenced by air temperature, wind, relative
humidity, and sunlight. These elements may cause concrete to heat up or cool down or absorb
moisture from exposed concrete surfaces. In cold weather, the sub base can act as a heat sink to
absorb heat from the concrete, while in hot, sunny weather, it can act as a heat source to add heat
to the slab's bottom. The road surface may get cracked if too much water has gathered there. The
bottom layer of a road can be reached by accumulated water that seeps through the road surface.

If cracks are not fixed, potholes may form. Once the potholes have formed, future road
expenses may be very high. Therefore, it is preferable that you take precautions and stop the
development of road cracks. Better road drainage should be a priority during road building to
avoid water buildup on the roads.

Reference:

aboutcivil.org. 2017. [online] Available at: <https://www.aboutcivil.org/road-cracks-

types-factors.html> [Accessed August 2022].
PROBLEM 2: Flooding due to improper Road Elevation/Sloping and Lack of Proper drainage
system design at Quezon, Bukidnon

Flooding has always been the most common calamity people experience here in the
Philippines, especially during heavy rainfalls. It has become a challenge to the community which
can possibly bring damages and even fatalities. Flooding is also one of the fastest ways that
contribute to the spread of various diseases in the community. Sudden floods are usually caused
by a storm, water overflow from rivers and streams, dam breakage, lake, coastal flooding, and
clogged drainage systems (Ramiz, 2020). Frequent flooding may cause so much disruption to the
community as it affects the movement of transportation, road accessibility, health, and
environment (Othman & Hamid, 2014).

Recently, many typhoons have hit the Philippines which caused flooding in many areas
of the country. In the province of Bukidnon, one of the municipalities affected by flooding is
Quezon, Bukidnon, particularly in Barangay San Jose and the Poblacion proper. In the case of
Barangay San Jose, it was observed that the stormwater remains stagnant on the road surface and
cannot transverse due to the unavailability of a proper canal and drainage system in the area.
This problem has brought obstruction, especially for the motorist, since it is difficult to pass
through. Regarding the Poblacion proper, the national access road has an even surface and a
lesser slope which impede water to move directly into its dedicated canal and drainage system.

To address the problem, one suggested resolution for the occurrence of floods in the
mentioned area is to re-design the current and existing roadway to have a proper slope that will
guide the water into its proper canal and drainage system. With this, the water can go directly
into the canal and not just remain on the road surface. Another solution is to assess and
rehabilitate available and existing canal and drain systems in the area. This suggested solution
may provide a better network for stormwater and not remain stagnant inside the canals.

Floods occur anywhere around the globe, and this indicates that it requires attention. It
should not be disregarded since it brings hazards and danger to the community. Thus, we need to
constantly search for efficient solutions in addressing particular problems to achieve maximum
safety and convenience for the community and the whole environment.
References

Shs-conferences.org. 2022. [online] Available at:

<https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2014/08/shsconf_sbes2014_01002.pdf>
[Accessed August 2022].

Civil Click. 2022. Causes of Flooding - its 6 [Causes & Preventions]. [online] Available
at: <https://www.civilclick.com/causes-of-flooding/> [Accessed August 2022].
PROBLEM 3: Roadway Flooding in Balila, Lantapan, Bukidnon due to the River System of
Manupali Watershed

One of the most frequent categories of natural catastrophes that affect communities
globally are floods. Global warming, urban sprawl, and population growth are all raising the risk
of flooding in many communities (Rangari et al., 2021). State and local governments take steps
to manage floodwater, but as development continues in flood-prone localities and weather
patterns shift as a consequence of climate change, it’s possible that the flood controls now in
place won't be able to resist future flood occurrences, increasing significant harm (Yildirim et al.,
2021). Floods can drastically affect connected infrastructure, such as roads and pipelines, in
addition to causing economic harm to businesses and homes. A predicament in one part of an
interconnected structure might have repercussions throughout the entire system (Jasour et al.,
2021). For instance, someone who lives outside a flood zone might depend on intermodal
transport that has passages inside flood zones, necessitating frequent detours and longer journey
times. More focus has been given in the last ten years to how flooding affects the efficiency of
transportation systems (Douglass et al., 2014).

In the Province of Bukidnon, flooding has become a frequent occurrence, and floods in
the province are typically related to high rainfall events. One of the places in Bukidnon listed as
flood-prone areas is Valencia City (Mines and Geosciences Bureau 10, 2008) and parts of
Bangcud in Malaybalay City (CLUP-Malaybalay). Its geography and the nearby river systems
are credited with this. The Manupali Watershed that is located in Lantapan, Bukidnon is one of
the river systems that drain the aforementioned cities (Abendaño et al., 2020). On January 19,
2017, the rear of a cold front caused flooding in some areas of Mindanao (Lagsa, 2017). More
recent flood incidents include those in August and December 2007, Typhoon Pablo in December
2012, October and September 2012, and October 2013 (NDRRMC, 2012). In accordance with
the Philippine Statistics Authority 2015 National Census, 52,350 dwellers of the barangays of
Lantapan, Malaybalay, and Valencia were among the most susceptible due to their close
proximity to the river. This issue needs to be taken into consideration in order to find the best
preventative measures for minimizing the effects of inundation on a road system. To facilitate
comprehensive and economical adaptation planning, it is important to address the need to
determine who might be impacted and when (McGrath et al., 2015). Greater flood risk
awareness, flood resilience measures, and safe roads will result from an efficient flood risk
assessment (Alabbad et al., 2022). The process of assessing and managing flood risk will involve
the following: a.) identifying the risk, b.) determining its importance, and then c.) adopting steps
to address and eliminate hazards. These could work on improving understanding of the presumed
effects of flood events, offer a thorough understanding of the province of Bukidnon flood-prone
communities, and aid in the development of possible modifications within the floodplain to
reduce flood-related damages and provide a framework for enhancing the response to flooding
and accelerating the development.

References:

Alabbad, Y., &amp; Demir, I. (2022, April 9). Comprehensive flood vulnerability
analysis in urban communities: Iowa case study1. International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212420922001741?via%3Dihub

Jasour, Z. Y., Reilly, A. C., Tonn, G. L., &amp; Ferreira, C. M. (2022, March 26).
Roadway flooding as a bellwether for household retreat in rural, coastal regions vulnerable to
sea-level rise. Climate Risk Management. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096322000328

Alabbad, Y., Mount, J., Campbell, A. M., &amp; Demir, I. (2021, June 18). Assessment
of transportation system disruption and accessibility to critical amenities during flooding: Iowa
case study. Science of The Total Environment. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721035488?via%3Dihub

Abendaño, M. (2020). Hydrologic model for flooding in Manupali watershed and its ...
Research Gate. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joan-
Recente/publication/348415539_Hydrologic_Model_for_Flooding_in_Manupali_Watershed_an
d_Its_Implications_to_Land-Use_Policies/links/5ffda6d8299bf140888cecf7/Hydrologic-Model-
for-Flooding-in-Manupali-Watershed-and-Its-Implications-to-Land-Use-Policies.pdf

Yildirim, E., &amp; Demir, I. (2021, February 17). An integrated flood risk assessment
and Mitigation Framework: A case study for middle cedar river basin, Iowa, US. International
Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212420921000790

McGrath, H., Stefanakis, E., &amp; Nastev, M. (2015, September 14). Sensitivity
analysis of flood damage estimates: A case study in Fredericton, New Brunswick. International
Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212420915300625

Rangari, V. A., Umamahesh, N. V., &amp; Patel, A. K. (2021, February 19). Flood-
hazard risk classification and mapping for urban catchment under different climate change
scenarios: A case study of hyderabad city. Urban Climate. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212095521000237

Aguda, Keziah Joie C.

Galula, Wycleaf Geffin L.
Jamilarin, Vince B.
Madriaga, Kimberly Claire P.
Nalla, James Louel
Pocong, Omiz Jan R.
Rubio, Harold Van C.
Tano, Ian Michael
Tingson, Rubylen B.