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What is Communication?
- A process of sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to another within and
across channels, contexts, media, and cultures
(McCornack, 2014)
- Sharing information, thoughts, and feelings between
people through speaking, listening, writing and body
language.
- Derived from the Latin word “common,” which means,
“belonging to many” and “communico”- to confer with
others. It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas
and understanding by any effective means.
Nature of Communication
- Is a process of exchanging ideas between two or more
persons.
Elements of Communication
A. SENDER
- Also known as the encoder
- Decides on the message to be sent and the best or
most effective way that it can be sent.
B. MEDIUM
- I s the immediate form which a message takes.
C. CHANNEL
- Responsible for the delivery of the chosen message
form.
D. RECEIVER
- Also known as the decoder
- Responsible for extracting/ decoding meaning from the
message.
E. FEEDBACK
- Determines whether or not the decoder grasped the
intended meaning and whether communication was
successful.
F. CONTEXT
- The context of any communication act is the
environment surrounding it.
G. NOISE
- Also called interference/hindrances
PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMMUNICATION
A. SCHEMATA DRIVEN
- Schemata driven pretty instant individual background
knowledge.
- Transmitted messages become understandable or
meaningful because of your old knowledge
B. AN INTERPRETATIVE ACT
- The receiver’s main role is to interpret the message.
- Does not guarantee direct or automatically between two
minds, knowledge only becomes meaningful when you
initiate communicate them to others.
C. ACTIVE, POWERFUL, FORCEFUL
- ACTIVE- engages both the speaker and the listener.
- POWERFUL and FORECFUL- elicits different meaning and
reaction.
D. SYMBOLIC
- Signs, marks, letters, words, sentences, images: all of
which contain messages.
- Non-Verbal Communication represent symbolic
communication as well.
E. ALWAYS RESULT INTO SOMETHING
- It refers to two or more persons participating in any
communicative act the first expresses or sends a
message the second respond or react to message.
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F. IRREVERSABLE
- The things you have said remains as it is susceptible to
different interpretations or meanings.
- Once the speaker says something, it can no longer be
unsaid.
G. CONTEXTUAL
- An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn’t only
involve the sender and the receiver, but also other
aspects of the communication setting like time, place,
topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of communication.
H. DEVELOPMENTAL OF PROGRESSIVE
- Achieving communicative competence is not a one-time
learning experience.
I. PROCESS
- Communication takes place in several stages.
J. ETHICAL
- Communication event is governed by rules morals values
and beliefs agreed upon by the society.
K. INFLUENCED BY MEDIA AND TECHNOLOCY
- Now, you are in the era of knowledge explosion or
modern technology.
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- It consists of symbols such as letters words and other
marks that you need to subject to language or grammar
rules.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- A culture bound some are universally known.
- Consist of action tone or a way of speaking appearance
etc.
DIFFERENT NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
SYMBOLS
• BODY MOVEMENTS
- Movements of your body like gestures, facial
expressions, posture and eye express meanings.
- Also called as KINESICS
• PARALANGUAGE
- Extra sounds that go with your spoken words (Rate,
Pitch, Volume, Quality)
• TIME/CHRONEMICS
- Chronemics is the term that refers to your act of
studying, the impact of effect of time on your behavior.
• DISTANCE/PROXEMICS
- A space or distance symbolizes or represents your
thoughts or feelings about your world.
• PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND OBEJCT
LANGUAGE
- Meaning in this kind of non-verbal language or symbolizes
or represented by dressing styles body types by the
appearance like size or shape architectural designs or
structures are the object graphic material, lightning
effect.
CULTURE
- Came from the Latin word “Colere” –
meaning to tend to earth and grow which also means
cultivation and nurture. (Zimmermann,2017)
- It encompasses religion, food, clothes, language marriage
music beliefs behavior, etiquette and million other things
(De Rossie,2017)
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CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION .
- Involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge ASPECTS OF GENDER:
with which people associate their individuals and collective 1. GENDER ASSIGNMENT
cultural identities. - Gender from birth (biological classification)
- Globalization brings increasing Interconnectedness among 2. GENDER ROLE
different populations and cultures. - Defined by society and its view on what a male and
female should be
3. GENDER IDENTITY
A. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS OF CULTURE - How a person identifies and sees himself/herself
1. INTRINSIC BENEFITS 4. GENDER ATTRIBUTION
- culture brings people together (leisure, Entertainment, - How a society/culture identifies a person based on that
information, shared experiences) society’s view of gender role without knowing persons
2. IMPROVED LEARNING AND VAUABLE SKILLS identification
- Education and lifelong learning
3. BETTER HEAKTH AND WELL BEING
- Creativity and cultural engagement improve mental and CULTURAL APPRECIATION VS CULTURAL
physical APPROPRIATION
4. VIBRANT COMMUNITIES. A. CULTURAL APPRECIATION
- Social solidarity, cohesion, social inclusion, community
empowerment, civic pride, tolerance
- Cultural appreciation is when elements of a culture
are used while honoring the source they came
B. ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CULTURE from. It is important to take note that appreciation
1. CONTRIBUTION TO JOB CREATION involves respect and value.
- From industrial to “creative” economy. B. CULTURAL APPROPRIATION
2. CONTRIBUTION TO TOURISM - Cultural appropriation is taking intellectual
- supports job creation as well as infrastructure property, traditional knowledge, cultural
developments (museum, art gallery, historical sites) expressions, or artifacts from someone else’s
3. CULTURAL PLANNING
- Involves broad community engagement.
culture without permission.
- This can include unauthorized use of another
culture’s dance, dress, music, language, folklore,
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY cuisine, traditional medicine, religious symbols, etc.
- An attitude and a way of behave in which you are aware
of and acknowledge cultural differences; it’s crucial for LANGUAGE VARIETIES AND LANGUAGE
such global goals as world peace and economic growth a
well as for effective interpersonal communication REGISTERS
I. LANGUAGE VARIETIES
1. PIDGIN
GENDER SENSITIVITY
- Being aware that there are differences between male - - a new language which develops in situations where
and female, but those differences are not universal. speakers of different languages need to communicate
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but don’t share a common language. The vocabulary of
pidgin comes mainly from one particular language called
the ‘lexifier’.
2. CREOLE
- - a pidgin that has become a native language of a
community
- has taken most of its vocabulary from the lexifier, but
has its own unique grammatical rules
- not restricted
3. REGIONAL DIALECT
- - not a distinct language but a variety of a language
spoken in particular area of a country
4. MINORITY DIALECT
- - a variety of language used by minority ethnic group
which they use as a marker of identity, usually alongside
a standard variety.
5. INDIGENIZED VARIETY
- - spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with
Multilingual populations.

II. LANGUAGE REGISTERS

1. STATIC REGISTER/FROZEN REGISTER
- - style of communications that rarely or never changes
and does not require feedbacks
2. FORMAL REGISTER
- language used in formal settings and usually follows a
commonly accepted format
3. CONSULTATIVE REGISTER
- a professional discourse which is formal and the users
are accompanied by societal expectations
4. CASUAL REGISTER
- informal language used by peers and friends (slang,
vulgarities, colloquialisms)
5. INTIMATE REGISTER
- used in ‘private’ communication and is reserved for
close family members or intimate people