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Stabilization of Peat Soil Using Locally Admixture
Stabilization of Peat Soil Using Locally Admixture
HBRC Journal
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KEYWORDS Abstract Peat has considerable negative geotechnical properties such as high water content, low
Peat; shear strength, high organic matter, and low bearing capacity and consequently a significant sever-
Organic soils; ing high compressibility takes place that makes it as one of the most difficult soils for constructing
Properties; structures over its natural state. Because of these geotechnical problems of peat soil, improvement
Improvement methods mechanism is so essential when the peat soil exists to deal with it as a soil foundation. In this paper,
the physical and mechanical properties of the peat are discussed. Also, the two creative mixtures
were prepared to study their effect on the properties of peat and to what extent can these new mix-
tures improve both the physical and mechanical properties of peat layers to bear stresses as the soil
foundation, the first one consisted of clayey diatomite which is widespread in Egypt, calcium car-
bonate, lime and water. On the other hand, the prepared second mixture has the same ingredients of
the first one except to replace the clayey diatomite by the cement. For both mixtures two systems of
cubes were prepared, and peat was added to the two prepared mixtures. Then the all cubes were
submerged in clean water, and also in sewage water for forty-five days for the sake of studying their
durability against submergence and environmental changes, and the cubes’ resistances were mea-
sured. The obtained results in this study were compared by other currently used mixtures for sta-
bilizing peat soils to date for focusing clearly on the performance magnitude of this study.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2016.11.004
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Stabilization of peat soil using locally admixture 295
Table 2 Classification of peat and organic soils (After landva and Pheeney, 1980).
Soil type Peats Peaty organic soils Organic soils Soil with organic content
Group symbol Pt PtO O MO or CO
Ash content% <20 20–40 40–95 95–99
Organic content >80 60–80 5–60 1–5
Particle density <1.7 1.6–1.9 >1.7 >2.4
Moisture content 200–3000 150–800 100–500 <100
Liquid limit Difficult Test to perform >50 <50
Fiber content >50 <50 Insignificant –
Degree of decomposition H1-H8 H8- H10 H 10 –
296 A.E. Abdel-Salam
Figure 2 Shear strength gain (28 day) of various types of soil (After [7]).
agent or hydraulic binder because it can be used alone to bring Clayey diatomite as stabilizing material
about the stabilizing action required (Sherwood, 1993), while
lime provides an economical way of soil stabilization and lime The samples of clayey diatomite of Upper Miocene age origi-
modification describes an increase in strength resulting by nated from Kom Osheam at south of Giza and north of
cation exchange capacity rather than cementing effect resulting Fayom. The world product about 1.930 thousand metric tons,
by pozzolanic reaction [8]. When cement reacts with water in commercial diatomite products provide fine-sized, irregular-
peat, it forms calcium silicate hydrate or tobermorite gels 2 shaped porous non-caking particles that have a large surface
(3CaO.2SiO .3H O), which act as glue that bind and hold area and high liquid absorption capacity.
the soil particles together [9]. As shown in Fig. 2, cement Diatomite is a silica mineral composed of the fossilized
and/or lime as the binder material among peat particles could skeletal remains of microscopic single celled aquatic plants
not achieve satisfied performance in spite of tedious effort and (algae) called diatoms. Over 10,000 species of microscopic
high cost required where the maximum obtained performance algaes have been recognized, each one has its own distinct
is 30 kPa (0.30 kg/cm2) after 28 days by using cement. shape and ranging in size from below 5 lm to above 100 lm.
Stabilization of peat soil using locally admixture 297
The XRD of the sample clearly explain the highly crystalline tests were performed by preparing three groups of cubes for
peaks of calcite, clay, quartz, beside the amorphous peak of every mixture. The test method consists of applying a compres-
diatomite phase. The two types of carbonates, calcite and sive axial load to molded cubes at a rate which is within a pre-
dolomite, were quit detected (Fig. 3) and the mineralogy com- scribed range until failure occurs. The compressive strength of
ponent were explain before. Table 3 illustrates the chemical the specimen is calculated by dividing the maximum load
analysis of the sample, which confirms the predicted XRD attained during the test by the cross-sectional area of the spec-
phase analysis of the ore. imen. After one day, the unit weight and relatively dry com-
pressive strength of the first group were measured. Then the
Stabilizing of peat soil second group of cubes was submerged in clean water and the
other used cubes of third group were submerged in sewage
In this study, stabilizing the peat soil or improving its property water for 45 day; thereafter, the unit weight and compressive
to sustain safely any relatively high compressive strength by strength for both second and third groups were measured.
decreasing the void ratio by filling the space among peat par- For main tests, cubes 5 * 5 * 5 cm3 were used for mixtures’
ticles by grouting with the two creative prepared mixtures, ingredients without peat and cubes 10 * 10 * 10 cm3 were used
both of them has spedaj (calcium carbonate), lime, water, plus when adding peat to the mixtures with unit weight 0.11 gm/
clayey dolomite for the first tested mixture or plus cement for cm3 as mentioned before. The gained original consistency of
the second one. the tested grout mixes into cubes was so close to the consis-
tency of very soft clay as shown in Fig. 4 for the sake of signif-
The Experimental program icantly improving the pump ability to distribute
homogeneously the grout mix through injection action among
peat particles.
At first, preliminary trial and error tests were carried out to
Clayey diatomite and cement have considerable ability to
obtain the ideal or critical percentages of each component of
absorb water while calcium carbonate (spedaj) and lime have
the both mixtures. The components for the first one are clayey
also relative ability to absorb water and they are also working
dolomite, spedaj, lime, and water and cement, spedaj, lime,
as filler material among peat particles (see Tables 4 and 5).
and water for the second one. The ideal or critical percentages
were obtained when the mixtures could able to keep their dry
Results and discussion
shapes exactly unchanged for long time after submergence. It
has been obtained that, mixture (1) consists of 20% clayey dia-
tomite, 27% calcium carbonate, 12% lime and 41% water, and – Peat in normal case does not have any strength with very
on the other hand, mixture (2) consists of 25% cement, 33% high water content and therefore it is necessary for a filler
calcium carbonate, 14% lime and 28% water. Hence main material among its particles able to improve its physical
(a) Prepared cubes 5*5*5 cm3 (b) Prepared cubes 10*10*10 cm3
and mechanical properties to bear safely any stresses from sewage water for 45 days. On the other hand, the second
the structures constructed over it. The two grout mixes that mixture ’cement, spedaj, lime and water’ improves cumula-
were processed in this paper were achieved by considerable tively the peat strength from zero to 4200 kPa when sub-
performance of the peat properties compared to other cur- merged in clean water and to 3800 kPa when submerged
rently used materials. in sewage water for the same period.
– The approach of this philosophy was based on the superior – The maximum obtained improvement or performance
ability of the ingredients mixed together and each of the two through the currently used injected mixtures to date on
creative injected mixes in this study was allowed to absorb
the peat strength is 30 kPa [Ahnberg et al., 1995] which con-
water to change the primary consistency of the two pre- sidered clearly unsatisfied improvement comparing to both
pared grout mixes from very soft to very stiff consistency required tedious effort and tremendous cost through the
(closely less or more) by time among the peat particles. injection procedure. The first mixture in this study increases
– The first mixture ’clayey diatomite, spedaj (calcium carbon- that strength of injected peat (30 kPa) by 6 times when sub-
ate), lime and water’ is worked as stabilizing material and merged in clean water and by 5 times when submerged in
improves the peat strength from zero to 180 kPa when sub- sewage water. The second mixture increases cumulatively
merged in clean water and to 160 kPa when submerged in that strength of injected peat by 140 times when submerged
Stabilization of peat soil using locally admixture 299
in clean water and by 126 times when submerged in sewage The cost of the clay diatomite mixture is cheaper than the
water. By compare the result with different other stabilizing cement mixture while the performance of cement mixture
system can find the result after 28 days at the same Wc. at is cumulatively bigger than the first one. The project needs
medium position. which through its technical and financial aspects make the
– The cost of the clay diatomite is so cheap than cement but geotechnical engineer to select the suitable used mixture.
the cement in the grout mix introduces cumulative strength The prepared two injected grout mixes achieve considerable
values than clayey diatomite in the grout mix although the performance for the injected peat layer which has a great
clayey diatomite gives the considerable positive improve- gap between them and all other old current used injected
ment comparing to the current ancient used injected mate- materials to date.
rials to date. The project needs through its technical and
economic aspects set significantly an informed decision to
select one of the two new injected mixtures which were cre- References
ated by this study.
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