EXAM CONTENT

Discuss the development of democratic ideals and institutions and identify the
factors which have made its inclusion in most social realities possible. How did
governments and other social institutions adapted to its rise and popularity?

In democratic countries, the characteristics of ideal democracy, to the degree that

they exist, are achieved through a variety of legislative structures. These institutions,
which are broadly identical in different countries despite major variations in
institutional structure, were completely new in human experience at the time of their
first introduction in Europe and the United States in the 18th century. Among them, of
course, is the institution of democracy itself, in which all large political decisions and
policies are taken by popularly elected politicians who are responsible to the public for
their acts. Such relevant institutions shall include:

Open, equal and regular elections are held. Citizens can take part in such
elections both as voters and as candidates. Freedom of speech. People can express
themselves publicly on a wide range of politically related subjects without fear of
retribution.

Independent sources of information. There are sources of political information

that are not under the jurisdiction of the government or any particular party and whose
freedom to publish or otherwise disseminate information is guaranteed by law;
therefore, all people are entitled to search and use those sources of information.
Freedom of association. People have the freedom to create and engage in
autonomous political organizations, including parties and advocacy groups.

Institutions like this have developed in Europe and the United States under
diverse political and historical conditions, and the impulses that have given rise to
them have not necessarily been democratic. However, as they grew, it became
abundantly clear that it was important to maintain a satisfactory degree of democracy
in any political organization as large as a nation-state. The relation between these
structures and the qualities of ideal democracy that are realized by them can be
summarized as follows. In an association as broad as a nation-state, representation is
essential for effective participation and citizen oversight of the agenda; open,
equitable, and regular elections are necessary for effective participation and equity in
the voting process; and freedom of speech, unbiased sources of information and
freedom of association are all necessary for effective participation and informed
participation.

A change in a single social institution can lead to improvements in all social

institutions. For example, the industrialization of civilization means that large families
no longer needed to provide enough manual labor to operate a farm. In addition,
modern work openings were in close proximity to urban centers where housing space
was at a premium. As a result, the overall family size has declined dramatically. The
same transition towards industrial business institutions has changed the way we view
government intervention in the private sector, generated the financial economy,
provided new political forums, and even stimulated new religions and new modes of
religious worship such as Scientology. A change in one field, such as industrialization,
implies an intertwined influence through social institutions.

Population structure is evolving at all stages of society. Births are rising in one
country and decreasing in another. Some families delay childbirth, while others start
taking children to their folds early. Population fluctuations can be due to spontaneous
external factors, such as epidemics, or transitions in other social systems, as
mentioned above. Globally, nations with the highest birth rates are also the least able
to absorb and fulfill the demands of the increasing population. Family planning is a
significant step toward ensuring that households are not burdened by more children
than they can afford. At the macro level, the rise in population, especially in the
poorest parts of the globe, often contributes to increased stress on the planet's
resources.

Why do democratic societies today face challenges from those who resort to
violence, and in what ways did the citizens and governments of such societies
respond to these challenges?

Democratic Societies faces lethal challenges from those people who resort to
violence owing to the fact that there are some citizens who are uneducated about
having freedom of speech, the government either calls it out or let it go, while some of
the citizens are voicing out for them or disapproves with their own sight of views. In
addition to this is the People Power Revolution because of corruption of the former
President Marcos, didn’t the Filipinos fought back then? They experience that
because of the wrong leaders and I think the reason why they want to oust President
Duterte because it is a step of the gen-z and the people to protect their rights.
Under what conditions are the use of violence necessary and legitimate to
defend and spread democracy as a form of rule and protect democratic rights
when they have been infringed? Be sure to cite examples.

As I have read it is under Article III Section 4 and Section 8 of Bill of Rights of our
1987 Philippine Constitution which means No law shall be passed abridging the
freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. Right to join trade
unions The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law
shall not be abridged. The example of this is the Red Tagging, people are fighting
back because it is their democratic rights to defend themselves under any
circumstances and if there is no credible evidence. So that in order to protect
herself/himself she/he can use violence once violence was used to her/him to get
what the government what from him/her.

Elucidate on the various models of democratic governments, citing their

characteristics, dynamics, and your perception of the challenges of political
violence to the dominant democratic order. Examples are required.

Democracy is a form of government in which people rule themselves directly. It is

a system of rule that secure the rights and interests of minorities by placing checks
upon the power of the majority. It is a society based on equal opportunity and
individual merit, rather than hierarchy and privilege. There are various contrasting
models of democracy that falls into five (5) and those are Classical, Protective,
Developmental, Pluralist, and Liberal Democracy.

Classical democracy is a model of democracy based on the polis or city-state of

Athens Greece. Athenian democracy can be described as a form of government by
mass meetings. The attributes of the classical democracy of Athens took the form of a
mass assembly and the Athenians gathered regularly to take stock of the state
situation and to make policies and decisions. All the full-time public officials were
chosen by the Athenians through lottery or election. The system was made in such a
way that any citizen could have the scope of involvement in the offices of the State,
and the Athenians never refused to take part in the affairs of the State or to take
responsibility for it. Official position rotated among all the citizens and no special
training was required to run the administration. There were, moreover, special training
arrangements for military generals, in this sense, Athenian democracy; the
representative of classical democracy served in ancient Greece.

Protective democracy is a liberal democracy is a parliamentary democracy that

respects human rights and property under the rule of law. The characteristics and
dynamics of this democracy believes in popular autonomy. But because citizens
cannot engage actively in state systems, they do so by their members. Popular
sovereignty and the representative system of government are also legitimate. It is the
primary responsibility of the State to protect the freedom and rights of residents, and
whether or not this is carried out adequately, people must be vigilant over the
operations of the State. The authority shall be accountable to the people and elections
shall be conducted on a regular basis in order to determine them and there are also
other ways to establish accountability. The separation of powers between the
government, the executive and the judiciary is a very critical means of preserving
rights, freedoms and the allocation of privileges. This is achieved in all western
democracy. The separation of powers between the legislative, the executive and the
courts is a very necessary way to preserve liberty, freedoms and the allocation of
privileges. Constitutionalism is pervasive. Both the monarch and the ruler are
governed by the ideals set down in the Constitution. The Constitution is the basis of
power for everyone and the guarantor of rights and liberties. Measures are now in
effect to discourage infringements of rights and liberties. Organizations have ample
freedom and still serve as citizens' friends and fight against any violation of rights or
abuse of freedom. Competition in all spheres is a characteristic of protecting
democracy, and a strong distinction between state and civil society is strictly upheld.

Developmental democracy has a clear demarcation between the state and civil
society is maintained. Each has its own specific area of jurisdiction, and under normal
circumstances state does not interfere with the function of civil society of different
organizations. The characteristics and dynamics of this democracy is role of people in
developmental democracy is usually defined and carried out by means of a voting
process that is held annually. There is a decentralization of resources. All powers are
applied to the grassroots level and this allows people to take part in a variety of issues.
Legislature and administration are independent from each other and the latter has no
power over the legislature. However, bureaucrats possess a certain degree of
independence. There are legislative and legal rules that direct both the monarch and
the ruler, as well as all branches of the state government and the judiciary. Special
provisions are available for the promotion of freedom and liberties and priority is
granted to various social economic privileges. There is a system of checks and
balances in the political system of growth. The dominant style of developmental
democracy is the parliamentary system of government. No other model of
government is sufficient for developmental democracy and people have been
entrusted with common supremacy. Forces in government are usually different from
each other and stand in the way of the dominance of one department. The rule of law
(which means equality before law and equal protection of law) is the important
feature.

Pluralist Democracy contrasts modern democratic systems with the classical

democracy of Ancient Greece, using the term “polyarchy” to refer to rule by the many,
as distinct from rule by all citizens. Robert Dahl is leading exponent of this theory of
democracy. In the pluralistic democracy we find that the policy-making process,
however centralized it may appear in form, is in reality. A highly decentralized process
of bargaining among relatively autonomous groups. In other words, public policy is not
a product if the will of the elite or the chosen few. On the contrary, it is an outcome of
the interaction of all groups who make claims upon or express interest in that
particular issue. The extent to which different groups will get their way, is a function of
the strength of the groups and the intensity of their participation. In fact, pluralist
theory calls for the revision of the democratic theory itself as well as of the elitist
theory of democracy. In its view, policy-making is actually done neither by the
representatives of a coherent majority, nor by an autonomous and unresponsive elite,
but is a product of the interaction among the groups.

Liberal democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the

elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of
law, and usually moderated by a constitution that emphasizes the protection of
the rights and freedoms of individuals, and which places constraints on the leaders
and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights
of minorities. Although, it is not easy to have universal consensus on particular model
of democracy, however particular model of democracy. Liberal democracy has come
to dominate the thinking of a great many number of people particularly in the West, so
much so that many in the West treat it is as the only feasible or meaningful form of
democracy. A liberal state is based on the principle of limited government, the idea
that the individual should enjoy some measure of protection fro the state. From the
liveral perspective, government is a necessary evil, always liable to become a tyranny
against the individual if government power is not checked. This leads to support for
devices designed to constrain the government, such as a constitution, a Bill of Rights,
an independent judiciary, moreover respect the existence of a vigorous and healthy
civil society, based upon respect for civil liberties and property rights.

My perception of the challenges of political violence to the dominant democratic

order, violence arises from hatred. Hatred is created as truth is run out of town!
People are the instruments, and the media gives them succor. The progressives
change and distort history to shelter their ideologies. The ignorant masses are their
weapons of mass destruction. Add a compliant media— print, audio and video—and
encourage them to sharpen their tools. When opinions are drenched in hate; when
lies are held up as proof; where fear is encouraged among otherwise placid groups,
hatred is built up and ready to burst into an inferno. It’s the media’s flames that are
ravaging the nation. Just for example, China and Philippines; we all know that we
have a problem about them because in the first place, they are owning the West
Philippine Sea but then President Rodrigo Duterte keeping it low key talking and
being “friendly” with China. While the people of President Duterte experiencing and
witnessing what other chinese are doing here in our country. People should be heard,
he is always on his own and doing his “best” plans for our country.