THE HUMANITIES Francisco M. Zulueta Nef Store QUAD ALPHA CENTRUM BLOG, 155 PIONEER ST, MANDALUYONG CITYPAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA. (University of the City of Manila) Intramuros, Manila, Philippines COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOREWORD The arts which are records of man's experiencesand aspirations are vehicles of human expressions which affect lives of people in many ways. ” The study of art enables the student to develop his ability to perceive, understand, and appreciate works of arts in its socio- historical context as a part of his overall development. It also develops in him a critical and analytical mind, and consequently, makes his own value judgments on works of art, particularly those of his own cultural heritage. e author for coming out with this much- fident that this will not only guide teachers ‘lar studies and researches in other I congratulate th needed book. I am con! of the arts but also stimulate simi disciplines. REBECCA R. ABIDPREFACE ___ This book was conceived to meet the requirements of an introductory . general Humanities course and to update the materials in order to give more meaning to the subject. It has developed out of the author's experience of teaching the subject for almost two decades. Ic is his belief thac the students and teachers of the discipline have longed for materials written in the language which is easy to understand, especially by the students fresh from high school. Furthermore, most of the books in Humanities which are available in the market are written by foreign authors. This book will attempt to provide the student with the necessary knowledge about the meaning and importance of the arts so that he may appreciate better works of art in the context of political, cultural, historical, and social development. ° The materials in this book have been chosen carefully and are good for one semester's study. The book is so devised as to allow the teacher using it to choose any approach that he feels appropriate. For enrichment, terms/concepts to understand and questions to answer are provided at the end of the chapter. Finally, it is hoped that through this book, the reader's love for the arts will be further developed and enhanced. FRANCISCO M. ZULUETA, Ed.D. Manila, July 4, 1994ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The author wishes to express his profound gratitude and appreciation to: Dr. Celia A. Zulueta, his beloved wife, former Chairman of the Department of English, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the East, and at present, Professorial Lecturer of English, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, for editing the manuscript; Dr. Rebecca R. Abid, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, for her continuous encou- ragement; Professor Avelino P. Tendero, Chairman, Committee on Text- books and Instructional Materials, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, for his valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript; The various scholars, critics, and writers whose works have been a rich mine of information needed in the preparation of this book; and Many students of Introduction to Humanities in PLM whose interest in the arts has been a source of inspiration. FRANCISCO M. ZULUETACONTENTS Foreword Preface Acknowledgments ... CHAPTER 1 THE STUDY OF HUMANITIES Arts: Their Nature and Meaning Importance of the Arts . The Subject of Art Ways of Presenting the Subject Realism .... Abstraction .. Distortion Sources of Arts Subjects Greek and Roman Mythology Religion and Arc... The Functions of Art Music and Its Function . Art and Its Social Function Art and Its Physical Functios Sculpture and Its Function Study Guides ..... 2. ARTS: MEDIUMS AND TECHNIQUES Definition of Medium .. The Artist and His Mediums .. The Artist and His Technique. Definition of Technique... The Mediums of Visual ArtWatercolor. Fresco .. Tempera - Pastel ... Stencil Printing . The Mediums of Sculptur The Mediums of Music .... Stringed Instruments Woodwinds ..... Brass Instrument: Percussion Instruments .. Keyboard Instruments Instrumental Groups. Literature Literary Types (Genres) . Language in Literaturc Limitations of the Subject in Literature Study Guides ..... 3 ARTs: ELEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION. Elements of Visual Art. Line ...we Value (Light and Dark) .. Light and Shadow (Chiaroscuro) 63 Form 6B Color 6B Texture. 6 Space .. 65 Properties of Color . 65 Hue 65 Value 65 Intensity .. 65 Classification of Colo 67 Harmonies of Contrasting Colors The Paradox of Color How Light Determines Color... The Mystery of Color Perception. ‘Uses of the Arts Elements Emotion Principles of Desig Balance Harmony . Proportion Study Guides . ART HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Modern Art. Styles of Art... Renaissance Art Painting and Sculpture Architecture Styles of Architecture Egyptian Architecture Greek ArchitectureRoman Architecture ... Romanesque Architecture Byzantine Architecture Early Christian Architecture . Islamic Architecture Renaissance Architecture The Early Period... The Classical Period .. Modern/International Architecture Theatre ..... The Dance .. The Artist as Entertainet Study Guide: GLIMPSES OF ASIAN ART Philippines .... Pre-colonial Art in the The Epics... Music .... Seventeenth Century . The Visual Arts Architecture .... Chinese Art.. Painting Architecture. Japanese Art ... Architecture Theatre ..... The Hakone Open-air Museum Indian Art. Asian Music Study Guides . 131 VISUAL ARTS IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE... 133 Pre-Colonial Art and Southeast Asian Culture Pre-Colonial Art in the Philippines Design..... ReceptaclesTextile Weaving Jewelry Pottery Representational Art: Sculpture Ancient Philippine Syllaba Oral Tradition Music House ... The Spanish Colonial Regime The 17th Century Poetry Early Comedia . Metrical Romances .. Music and Dance Engravin, The Santos .. The 19th Century Visual Arcs Architecture House ... Furniture Churches Theater Japanese Art Temples, Palaces, the Shrine of Iyeyasu Scupleure Pottery. Prints... The Tea Ceremony (Cha-no-yu) Painting... 174 Chinese Art... 177 The Age of the Artist 177 Qualities of Chinese Painting . 183 Porcelai 183 Painting... 185rs of Chinese painting « Maste Architecture - Pagodas an Indian Ar Painting « Architecture Egyptian [cut The Painstaking ‘A House for the S; Egptian Tomb “Architect Obelisks «.-- The Great Pyrat The Great Temp! Study Guides -. re and Art ‘Are of Building the Great Pyrami, spirit of Pharaoh « ure mid of Cheops Le of ‘Abu-Simbel . 7 ‘THE LIVES AND WORKS OF MASTERS IN VISUAL ARTS ..- Leonardo Da Vince Mona Liza ...- Michelangelo Bounorroti Pablo Picasso Vincent Van Gog! MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS THE LIVES AND OF GREAT COMPOSERS 245 Bach, Johann Sebastian 245 Beethoven, Ludwig Van . 247 Chopin, Fredric... 249 249 Handel, George Frederick .. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus «. Strauss, Johann .... Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich Verdi, Giuseppe -.. 9 FILIPINO RENOWNED PAINTERS AND COMPOSERS . Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo Juan Luna ....Fernando Amorsolo . Vicente Manansala Carlos V. Francisco .. Antonio Buenaventura Lucresia Kasilag ... 6 Felipe Padilla de Leon. Be Antonio Molina 77 Lucio San Pedro Study Guides . Bibliography . Index ......1_THE STUDY OF HUMANITIEs SSMS NN The term humanities generally refers to art, literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre — areas in which human sub- jectivity is emphasized and individual expressiveness is drama. tized. The importance of the human being and his feelings is the main concern of the humanities. One learns what it is to be human by studying humanity and this depends, toa large extent, on vicarious and direct experiences and the way he reaches out to people of different cultures in different places. * i The humanities are, therefore, the records of man’s experiences, his values, his sentiments, his ideals, and his goals. The humanities are ultimately the expressions of man’s feelings and thoughts. They provide enjoyment and stimulation, particularly when one tries to understand and appreciate them. During the Renaissance, the word came to refer to the set of disciplines taught in the Universities, which included grammar, thetoric, history, literature, .nusic, and philosophy — a body of knowledge aimed to make man a full man — cultured, refined and well-rounded. This developed from the concept which recognized man’s essential worth as a member of society. The humanities are important in the development of the com- plete social being, ready to take on his responsibilities in this rapidly changing world and enjoy life. Arts: Their Nature and Meaning The arts constitute one of the oldest and most important rows of expressions developed by man. In nearly every country, ‘Deeaclies ats go back to the prehistoric times. The Greek Homeric2 epics, “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey,” probably date back to a time before the beginning of recorded history. These poems may have been put together between the twelfth and ninth centuries B.C., but itis generally believed that they are collections of earlier tales which had been known and sung for many years. n w ¢ nature. ‘Although each work of art is. evidently the expression of an artist’s personal thoughts and _ feelings, it may be inferred that, like any other individual, he belongs to a milieu, and he cannot free himself from the influence of his social, economic, political, cultural, geographic, scientific, and tech- | nological environment. These factors undoubtedly affect his creative expressions. Some artists become social critics or moralists by analyzing and commenting on the virtues and views of their particular poincing out some causes of action for its renovation. society and Appreciating a work of art implies an intellectual involvement with what is to be appreciated, be ita painting, a musical composition, a piece of sculpture, a drama or a novel. To appreciate anyone of the arts does not mean responding emotionally, but one has to under- stand what it is all about — its elements and how these are put together in a harmonious pattern of relationships. values of the artist are also manifested and conveyed through the arts. Usually, an artist is endowed with a high degree of sensitivity towards his environment. The discovery of the realities around him becomes the focal point of interest that the artist expresses in his art. : Sometimes, we use the word “art” as an opposite to the word craft.” We call making something that is beautiful rather than use- ful, art, and making something that is useful more than beautiful, acraft. This difference is not really important because useful things can be beautiful if they are well-made, and many beautiful things are useful, too. The great thing about art is that it enables us to express ourselves not only by writing a poem or a story, but also by painting a picture, carving a statue, or composing a piece of music.see and use and the music we hear every day. The interest in appreciation and beauty is one of the main concerns of the arts. ‘All the arts that we see and hear have a purpose as well as expression; they occupy some place in our judgment. Since the arts are records of man’s experiences and aspirations, they certainly affect us in many ways. The ability to understand and appreciate those works of arts, ie, a painting, a sculpture, a melody, a beautiful building, a dance, or a literary piece, truly becomes a delightful experience. Some arts have subjects; others do not. The arts that have subjects are called representational or objective arts. Those that do not have subjects are non-representa- tional or non-objective arts. - cre references to identifiable objects or symbols. Rather, they appeal directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization of their sensuous and expressive elements. | Some contemporary painters have shifted their interest to the | Work ofart as an object in itself, an exciting combination of shapes and colors that fulfills an aesthetic need without having to represent images or tell a story. Many modern paintings have a purely visual appeal so difficult that literal-oriented spectators cannot appreciate | The non-objective arts do not present descriptions, stories or }~ subject of art Figure 1 of Philippe barrio life — a favorite subject of Idyllic picture of Figure 1-2, Pelicans before stilt waters. The desire Mad for beauty is a basic human need Meee Sk 3 Traditional sculpture and painting usually have subjects. When Jooking at 2 painting or a statue, one expects to recognize the subject, to know what it is about — a man, a dog, a landscape. f st. Since no art is even a duplicate of nature, even when the artist chooses a subject from nature, he selects, changes and | arranges details to express the idea he wants to convey. When [objects are depicted in the way they would normally appear in nature, the presentation js said to be realistic. From the strict sense | | of the word, no work of art is cruly realistic, because it is physically of what exists in the natural difficult to have an accurate copy ere the artist has utilized very world. Another level of reality whe vTeaailed elements from nacure that employ photographic touches that bring us closer to nature itself is referred to as naturalistic, rather than realistic. of the artis in e does not show the subject at all as an jest | one phase of a scene that h his idea of it, or his feeling about it, ive reality, but only enough of a likeness, have been retained the original objects have been d they can be rarely identified Some abstract works, to represent things. Sometimes, reduced to simple geometric shapes an unless the artist has named them in his title.Surrealism is regarded as a combination of realism and dis- tortion. During the 1920s, some artists developed ways of preseating the subject that have to do with dreams and the cans aS ‘Under the influence of Freudian psychology, the pee . come to be recognized as important in human conduct, there- fore, it has found expression in art. Subjects of this sort attempt to show what is in a man’s mind, as well as the appearance of his outside world. They try to show thoughts and dreams that are not controlled by reason or any conscious order. Sources of Art Subjects The artist has the freedom to choose the subject. This will depend, to a certain extent, on how he feels and thinks about the environment he lives in. His choice of the subject will involve personal interest which will evidently produce some satisfying results. He should also consider the availability of the medium to be used, the time in which he lives, and the Patronage he gets, The works of art, Particularly, the visual art, include landscapes, Seascapes, and cityscapes, ith : e landscapes and sea- scapes have been the favorite subjects of the Chinese, Japanese and an canvass in varyin, of the Filipino best curning the rustic ru: Todty, jen POY painters seem to be more fascinated to Led a Cities, ees along the tailroad trucks, traffic jams, BBed esteros, the Intram: i 4, Ronee . their interest. 'UrOs, and high-rise buildings have caught Re j ose E i fA ‘ : \ te Figure 1-3. This landmark at the Rizal Park is the execution site of Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora. This is 2 favorite subject of students in on-the-spot painting contests. Figure 1-4. The main entrance of Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila.Figure 1-5. Lorenzo de Manila. Lorenzo Ruiz and his companions were beatified on February 18, 1981, in Rizal Park, Manila, by Pope John Paul II who at the same time, presented this statue, done by Italian sculptor, Jomasso Gismondi, as his Sift to the Filipino people. Lorenzo Ruiz was canonized in Rome on December 18, 1987, making him the first Filipino Saint. Because of his rare courage, fortitude and! tenacity of spirit, which exemplified the Filipino character at its highest and loftiest measure, he is a hero of our people. Rizal Park, Manila.' Still-life is another composition which some artists love to paint. Inanimate objects, such as flowers, fruits, vegetables, kitchen utensils, glasses, cups, plates, and even bottles are among their favorites, They usually choose these objects to illustrate their beauty when touched by the painters. Another popular subject is animals. These have been presented by artists from almost every period and place. The vigor and grace of animals in motion have captured painters’ imagination and sculptors’ imagination, too. The carabaos, the cows, and the horses in the rural areas have been the favorite subjects of Filipino artists. The sarimanok from Maranaws which is mounted on a pole and given a place of prominence during festivities is shaped like a rooster with a long tail and is made to look like fern. This sarimanok is a legendary bird that figured prominently in the story of Indara- patra and Sulayman. The story is told that the great Indarapatra ‘once saw the moon goddess bathing in a perfumed pool near his palace. Indarapatra fell in love with her, but the goddess told him that he should follow her to the moon and express his true love there. Since this is an impossible request, he became very sad and, one evening, as he was playing with one of his treasures, a golden bird, he expressed his inner feelings to be with his beloved goddess. The enchanted golden bird promptly rose with the rajah to the sky and vanished forever with him. To remember the beautiful bird, the Maranaws made a copy of it and called it the sarimanok as their proudest symbol. Legends and lives of the saints have been some of the favorite subjects of some artists. The saints are those people formally re- cognized by the Christian church because of their exceptional holiness and piety. Many stories about them have been told which have found their way into the arts. Church rituals and religious activities have been of great importance in the arts, Music sung during the Mass in the form of prayers and the words of responses are beautiful. Although they may be repetitive in form and style, they have become familiar to everyone, and they have had great influence on language and speech patterns.10 The Greek and Roman mythology are also rich sources of art subjects. Stories from Greek and Roman mythology center on the Bods, goddesses and heroes. Each of the gods had his own province | and was known by some symbols. Jupiter, the king of the gods, was known by his thunderbolt. Bacchus, shown with grapes and grape leaves, is the god of wine. Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, was cartied off by Pluto to be queen of the underworld. There are many tales of heroes who were mortal men in close touch with the gods, and whose exploits the gods themselves assisted. These have cap- tured the imagination of artists. Among the heroes are Perseus. who killed the Gorgon (monster) Medusa and saved the life of Andromeda. Oedipus was doomed to kill his father and marry his mothet. The greatest of all Greek stories was about the Trojan War which was fought over Helen, whose face “launched a thousand ships, and burnt the topless towers of Ilium.” Europe is famous for beautiful museums and churches. Reli- gion has played an enormous role in inspiring works of visual arc, music, architecture, and literature through the ages. During the prehistoric era, the medieval and the present time, there was no difference between religion and art. The church which was the source of education, worship, and faith played a significant role and became one of the sources of art subjects. Faith was both expressed in and strengthened by the carvings on church portals and the colorful designs in stained-glass windows. To the layman, art may have little function. To find meaning in arc, it must have or serve a utilitarian purpose and be capsble of serving the purpose for which it was designed. _ It may be inferred that all arts have functions for man since they satisfy a particular need for them. Ooao Figure 1-6. The wooden Trojan Horse. A famous story tells how the Greeks, unable to batter down the gates of Troy, hid soldiers inside a huge wooden horse. When the Trojans, thinking their enemies had departed, took the horse inside the walls, the Greeks crept out under cover of night and opened the city gates to their army. Bettmann Archive.12 f b F ; i f s ‘ Cyne he : ee Figure 1-7. “Baptism of Christ” Size: 96 cm. x 65 cm. Oil on Canvas Artist: Simon Flores Religious art took on a new set of values and dimensions.Figure 1-8. Our Lady of the Holy Rosary is among the most popular Marian images in the Philippines._— 14 i i irely functional . ure isdirectly and almost entirely Obviously. archis “ways built for some special purpose, The because building! © Metal works such as gates, grills, ctional. applied arts are also fun i I rs lamps ae religious objects, armor, weapons, tools, ceramics, tilework, textile, and furniture are Blassware, stained glass, MOsaiG C7 : a Bach of these examples is made \ &Mong the many types of arts OF crafts. le for some definice and specific use. ar In a building, the purpose is ve esigned according to the principles 0} ry clear for its construction is f functionalism. Music and Its Function Angee which is the arc of combining a eer ee B produce compositions expressive ( leas and emotions that are pleasing is basically functional. The two sources of music in its origin are dance and religion. History attests that the earliest peoples directly or indirectly invoked their gods by beating the drum and singing, and from that time to the present, music has been of primary importance to worship. While dancing is very ancient, it has evolved, and modern dance music includes the ballet and tunes for social and folk dances, Today, these dance music — the waltz, the minuet, the fox trot, mazurka, rhumba, tango and cha-cha — set the social mood of the occasion. Closely analogous to dance music are marches and game songs. A march serves the same function as a dance for it marks the time for people walking in a procession or marching in a parade, a wedding, or a funeral. One important personal-function of music is that it has a way of expressing our emotions. Most of the time, when we listen to our favorite musical compositions, we feel that our experiences reflect exactly what we feel and therefore, release the tensions and emotions in us. The therapeutic value of music may influence the healing process and speed up the recovery of patients, whether in the hospitals or at home. Music sessions are found to be effective !9 treating mentally disturbed patients. William Congreve wrote “Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast.”us Figure 1-9. A tribal dance Fig. 1-10. Filipinos, no matter where they come from, are generally musical in nature. Their dances reflect their exotic background and culture Singkil, the dance pictured here, is often performed by Maranaw men and women during weddings. (Posed by members of the Far Eastern University Dance Troupe)16 Art and Its Social Function Art, which is the quality, producti , of what is beautiful or more shan ordinary cigatRegnes ©F realm related to every aspect of social life. Are has some social fas to fulfill. Ie cends to influence the collective behavior of peor” cause. Collective behavior is important because it is an inne of change. As a result of collective behavior, a new ordes come into being; social reforms are instituted; and outworn , structures are discarded. May Social Social behavior is influenced by many works of art. Thig ; manifested by the way we think, feel, move or decide. Some m* cause us to laugh at certain phenomena, muster our collect efforts in protest over certain matters, or see a social reality whist had never been apparent to exist before. s Advertisements which announce, describe, and present some thing in media greatly influence the social behavior of the indivi. dual. By making a repetitious announcement using catchy words and tunes and employing striking designs and lively colors, people are inclined to patronize-certain products or services. Art and Its Physical Function Many works of art were primarily made to perform certain fanctions to make our lives comfortable. The problem of the artist in designing a functional object depends, to a large extent, ‘is making the thing specifically adopted to its particular use. At the same time, this should comform with the taste of the user and be pleasing to his eyes. Whenever art has function, this function influences and often determines the form. The fact is that, if an object is made fora certain function, it should be made in such a way that it can perform its function. Functions change according to form, and if there ae many functions, there will be many forms. A chair is designed toa! low the seated body to rest comfortably on it. Its different parts (back, arm, legs and seat) are harmoniously related to one another i integrated into an object to fulfill a particular purpose. A spoons! common object for everyday use. Spoons have different sizes purposes. Some spoons are designed for babies and others for adults ad7 = § s gz eo = ee gs bs ue pe SE ee ce a —— iiss18 Sculpture and Its Function Sculpture which is the art of carving, molding, welding of | producing works of art in three dimensions, as in relief, or in intaglio, is more functional than painting and literature. Religion has for ages made great functional use of sculpture. The church doors with elaborate carvings are magnificent examples. Some doors of Cathedrals are so beautiful that some poets describe them as the “Gates of Paradise.” Another important function of sculpture is the commemora. | tion of the lives of important people, as in Guillermo Tolentino’s Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan City. One very common functional use of sculpture is seen in ¢] coins. Every coin shows a relief. An example is the Rizal two-peso, coin. -In the Medieval and Renaissance churches, sculpture was frequently used for instructional purposes. The panels of the “Gates of Paradise,” for instance, illustrate records from the Old Testament. In the first panel, the subject is the Creation. Varied scenes are presented. In the lower left-hand corner, God is bringing Adam to life while angels rejoice; in the center of the panel is the creation pf Eve, with a circle of angels surrounding the figures, On the left, behind the creation of Adam, is the temptation; Adam’ and Eve stand under a tree with the serpent coiled around it. On. the right is shown the Expulsion. Adam and Eve have been driven from the Garden by an angel, while God is seen far back in heaven.id Castrillo, People Power Monument. Epifanio delos Santo: (EDSA) Avenue. Art performs a social function when it seeks to influence a collective behavior of a people. | Figure 1-13. La Madre Filipina, by Martinez, retouched by F. Caeda. Rizal Park, Manila.20 Figure 1.14. This monument is erected in honor of Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora, 3 Filipino Martyrs. It was originally erected by the Gomez, Burgos, Zamora Centennial Commission and the Friends of Gomez, Burgos, Zamora Association, Incorporated. Artist: Solomon SapridFigure 1-15 Dr. Jose Rizal's monument at the Luneta. In r of Jose Rizal, Patriot and Martyr. Executed on Bagumbayan Field, December thirtieth, 1896. This monument is dedicated by the people of the Philippine Islands. Rizal Park, Manila.N Ls] sails eebmtiaaidaanee Figure 1-16. Guillermo Tolentino. Bonifacio Monument, Caloocan City TE Figure 1-17. Curved spoons from Cordillera xFigure 1-19. ‘A Cordillera stool decorated with human face24 . What is the impo . If art communicates, what is c STUDY GUIDES ‘TERMS/CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND: humanities scill life art nature / aesthetic pleasure subject non-objective arts surrealism realism landscape abstraction QUESTIONS TO ANSWER: cance of humanities in our lives? communicated by the statue of a hero, a painting or a piece of furniture? 3. Is there a relationship between art and nature? 10. .. How is beauty in man-made art different from nature? Would the choice of subject of the artist affect the artistic value of art? ‘What is the distinction between subject matter and content? In what ways does art contribute to the physical, social and spiritual well-being of man? What are the functions of art in the context of enhancing your personality? . How functional is the design of the house in which you live? What are the common problems in terms of aesthetics that are connected with city life?2 ARTS: MEDIUMS AND TECHNIQUES Definition of Medium The word medium, which comes from the Latin word medium, denotes the means by which an artist communicates his idea. It is the stuff out of which he creates a work of art. These are the materials which the artist uses to translate his feelings or thought into a beautiful reality. This may be pigmént in painting, stone, wood, brick, concrete and various building materials in architec- ture, steel, marble, bronze, and wood in sculpture, sound in music, and words in literature On the basis of medium, the arts are primarily classified as visual and auditory. The visual or space arts are those whose mediums can be seen and which occupy space. These are grouped into two classes. The first is the dimensional or two-dimensional arts which include painting, drawing printmaking, and photography. The three-dimensional arts include sculpture, architeeture, landscape, community planning, industrial design, and the crafts like ceramics and furniture-making. The auditory or time arts are those mediums that can be heard and which are expressed in time. These are music and litera- ture. The combined arts are those whose mediums can be both | seen and heard, and these exist in both space and time. These are the dance, the opera, the drama, and the movies. Along with the music, these are also known as the performing arts, because each art work grasps the meaning of a significant event or similar sequences consisting chiefly of a series of continuous incidents.‘All arts convey a either the visual oF the auditory sense. 26 meaning and these may be enjoyed through ‘The Artist and His Mediums ls and gives shape to his vision in terms The artist thinks, feel: s ae soses his medium, he believes of his mediums. When 4n artist that this can best express the idea he wants to convey. Most often, ‘an artist employs more than on€ medium to give meaning to his { creative production. Oftentimes, the matter of selecting the medium | depends entirely on the artist himself since this is a part of the { artistic inspiration. He normally selects the materials that can be handled with ease, that would best suit his plan and adequately ' bring out the qualities which he wants to show. The artist loves | an his medium. He is fond of using it because he believes that it has certain qualities that will enhance his art work, ‘The distinctive character of the medium determines the way it can be worked on and turned into a work of art. The nature of each medium determines how a work of art may be realized. Stone must be chiseled; metal must be cast; and wood must be carved, Each medium responds to the kind of art work that must be produced. ach medium has its own characteristics which determine the physical appearance of the finished work of art. ‘Wood can be carved in great detail according to the talent of the sculptor. When finished and varnish is applied, it gives @ smooth and glossy finish. Stone and marble, when transformed into a piece of art, can withstand the test of time. The Artist and His Technique Definition of Technique pe ecole is the manner in which the artist controls his " pls airs the desired effect. It is the ability with which fi technical requirements of his particular work of aft. a 5 Py do sis the way he manipulates the work of art. I with the way he manipulates his medium to expres Joa jis ideas. Apparently, artists differ from one another in technique even if they use the same medium. A musician’s technique is his ability to make the music sound the way he wants it. On the other hand, a sculptor's technique is his way of handling chisel and hammer to produce the desired effect. A pianist’s technique, meanwhile, is his way of handling the instrument and interpreting a musical composition. Technique differs in the various arts. An artist's technique in one medium will be quite different from the technique in another. A painter may have a fine technique in water color but a poor one in oil. The distinction between an art and craft may be made on the basis of the technique used. For an artist, technique is not the end but the means, while for the craftsman, technique isthe end. The making of a piece of sculpture, for example, is not the same as the making of a chair. While both require technical knowledge and competence, creativity apparently comes into play in the work of the sculptor. Technique, thus, is an important aspect that distinguishes an art from a craft. The Mediums of Visual Arts | Watercolor. Watercolor ss a medium is difficult to handle | because it is difficult to produce warm and rich tones, While | changes may be made once the paint has been applied, such changes normally tend to make the color less luminous. These defects, however, are rendered by watercolor artists through some tech- fiques. An example is the method of gouache, an opaque watercolor | painting the major effects of which are caused by the whitepaper | itself. The gouache, is done by mixing zinc white with the regular | watercolor paints to tone them down giving the appearance of | sobriety suitable for dramatic purposes. | Fresco. This is painting on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or a limewater mixture. The colors dry into plaster, and the picture becomes a part of the wall. Fresco | must be done quickly because it is an exacting medium — the | moment the paint is applied to the surface, it becomes an integral part of the wall. The image becomes permanently fixed and almostFigure 2-1. THE CEILING OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL in Rome was frescoed by Michelangelo between 1505 and 1512. Lying on his back, on an immense scaffolding, the master created magnificent scenes from Genesis and monumental figures of prophets and sibyls. These form the subject matter of a great Renaissance cycle that attempts to harmonize pagan and Christian thought. ‘The Cumaean Sibyl (above), a famous prophetess of Greek and Roman mythology, who appears to be carved out of solid rock, reads from one of the Sibylline Books containing all the ancient prophecies. In the scene below, the tension at the moment of Adam's creation is centered in the hands of God and man. The figure of Adam, which Michelangelo patterned after Roman antiquities, personifies the physical nature of man before his union with the spirit of God.ainted on the walls of a library in the Vatican, this fresco by Raphael (1509-1510) of a school in Athens during Greece's Golden shows a great grouping of Greek philosophers with Plato and Aristotle at the center. The ancient Greek thinkers were among those ho gave Prof. Edman his first “intimations of philosophy.”Figure 2-3. “Waterfalls” Oil painting Figure 2-4. “Open Market Scene” Oil painting By National Painter, Fernando Amorsoloa , 31 be ig coat ry ‘ baa ts SN eceactinl 5 ‘ | Figure 2-5. | “Mother and Child _ in the Garden” * F| Artist: Isabelo Quiles ait are ame Figure 2-6. Water color painting Artist: Ibarra. dela Rosa32 va impossible to remove. Some examples of fresco painting Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling and che Last Supper py Leonardo da Vinci. Tempera paints are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore. They are often used as a binde, due to its film forming properties and rapid drying rate. Throughout the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, tempera was one of the favorite mediums of many painters before oil was adopted. Tempera painting is usually done in wooden panel that has been made very smooth with a plaster called “gesso. Since this medium dries quickly, corrections are difficult to. make, Thus, the artist must be precise and exact in his work, It is a medium well designed for careful detail. One distinguishing advantage of tempera is its luminous tone — the colors being clear and beautiful. Pastel. This is a stick of dried paste made of pigments ground with chalk and compounded with gum water. Its colors are luminous, and it is a very flexible medium. In spite of its richness and varied effects, it has never won a prize, because it is difficult to preserve the finished product in its original freshness. Some artists use a fixing medium or a protecting surface such as glass, but when the chalk rubs, the picture loses some of its brilliance. Tempera. Encaustic. This is one of the early mediums used by the Egyptians for the painted portrait on mummy cases. This is done by painting with wax colors fixed with heat. Painting with wax produces luster and radiance in the subject making them appear at their best in portraits. Oil. Ojl painting is one of the most expensive art activities today because of the prohibitive cost of materials. In oil painting, pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to the canvas. One good quality of oil paint as a medium is its flexibility. The artist may use brush, palette knife or even his bare hands when applying paint in his canvass. In some cases we do not even notice the artist’s strokes because the paint is applied very smoothly. One distinctive characteristic of oil paints, compared with other% mediums, is that they dry slowly and the painting may be changed | and worked over a long period of time. Paifting done in oil is glossy and lasts long. Acrylic. This medium is used popularly by contemporary painters because of the transparency and quick-drying character- istics of water color and the flexibility of oil combined. This synthetic paint is mixed with acrylic emulsion as binder for coat- ing the surface of the artwork, Acrylic paints do not tend to break easily, unlike oil paints which turn yellowish or darker over a long period of time. Mosaic. Mosaic art is a picture or decoration made of small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass called “tesserae,” which most often are cur in into squares glued on a surface with plaster or cement. Mosaic is usually classified as painting. Although the medium used is not strictly pigment. Mosaic art is an important feature of Byzantine churches. A prominent religious artwork in Manila done in mosaic is found in the altar of Sta. Cruz Church showing a wounded white lamb, symbolizing Christ, with a stream that flows down directly to the tabernacle, Stained Glass. Stained glass as an artwork is common in Gothic Cathedrals and churches. This is made by combining many small pieces of colored glass which are held together by bands of lead. It is also a kind of patchwork. In large windows, the lead is reinforced by heavy iron bars that make heavy black lines in the picture. The pictures in the stained glass reflect the lives of saints and, in effect, also serve as a means of religious instruction among Christians. Beautiful stained-glass windows showing scenes from the Bible are commonly found in Philippine churches. Tapestry. This is a fabric consisting of a warp upon which colored threads are woven by hand to produce a design, often pictorial and for wall hangings and furniture covering. During the Middle Ages, they were hung on the walls of palaces and in Cathedrals on festive occasions to provide warmth. Drawing. Drawing is usually done on paper, using pencil, n and ink, or charcoal. It is the most fundamental of all skills34 Figure 2-7. ” ‘A mosaic from a church in Ravenna, Italy. Mosaics, tiny pieces of brilliant stones fitted together, were used to decorate the walls of early western churches but are {: mainly the art of the eastern or Byzantine Church. St. Sophia in Constantinople is famous for them. In this por- traits, a Byzantine em- press wears a royal purple gown and a jeweled crown. | eS | 4 freee eos:35 Figure 2-8. The finely-crafted German stained glass windows of San Sebastian, eternally expressive and original, remain untarnished by age, unlike _ the steel structure of the church, which requires continual renovation.Figure 2-9. One of the most majestic pictures of Christ, this mosaic, made in 1148 A.D., in Sicity, of the finest examples of Christian Byzantine art. Note the dramatic expression wh it kypnotic power. This great art piece remains unaltered at the Cathedral in Cefalu, Sicily, in spite of its unbelievable age. 364 necessary in the arts. Drawing has always been considered a5 a very good training for artists because it makes one concentrate on the use Of line. Shading can also be used to make drawings more life-like and realistic, Some of the world’s best-known drawings are by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). He drew everything from animals and birds, ideas for flying machines. Drawing can be done with different kinds of mediums and the most common is pencil which comes in different degrees of hardness or softness, with the pencil lead (graphite) depending on the kind of drawing the artist will undertake. For linework, hard pencil lead is applied. Ink, one of the oldest mediums still in use, offers a Breat variety of qualities, depending on the tools and cechniques used in applying the ink on the surface. India ink, which comes in liquid form, is the favorite medium of comic strip illustrators and cartoonists. Chinese ink, mean- while, comes in solid sticks that are dissolved in water before they are used. Bistre. Bistre is a brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood, and often used in pen and wash drawings. Crayons. Crayons are pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks used for drawing especially among children in the elementary grades. They adhere better on paper surface. Charcoal. These are carbonaceous materials obtained by heating wood or other organic substances in the absence of air. Charcoal is used in representing broad masses of light and shadow. Like drawing pencils, soft charcoal produces the darkest value, while the darkest produces the lightest tone. Silverpoint. In this medium, the artist has technique of drawing with a silver stylus on specially prepared paper to produce athin grayish line that was popular during the Renaissance period. Printmaking. A print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from a duplicating process. Ordinarily, the painting or graphic image, is done in black ink on white paper and becomes the artist’s plate. Some calendar pictures and Christmas38 Figure 2-10. This old engraving, depicts Magellan's landing at Cebu, taken from Peregrinations, by de Bry (1599), ‘on April 7, 1521ig. 2-11. ‘aman old triumphal arch, this bas-relief shows Romans nd Gauls in the thick of battle in the Ist century B.C. tet Figure 2-12. : Sculpture bas-relief ,7 Figure 2-13. : : a Bas Relief at the Luneta Park. These bas-relief depict the life of our patriot and national hero. They project the images of Jose Riza as a child, as a student, as an opthalmologist and as a Scientist Rizal Park, Manila Figure 2-14. Bas-relief of Madonna and ChildAt rds are reproduced through printing. One of the advantages of intmaking _is the process of making many copies of the iginal drawing. Today, printmaking may be categorized as inting because it has long been acknowledged as an independent __ There are five major types of prints — woodcut, engraving, lief, intaglio, and stencil process, Each print can be distinguished the plate made. Woodcut. As the name implies, this is made from a piece of The design stands as a relief, the remaining surface the block being cut away. A woodblock prints just as do the eters of a typewriter. The lines of the design are wood, so they are not very fine. Woodcuts can be identified because of their im, clear and black lines. | Engraving. This is the are of forming designs by cutting, corrosion by acids. In engraving, the lines of the designs are cut into a metal plate with ink and transferred from the plate to the paper. The lines of an engraving are cut by hand with an instrument called burin, a steel tool with an oblique point and founded handle for carving stone and engraving metal. Since the copper plate is hard to cut, the resulting lines are very fine, much finer than che lines of a woodcut. Relief. Relief printing involves the cutting away from a block of wood or linoleum the parts of the design that the artist wants to be seen, feaving the portion of a design to stand out on a block or on the linoleum. The apparent projection of parts of the design gives the appearance of the third dimension. Color prints are made by preparing a separate block for each color to be used, It is important that only the parts to be printed with precision are on the proper area. Intaglio. Intaglio is a printing process in which the design or the text is engraved into the surface of the place and the ink is transferred to paper from the groover. The design is engraved ot etched into a metal plate. The incised line is then filled with ink and under considerable pressure, leaves a sharp impression or paper surface.4r Etching is a development of plate is covered with a “ground,” Ses with pitch and amber. The artist scrat eats” the picture ing ground and puts the plate in acid, ue 'd the plate is then the plate. The ground is scraped off a to print the picture. ; Stencil Printing Seencil printing E a oy aon, enc! +. lays thei ivity done by high school a eolyes the ena Ce It is a process whic i. practical ars courses. x mecal sheet in such, i i cardboard of mesa” © of the dea Pee ed over it, the design 1s reproduced. a way that when i x i hich ig i done through 4 silkscreen which jg face. The printing is h mn im fa fine silk or nylon stretched tightly over a Laan frame, me oF the nylon mesh are blocked out with a stenct and the a areas to be printed are open The sc seen is placed over the pape or cloth to be printed. Thereafter, the paint is squeezed through the open portion of design to penetrate tO the paper or cloth under. neath. For the multicolor prints @ separate screen is used for each color. ‘The Mediums of Sculpture ‘There are a number of materials available for a sculpture to work with according to the artist’s interest in the subject — stone, marble, jade, and granite, to name a few. Each of them presents an interesting motivation to challenge the sculptor’s creativity. Stone is the hard substance formed from mineral and earth material, The finish is granular and dull in appearance. These are normally used for gravestones in cemeteries. Granite is a granular igneous rock composed of feldopars and quartz, usually combined with other minerals and is quite difficult to chisel. This is good for large works with only a few designs. The Egyptian sculptures of Pharaohs were mostly done in granite. Marble is limestone in a more or less crystalline state and is capable of taking a high polish, occurring in many varieties. It is easier to carve than granite because it is relatively softer in character. Sculptors have used marble for detailed carving of figures.ee i ey = 7 \/\ ) ties AIAN Wh ae Figure 2-15. I" giant Philippine Eagle curved in stone in Agoo, ,4a Union, #s a delight to travellers in the northern part of the Philippines.Figure 2-16. Chryselephantine — and amber figure. “Flame Leaper” — @ bronze, ivory| Figure 2-17. David (Marble) _ Height 18 ft. Florence = = mss Figure 2-18. < The Oblation. This can be found at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. Medium: StoneFigure 2-19. The 20-meter-high busts of Presidents Washington, Jeffe Theodore Roosevelt, and Lincoln were carved into solid granite South Dakota.47 Figure 2-20. Pinaglabanan Monument. This symbolizes the first fight between Andres Bonifacio’s 800 unarmed men, and the Spanish troops. It took place at dawn on August 30, 1896.’ Medium: Bronze the City of Manila in 963, the centenary of the ’s birth.7? 4a f marble are the inte; Some of the famous sculpts ate by Michelangelo, 1 ally famous Piera, David and DY BF Pieta in some churches, Philippines, we have an exact COPY S | . usually green, and used widely nl Jade is a fine, colorful scone, aaeermencltes in Ancient China, Iti bighly eee w use omught the eet | carvil d fashioning jewelry. oe Saleen tromen in fashion because ic carciescercain social pe rasan leis believed to symbolize certain virtues such as faithfulness, wisdom, and charity. Ivory, which comes from the main parts of the tusks of elephants, is the hard white substance used to oe © carvings and billiard balls. In the home of some well-to-do families in the Philip. pines, faces and hands of images of saints are made of ivory. The bodies are made of wood, carved and painted. Metals include any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver or copper all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by capacity, ductility, conductivity and peculiar luster when freshly fractured. Being ductile, it can be transformed into fine wires or threads. Its main quality is that it can be shaped into any direction or formed under great pressure without breaking. Traditionally, the metals that have been the medium for sculpture are copper, brass, bronze, gold, silver, and lead. Aluminum is a recent addition to the list. ion, D the Bronze is another by-product of metal consisting of copper and tin with color and is one of the most universally popular metals for sculpture. Bronze as a material is strong, durable and resistant to any atmospheric corrosion. It is best suited for sculptures in open or outdoor places like parks and plazas, The sculpture may be polished to give it excellent brilliance, Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is not popularly used by artists because of its limitations as a medium. Although it has many practical uses, brass does not rust and it takes a brilliant polish. Copper, which has a peculiar brilliance, is used as a costing medium. This is basically shaped by hammering. It can be fashioned into relief forms. The rich teddish color and strengch offer manY3 ' « Dy a as ) OS) t 3 y \ —N ua | Was ees 7 y * } : dele eo \ Figure 2-22. a Virgil, most famous poet of | Ancient Rome i it ‘owed | hee | { [ a ' Figue 223, od ILIUS CAESAR, conqueror, states == n= = at 1 and writer. This statue is at the Figure 2-24. . ipitoline Museum in Rome. Statue of Julius Caesar in Mable. um: BronzeFigure 2-25. Examples of marvelous folk art carved in wood in the Cordillemibilities to the sculptor and the craftsman, One characteristic is medium is its resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Gold and silver are used as casting materials for small objects medals, coins and pieces of jewelry. Because they are quite nsive, they are used for either personal accessories or religious nents. Lead, a bluish-gray metal, is used for casting and forging. ith the help of a welding torch iron, it can be worked into riety of unique and exciting forms. Plaster is a composition of lime, sand and water. Plaster is irked on an armature of metal wires and rods in addition to ious materials and fibers, This is applied on walls and ceilings allowed to harden and dry. The medium is used extensively yt making manikins, models, molds, architectural decorations and her indoor sculpture. Clay is a natural earthy material that has the nature of ticity when wet, consisting essentially of hydrated silicates of luminum used for making bricks and ceramics. Clay is generally ile so it becomes necessary to cast it in another durable rial, The surface of the finished product made of clay may be inted or glazed. Earthenware which is “baked earth” is com- ponly referred to as terra cotta, which is cheap compared with ne or bronze. Brilliant cloves are made possible by glazing. ike all pottery, terra cotta is easily broken. As a medium for pture, it has been used during the early times. Glass is a medium that is hard, brittle, noncrystalline, more less transparent substances produced by fusion, usually consist- ng of mutually dissolved silica and silicates and contains soda and ime. This is used to make beautiful but fragile figurines. It can be jolded in various colors and shapes. Wood as a medium is pethaps easier to carve than any other ediums available because it can be intricately carved and bjected into a variety of treatment not possible with stone. It is ighter and softer to carve besides having grater tensile strength stone; hence, it ¢an be used in long pieces without breaking. ‘he character of the grain and the color of the wood are the mostFigure 2-26. An art of sculpture, which is very popular in Mindanao, and often seen in mosques. Medium: wood ol33 wortant qualities that the sculptor considers. Wood should be ‘ed to preserve its quality. Common wood cused for sculpture are dap, white lauan, oak, walnut, mahogany, narra and dao. They are -ed for beauty and permanence. Figure 2-27. | Musical Instruments The Mediums of Music Basically, music deals with sound. The medium of music is sound produced by man and the human voice and by most resonator, and a system for producing and regulating fixed pitches fe grouped into four main types ~ stringed, woodwind, brass, and The violin is the smallest of the stringed instruments and the highest pitch, The cello is much larger than the violin nd has longer, thicker and heavier strings. The viola and the violin played by tucking the instrument under the chin of the musicians hen they are playing. The cello is bigger than the violin and the viola. Ic rests on the floor when it is played. The large protruding pin at its base holds ic firmly on the floor.1 “The double bess is che longest of the string *Psttaments ang has the lowest pitch. The distinguishing feature of the string instruments is that the smaller the si76 the higher is its pica, and the larger it is, the lower is its pitch. The harp is one of the oldest string instruments consisting of triangular frame formed by @ x, a pillar and curved and having strings that are stretched between the sound box and the neck and are plucked with fingers. The guitar ig a stringed musical instrament wich fretted a a flat Somewhat violin — like body and has six strings which are plucked with the fingers. This is very seldom used in orchestras. This is a part of jazz bands. The electric guitar which is usually used as a solo concert musical instrument has ap electric amplifier and speaker. 54 Woodwinds The wind instruments consist of tubes usually made of wood which have holes on the sides. When one or another of these holes is opened or closed, air inside the tube is changed, thus producing tones of varied pitches. The keys are set and arranged to suit the natural position of the fingers of the musician while he plays the instrument. The flute is a musical wind instrument consisting of a tube with a series of finger holes or keys in which the wind is directed against a sharp edge. The fluce produces a melodious sound, and so it often plays solo parts in orchestral compositions in a concert. ‘The clarinet is a woodwind instrument in the form of * cylindrical tube with a single reed attached to its mouthpiec. Te has wide range and usually plays the alto part when the fue plays the melody. The piccolo is a small flute, sounding an octave higher tha2 the ordinary flute. ‘The oboe is a woodwind instrument having a slendes con body and a double-reed mouthpiece. The tone of the oboe is b |35 The bassoon is a larger woodwind instrument of low range ith a doubled tube and a curved: metal crook to which a double d is attached. ; The saxophone is a musical wind instrument consisting of a nical, usually brass tube with keys or valves and s mouthpiece ich one reed. This musical instrument is not @ regular member ‘the orchestra, rass Instruments The brass instruments consist of cylindrical brass tubes of ‘ing length. The trumpet is a brass instrument with a powerful, penatrat- ing tone, consisting of a tube commonly curved once or twice und on itself and having a cup-shaped mouthpiece at one end and bell at the other. Because of its piercing tone when played, it is associated with martial pomp. The horn is a wind instrument originally formed from the hollow horn of an animal but now usually made of brass or other ‘metals. It is the most expressive of the brass choir. The trombone is a musical wind instrument consisting of a cylindrical metal cube expanding into a bell and bent twice in U-shape, usually equipped with a slide, The sliding U-shaped tube changes the length of the vibrating column of air inside the tube, so the pitch of its tones are -ither raised or lowered. } ‘The tuba is the bass of the brass choir. It is also a valued | brass wind instrument having a low range. | Other brass instruments like the cornet and bugle are played in military and outdoor bands. | Percussion Instruments i. The word percussion simply means the striking of one body | against another with some sharpness. The striking or tapping or | scratching of the instrument with the hand generates some excite- | ment ad enlivens the orchestral sound. ‘ f E56 i i musical instrument consisting of g slabs er see eeerrare musical tones when struck, The glockenspiel is a musical instrument composed of a & of graduated steel bars mounted in a frame and struck With hammers and used especially in bands. * The cymbal is a concave plate of brass or bronze that Produces g sharp, ringing sound when struck; played either in pais, by being struck together, or simply by being struck by a drumstick, Stag The xylophone is a musical instrument Consisting 9+, graduated series of wooden bars, usually sounded by striking with small wooden hammers. The marimba is a type of xylophone which originated from Africa. It is associated with lively exotic dance music, Kettledrum is a drum consisting of a hallow hemisphere of brass or copper over which is stretched a skin. The percussion instruments can produce tones of different and definite pitches. Keyboard Instruments The keyboard instruments include the piano, the harpsichord, celesta, and the organ. The piano is the most familiar keyboard instrument. It is 2 musical instrament in which hammers, operated from keyboard, strike upon metal strings. The piano is used to accompany solo or chocal singing. Because of its range, it is very indispensable to musicians in studying their scores. The harpsichord is also a keyboard instrument, precursor of the piano, in which the strings are plucked by leather or quill points. The celesta is another keyboard instrument consisting principally of a set of graduated steel plates struck with hammers. The range of this masical instrument is only one-half that of # piano, but it produces a celestial or heavenly sound. The organ is a wind musical or more sets of pipes sounded by one or more keyboards and instrument consisting of 0% by means of compressed air, playté capable of producing a wide 108# 57 of musical effects. Modern organs today, have no pipes or reeds at all; they produce sounds electronically, jastrumental Groups Musical instruments are played by performers either singly or in groups of various sizes. An orchestra is a company of performers on various musical instruments including especially the stringed, brass and percussion. The number of instruments may vary according to the requirements of the musical composition. A band is a musical group, usually employing brass, percussion and woodwind instruments. This is a popular group of musicians performing during town fiestas and parades. The rondalla as an instrumental grouping in the Philippines is made up mostly of stringed instruments. Literature Literary works are grouped under two categories: imagi- native literature and non-fiction. Imaginative literature or the “literature of power” includes poems, short stories, novels, and plays. It interprets human experience by presenting fictitious persons, incidents or situations, no: by actual truths about particular events. ‘Non-fiction or the “literature of knowledge” includes bio- graphies and essays which present actual facts, events, experiences and ideas, Literary Types (Genres) There are four types of literary works: fiction, essay, poetry, and drama, “Fiction. A short story or a novel is presented through narra- ee The short story writer includes ideas or incidents that ‘contribute to a single effect which he aims to achieve. The existence | Of complex relationships are presented in a highly condensed tayal of character and situation.58 ‘k which may A novel is» more extended wor! 'Y have characters in a more complicated situation shown through sect chapters. The elements of short story. The elements of «thor, include plot, setting, characterization, style, point of View at substance. - Plot is the skeletal structure of the story. It consists OF even, which are arranged ina meaningful sequence. ‘An important element of the plot is conflict which ig main character's struggle with another character, unfavoraby, environmental conditions, or social conventions. Setting refers to the time and place of the action whic, provides the background to the events and the actions of th, characters. It also helps create the mood and atmosphere of a story Characterization. Characters cause the events in the plot, the incidents. Character traits and qualities of characters an identified through what the author says, what the characters say, what the characters do, what other characters say about them, and juxtaposition with other characters. | Style is the characteristic manner of expression, the habitul manner in which a writer expresses himself. “Point of view is how the story is narrated, the vantage point from which the characters, action, and events are seen: 1. The first person point of view uses the “I” whe-nasrates the events and describes the characters and the relation- ships which they have with one another. 2. The objective point of view lets the reader watch the events as they unfold on a stage. 3. The omniscient point of view gives the reader » chance know the hidden thoughts, unexpressed feelings reactions of the characters. :59 yanguage In Literature Just like all mediums of all arts, the mediums of literature gre the various languages of the world, e.g.; English, French, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, German, or Russian. The Question of Translation, However beautiful a transla- tion is, it can never capture the original beauty of a manuscript. No translation is ever more than an approximation of the original. Sometimes a single translation is so neatly perfect that it is accepted as an adequate rendering of the original; but the sound of the original is completely lost and only the sense is preserved. The best practice is to compare several versions, by different translators, for often, a different translation gives 2 new insight into a passage. Very often, translations either fail to be good English or fail to be like the original. Literature in English. ‘The English language is a very flexible medium, and a wide variety of effects can be gained from it. The fact remains, though, that the student who takes up only English misses different types of effects obtained in other languages. He misses certain nuances that get lost in the process of translation. The sound and rhythm of the original is lost, and the meaning of the poem is not always accurately conveyed in the translation. Limitations of the Subject in Literature Language is the medium of literature but, as a medium, literature is the only art whose medium is not international. A painting in fresco loses its charscteristic quality if it is copied in oil, There is change but if one knows it in fresco, he can recognize the same picture in oil. If a poem is translated into another language, one has no idea what it is about unless he knows the other language.60 STUDY GUIDES A. ‘TRRMS/CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND: medium tapestry technique bas relief visual arts celesta auditory arts soprano combined arts coloratura soprano mosaic lyric soprano QUESTIONS TO ANSWER: 1, How are shapes used in establishing compositional balance in a work of art? 2. How does texture as an element of art enhance the surfac, effects of any shape of art work? 3. Why is space considered the most important element architecture? . How can an artist establish balance in the visual arts? ‘What are the elements of visual art? . How does music differ from the other arts? . Why is emphasis important in any arrangement of the elements of art? How is it achieved in art? YNnwn @ . What is the importance of line in creating a visual art? 9. How is value achieved in art? 10. How may proportion work out in the visual art?61 ARTS: ELEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION ments of the Visual Art The materials the artist uses in creating a work of art are the lium and the elements put together. An element of art can ly be seen in some medium. This element is independent of the edium; for instance, a pencil line, or an ink line. The medium the physical means through which we can come into contact ith a work of art; the elements are its quantities or properties. The elements of visual art are line, value (light and dark), light \d shadow (chiaroscuro), form, color, texture, and space. Line. Asan element, it is the simplest, most ancient, and most liversal means for creating visual art. A line is a prolongation of a int. As a prolongation, it may be straight or curved according its direction. Line may be broad, thin or fine or ragged. Straight ines are horizontal, vertical or diagonal..The horizontal line plies width, quietude and contemplation. It gives a sense of nity. “Horizontal lines are most often found in landscape. The tical line signifies poise, aspirations, dignity, solemnity and ight.*The diagonal line suggests action or movement. Diagonal es meeting at sharp angles form jagged lines that are harsh and pleasant. These suggest confusion, disturbance, quick motion, nflict, violence, lightning battle, war and sudden death. Curved are graceful and show life and energy. A single curve is single arc, A double curve turns back on itself is an § shape. The ital curved line is the famous “line of grace” or “line of beauty” of logarth. Lines make shapes. Lines symbolize emotional expression.Figure 3-1. i “ cone.” Ma on Volcano in the Bicol Province, “the perfect yy! Figure 3-2. Philippine Post Office Building, Manila63 They describe simple objects, measure things, give directions and boundaries. Value (Light and dark). Value is che relative degree of lightness and darkness in a graphic work of art or painting. It indicates the degree of luminosity; that is, the presence or absence of light. In a value scale, white is considered as the highest value, and black, the lowest; a point halfway between them is called the medium. The point halfway becween white and black may be classified light; and the point halfway between medium and black is classified as dark. Ic is the transition between lightness and darkness in an object. It is value which gives the impression of solidity, distance and illusion of depth. Light and Shadow (Chiaroscuro). Light and shadow, known as chiaroscuro, from the Italian word for light and dark is different from value. Light and shadow is a means of modeling a figure in depth, a means of articulating the form. Form. This is the external appearance of a clearly defined area, It is the visual shape of an object or thing found in nature. The regular forms having definite shapes are the square, circle, rectangle, oval, triangle and lunette. Forms are used to describe simple objects and determine the structure of these objects. For méchanical purposes, forms show masses that are solid, have volume and are three-dimensional. It gives meaning and simplifies ideas, Ie comes in variety, according to use. Some forms are natural, abstract, non-objective, or geometric. Natural forms are those we see in nature; i.e., shapes of leaves, animals, trees and mountains, Some buildings look like geometric solids. Some the cylindrical towers and box-like examples are the pyramids, ident in these buildings. edifices. Geometric shapes are ev! Color is the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by it, and usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation and brightness of the reflected light. It is a series of wave lengths which strike our retina. Every he sun is composed of different waves ray of light coming from ¢ which vibrate at different speeds. This can be proven when we allow light breaks a beam of light co pass through a prism. This ray of Color.64 Figure 3-3. Value Scale WHITE HIGH LIGHT LIGHT LOW LIGHT MEDIUM. LOW DARK DARK HIGH DARK BLACK65 up and seen on sheets of white paper as bands of differeut colors, The colors — ted, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet constitute the spectrum. All colors come from the sun through its light rays. Texture. Texture is the surface treatment of an artistic work in order to give variety and beauty to any work of art. The sense of sight and the sense of touch are involved. They are the smooth and the rough. Variations in texture of objects, buildings and structures help avoid a monotonous effect. Space. Space is an art clement which is concerned with making all parts functional so that all parts of the work of art will contribute to make the whole a complete work of art. Space exists as an “illusion” in the graphic presentation. In sculpture and architecture, space is present. Properties of Color Hue. This is the particular identity of a color. The principal hues are red, yellow and blue. This is classified into two, warm and cool. Color is said to be warm when red or yellow is dominant; and cool when blue is the dominant color. Value. This term is applied to denote the lightness and darkness of a color. Colors can be made darker by making the pigments thicker, adding black, or adding a litcle of its complement. Colors can be made lighter by adding water or oil or white. Intensity. This is the term to denote the brightness and dullness of a ‘color. Colors differ in intensity or vividness. Two colors may both be violet, one just as dark as the other, but one may be more intense than the other. Powder blue is a dulled blue; old rose is a dulled red. When a hue is found in its most vivid form, it is said to be in full intensity. A hue completely neutralized loses its color and becomes gray.66 YELLOW ORANGE | | \ | | — The relationship between the primary colors and the colors proit? by mixing or combining them is shown in the diagram.67 A serious study of the ill show the student the correct This will also develop in them the proper application and use of colors in everyday life. Black is the darkest and the dullest of the colors. It is only considered a color when mixed with other colors. It suggests lespair, gloom, death and mourning. \Blue! is the color of the sky and of the deep. It gives the impression of vastness and infinity. It is a symbol of tranquillity, calmness and peace. is the combination of black and white or the three rimary colors. It gives the impression of weight, solidity and neutrality. Greéh is the color of still water and vegetation. It is a symbol of growth, freshness and hope. see is a combination of red and yellow. This color sym! s deliciousness and sweetness. | Pink is a combination of red and white and symbolizes love. \Redlis a basic color. It typifies fire, blood, danger, festivity, bravery, war, passion, energy, and warmth.68 ue. It sugges, i f red and bl 5 sh Violet fis a eee erase ; oy i nance, £0" ; : mourning, pel hen taken independently, is not considered 2 coy White, na , It is the lightest of all colors. It symbolizes simplicity, dag purity, and peace. _ i This is the color which jg. | ‘Yellow is the color of light. he color w - mistaken as a color of jealousy. It symbolizes life, joy, suns cheerfulness, warmth, splendor and hospitality. is the kind of color which is hurting to the i e appear darker. It is a color appropri ee ee eT is brilliant. This particular o.\* for those with fair complexions. It ae is the symbol of jealousy and hatred. is a mixture of red and a little green. It is Said to be the safest color for all. It suggests humility and confidence, eem to advance while cool ones seem to recede, | The warm colors give the illusion, under certain conditions, tha | they are closer to us than the cool colors, and some artists have exploited this quality to deepen or flatten space in their works, They have done so by painting the figures in the foreground in cooler colors, . "i lony is the correct combination and arrangement of colors so thar they will appear pleasing to the eyes. I Monochromatic harmony employs only one color with its tints and shades. An example is red. Harmonizing with it are ted, medium red, and dark red, : “is the use of colors which possess ont cach hee an nl thei mixture. These colors are found ti each other in the color chart. An i and yellow-orange. example is Orange, red-orange Harmonies of Contrasting Colors69 Color Chart). The success of the use of these harmonie: e s depend: pon the knowledge, skill, and interest of the painter, a The best result may be attained by neutraliz: esseniny ig (le 1B f che brightness of the -color by add « white, black, or : ing either white, , ‘The types of contrasting color harmonies are complementary harmony, double-complementary harmony, split-complementary harmony and double-split-complementary harmony. Complemen- tary harmony is the combination of any two of the opposite colors in the color chart. There are six complementary harmonies. An example is yellow and violet. Double-complementary harmony is made possible by combining any of the two adjacent colors in the color chart with their complements. Four colors are needed to wake up this harmony. An example of this is blue-violet and violet, and yellow and yellow-orange. Split-complementary harmony employs three colors to produce it by starting with any color in the Color Chart with the exception of the three secondary colors, because the opposite of a secondary color is a primary color and therefore, it is a basic color, Example is blue, yellow-orange and red-orange. Double-split-complementary harmony is made possible by the combination of any two sets of split-complementary harmony. These two sets should lie opposite each other in the color chart. An example of this is blue-violet, yellow and orange, then yellow-orange-blue and violet. The triad harmony employs three colors in triangle in the color chart. This harmony is said to be the richest of the five harmonies. The three sets of triads are the primary triad which consists of yellow, red and blue; the secondary triad which composes green, orange and violet; and the intermediate triad composed of yellow-orange, red-violet, blue- green, red-orange and blue-violet. The Paradox of Color Color is a paradox. It exists in light, which to human eyes seems colorless. It does not exist in soap bubbles, rainbows or paint, Which appear colored. The symphony of varied hues we see around us does not mean thar we live in a world of colored objects. It only means that the surface of these objects reflects back a70 at is hitting them. Thus, an ap, Ple " . ii hi . particular portion of the light ¢ | Green leaves are simply reflec, is red not because it is itself red ing green light. But that is only part of the story. What about an object te appears to be one color one moment and ee color iS foment later, or one that can flash a variety of ey Ore ars that can be put together to produce @ third? Color lay tricks like these because of variations in light sources “ Teflecteq surfaces. The tiny parallel ridges on a phonograp’ seemed will produce a rainbow effect if looked at a Eee hee as will gasoline in a puddle both reflecting different col or a the spec. trum at various points on their surfaces. The colors in light can also be divided by raindroplets, added together in TV tubes, ang absorbed by paints or natural pigments to create a host of new colors. How Light Determines Color With good reason, a woman buying a dress will often take it out into daylight to see the “true” colors. She usually finds thar any red in the fabric is far more pronounced in sunlight than under the fluorescent lamps which concentrate much of their energy in the blue wavelengths of the spectrum, while the energy of sunlight is distributed evenly through the spectrum, thus giving the fabric sufficient red light to reflect. A more exaggerated color change occurs on a highway lit by sodium-vapor lamps. These lamps emit nearly all the energy at two wavelengths in the yellow part of the spectrum: A yellow cat glistens brilliantly yellow in sodium-vapor light, but blue or red cars given little of their color to reflect appear drab gray. . A white surface will reflect every visibl inder reddish yellow light, however, the at pete of flat ees gece virtually indistinguishable from the yolk because it has only yolk- colored wavelengths to reflect. Because ordinary household light bulb emit blue light and strong red light, they can produce * someghee sa distorting effect. To register tree” esis indoor color photography requires a speci, ii sensitive to the spectrum’s blue wavelengine, Bis thee tee aoa the Mystery of Color Perception Almosc three centuries have passed since Isaac Newton first specultg on how colors are perceived and yet the phenomenon of sit ins cele - which man shares with a number of other nimals, i ling apes, goldfish and t and position. The space surrounding the objects pi to the other objects. We experience gr c Sizes and the number of pieces of ture are proportional » the lengeh, width a nd Reighe of the it seems that we are in, roe 8S US @ sense of freedom ye are a big room in which to move around. 2° ling gives us the impression and feelin79 freedom for mobility is affected. A magnificent statue loses its peauty and significance when constructed amidst tall buildings with a little space that surrounds it. Rhythm. Rhythm in art, means an easy, connected path along which the eye may travel in any arrangement of lines, forms or colors. It is related movement. It suggests something grace- ful. Rhythm is obtained through the repetition of shapes, through the progression of sizes, and through an easily connected or continuous line movement. There is rhythm in the tide created by the continuous alternating flow and ebbalong the shores. We find rhythm in the visual arts when there is a continuous flow or feeling of movement achieved by the repetition of regular visual units. Emphasis. Although an arrangement may be well-balanced, its proportion is good, and its content in perfect harmony, it may still be dull and uninteresting. In spite of its merits, the eye will pass over it because there is no particular point to arrest the atten- tion. The arrangement lacks emphasis, and therefore, fails to give any active sense of enjoyment. Emphasis is the art principle by which the eye is carried first to the most important thing in any arrangement, and from that point to every other detail in the order of its importance. | A room appears pleasing to see and becomes restful to stay in if | we bring order by choosing one part to be the focus of attention, allowing it to stand out in importance through its position, color, or design, and making the other units and features of the room subor- | dinate to it. An artist shows various ways of emphasizing a part in a painting. He makes use of size or color to dramatize a part depicted in his visual art work.