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EC8073 Medical Electronics V Semester EC
EC8073 Medical Electronics V Semester EC
EC8073 Medical Electronics V Semester EC
UNIT I
ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY AND BIO-POTENTIAL RECORDING
4. State all or none law in respect of cell bio potential. [A/M – 08]
Regardless of the method by which a cell is excited or the intensity of the stimulus, the action
potential is always the same for any given cell.
8. What are the types of electrodes used in bipolar measurement? [M/J – 12]
The types of electrodes used in bipolar measurement are
i) Limb electrodes
ii) Floating Electrodes
iii) Skin electrodes
9. Name the electrodes used for recording EMG and ECG. [N/D – 12]
Electrodes used for recording EMG are
i) Needle electrodes
ii) Surface electrodes
Electrodes used for recording ECG are
i) Limb electrodes
ii) Floating Electrodes
iii) Pregelled disposable electrodes
iv) Pasteless electrodes
10. List out the electrodes used for EEG. [M/J – 14]
Electrodes used for recording EEG are
i) Needle electrodes
ii) Surface electrodes
iii) Needle electrode
14. List the lead systems used in ECG recording. [A/M – 10]
The lead systems used in ECG recording are
i) Bipolar Limb leads or Standard leads
ii) Augmented unipolar limb leads
iii) Chest leads or precordial leads
17. Compare the signal characteristics of ECG and PCG. [N/D – 11]
Latency is defined as the elapsed time between the stimulating impulse and the muscle action
potential. In other words it is the time delay between stimulus and response
21. What are the important bands of frequencies in EEG and state their importance.
[N/D – 04]
The important bands of frequencies in EEG are
Waves Frequency (Hz) Observation
23. What are the peak amplitude and frequency response for ECG, EEG and EMG?
The peak amplitude and frequency response for ECG, EEG, EMG are
Bioelectric potential Function Peak Frequency Observation
amplitude response
ElectroCardioGram Used to measure
Records electrical 0.05 to
(ECG) 0.1 to 4mV heart rate, arrhythmia
activity of heart 120 Hz
and abnormalities
Used to analysis
ElectroEncephaloGram Records electrical 0.1 to 100 evoked potential,
2 to 200μV
(EEG) activity of brain Hz certain patterns,
frequency response
ElectroMyoGram Used as indicator of
Records muscle 50μV to 5 to 2000
(EMG) muscle action for
potential 1mV Hz
measuring fatigue
24. The contraction of skeletal muscle is termed as what? Give its specifications. [M/J – 14]
The contraction of skeletal muscle is termed as Electromyogram.
Specification:
Signal ranges – 0.1 to 0.5 mV
Frequency component – 20 Hz to 10 kHz
The surface electrode picks up many overlapping spikes and produces an average voltage from
various muscles and motor units.
UNIT II
BIO-CHEMICAL AND NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS
Part A
1. What are the typical values of blood pressure and pulse rate of an adult? [N/D – 12]
Systolic (maximum) blood pressure in the normal adult is in the range of 95 to145 mm Hg, with 120
mm Hg being average. Diastolic (lowest pressure between beats) blood pressure ranges from 60 to
90 mm Hg, 80 mm Hg being average.
17. How is auto analyzer useful in medical field? [A/M – 10], [M/J – 10]
Auto analyzer is used to measure blood chemistry and display that on a graphic recorder.
19. What is cardiac output? What are the methods of measurement of cardiac output?
[N/D – 16]
Cardiac output is the amount of blood delivered by the heart to the aorta per minute. For normal
adult, the cardiac output is 4- 6 litres/min. The cardiac output is measured by using three.
22. Give the changes in the hemoglobin content of red blood cells.
When the body produces too many red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
increases, and a chronic disease called polycythemia or dehydration is produced. When the
hemoglobin in the blood decreases, anemia is produced.
25. Name three methods to obtain the direct measurement of blood pressure.
The three methods to obtain the direct measurement of blood pressure are
i) Percutaneous insertion
ii) Catheterization
iii) Implantation of a transducer.
26. Name the four physical principles based on which blood flow meters are constructed.
[N/D – 07]
The blood flow meter is constructed based on the following principles:
i) Electromagnetic induction.
ii) Ultrasonic principle (Transmit type, Doppler type)
iii) Thermal convection
iv) Radiograpic principle
v) Indicated dilution principle.
28. Why glass electrode is very much preferred as active electrode in a pH meter?
The glass electrode provides a membrane interface for H+ ions. So that, it is preferred as an
active electrode in pH measurement. The pH meter with hydroscopic glass observes the water
readily and provides best pH value.
UNIT – III
ASSIST DEVICES AND BIO –TELEMETRY
Part A
1. Give two important factors that demand internal pace maker’s usage. [A/M – 05]
The two important factors that demand internal pace maker’s usage are
(i). Type and nature of the electrode used
(ii). Nature of the cardiac problems.
(iii). Mode of operation of the pacemaker system.
4. What are the batteries used for implantable pacemaker? [N/D – 12]
The batteries used for implantable pacemakers are
i)Mercury cell,
ii)Lithium cells,
iii)Nuclear cell
6. What are the three types of exchangers used in HEMODIALYSIS system? [M/J – 05]
The three types of exchangers used in HEMODIALYSIS systems are
i)Parallel Flow dialyzer,
ii)Coil Hemodialyser,
iii)Hollow Fiber Hemodialyser
8. Calculate the energy stored in 16μF capacitor of a DC defibrillator that is charged to a potential of
5000 Vdc.
Given Data:
C = 16μF
V = 5000
E = (1/2) CV2
= (1/2) 16 10-6 25 106
= 200 Joules
It is an electrical stimulator that produces periodic electric pulses that are conducted to electrodes
located on the surface of the heart (Epicardium), within the muscle (myocardium) or within the
cavity or the lining of the heart (Endocardium).
Unit IV
PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND BIOTELEMETRY
Part A
In the Condenser method, the output of the diathermy machine is connected to metal electrodes
called PADS. They are placed on the body so that the portion of the body sandwiched between them
acts as dielectric of the capacitor.
6. What is the modulation techniques used for biotelemetry? Mention the reason for adopting that
modulation scheme. [N/D – 04]
The two different modulation techniques used for biotelemetry are
i)Double Modulation
ii)Pulse Width Modulation
The purpose behind this double modulation, it gives better interference free performance in
transmission, and this enables the reception of low frequency biological signals. The sub
modulators can be a FM (frequency modulation) system.
2450 MHz corresponding to a wavelength of 12.25 cm. Heating effect is produced by the absorption
of the microwaves in the region of the body under treatment.
12. What are the different types of current that are used for medical applications?
The different types of current are Threshold current, pain current, let-go current, paralysis
current, fibrillation and defibrillation current.
14. What are the choices of radio carrier frequency for medical telemetry purpose?
[N/D – 16]
The bio-signals are amplified to radio frequency range of few hundred KHz to about 300 KHz and
then they are transmitted by transmitter antenna's.
Unit V
RECENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Part A
2. Define Endoscopes
Endoscope is a tubular optical instrument to inspect or view the body cavities which are not visible
to the naked eye normally.