Compiled Practical 12 Updated 2022-23

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE - EAST
CHEMISTRY
LAB MANUAL
CLASS XII
1
2
PRACTICALS
The record and the project report to be submitted by the students at the time of their
annual examination.
Evaluation Scheme
Time Allowed: Three hours
Max. Marks: 30
Volumetric Analysis 8 Marks

Salt Analysis 6 Marks
Content Based Experiment 6 Marks
Investigatory Project 5 Marks
Viva and Record Book 5 Marks
Total 30 marks
Experiments
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
1. Prepare M/20 Mohr salt solution and find out the strength of given KMnO4 solution
2. Prepare M/40 Mohr salt solution and find out the strength of given KMnO4 solution
3. Prepare M/20 oxalic acid solution and find out the strength of given KMnO4 solution
4. Prepare M/40 oxalic acid solution and find out the strength of given KMnO4 solution
SALT ANALYSIS
1. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Ammonium Carbonate )
2. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Ammonium Chloride)
3. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Ammonium Sulphate )
4. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Ammonium Acetate )
5. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Ammonium Phosphate )
6. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Lead Acetate )
7. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Aluminium Sulphate )
8. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Zinc Acetate )
9. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Manganese Sulphate )
10. Identify cation and anion in the given salt. ( Calcium Chloride)
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CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENTS
1. Chromatography: Separation of Components of blue and black ink by paper

chromatography and determination of Rf values.
2. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in samples.
3. Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds.
4. To Prepare Ferric Hydroxide Solution.
5. To Prepare Colloidal solution of Starch
6. To study the effect of change in temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
7. To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate
and hydrochloric acid.
SUGGESTED INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS
1. Amount of acetic acid in vinegar

2. To determine caffeine content in samples of tea
3. Determination of contents of cold drink
4. Extraction of essential oil
5. To Compare rate of fermentation of different sample
6. Study of adulteration in food
7. Study on presence of insecticide and pesticide in fruits and vegetables
8. Estimate the quantity of casein in milk
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INDEX
Pg. Teacher’s
Sl. No EXPERIMENT Date
No Signature
Identify the functional group in the given sample.
1. (Alcohol)
Identify the functional group in the given
2.
sample. (Phenol)
3. sample. (Aldehyde)
4. (Ketone)

5. sample. (Carboxylic acid)

6.
(Amines)
Prepare M/20 Mohr salt solution and find out the
7. strength of given KMnO4 solution
Prepare M/40 Mohr salt solution and find out the

Prepare M/20 Oxalic Acid solution and find out the

Prepare M/40 Oxalic Acid solution and find out the

Chromatography: To separate the components of

11.
the mixture by paper chromatography
Test of Carbohydrates
12(a)
Test of Fats
12(b)
Test of Oil
12(c)
5
To Prepare Ferric Hydroxide Solution
13
To Prepare Colloidal solution of Starch

14
To study the effect of concentration on the rate of

15 reaction between sodium thiosulphate and
hydrochloric acid
To study the effect of change in temperature on the rate
16 of reaction between sodium
Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

17 (ammonium carbonate)

18
(ammonium chloride)

19
(ammonium acetate)

20 (ammonium sulphate)

21
(ammonium phosphate)

22
(Lead acetate)
23
(Aluminium sulphate)
24
(zinc acetate)
25 (manganese sulphate)

26 (calcium chloride)
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Guidelines to Write Records:
1. Use BLUE INK only.
2. Diagrams to be drawn in pencil. Geometry instruments to be used. No free hand

diagrams.
3. Table borders to be drawn using ruler and pencil. Content to be written in pen.
4. Page borders to be drawn on blank page.
5. BLANK PAGE: Reactions, Figure, Observation(tabular column etc),

Calculations.
6. RULED PAGE: Aim, Apparatus, Theory, Procedure, Result, Precautions,
7. Date of experiment, tabular column and result to be entered after

experiment is conducted in lab.
8. Please follow all the instructions.
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FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS
AIM: To identify the functional group in given organic compound.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. STATE AND Liquid May be alcohol, phenol, ethanoic

APPEARANCE acid, acetone, acetaldehyde.
2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in water May be ethanol, acetaldehyde,

ethanoic acid, acetone
3. TEST WITH LITMUS No change Phenol, acids and amines may be

absent.
4. TEST WITH CERRIC Pink/red colour May be alcohol

AMMONIUM
NITRATE: Add few
drops of cerric ammonium
nitrate to 1ml of solution
in test tube.
5. ESTERIFICATION Fruity odour of an ester Alcohol is confirmed.

TEST: To the compound,
add few drops of acetic
acid and conc. H2SO4 ,
Heat it and pour the
solution into a beaker
containing 50ml of water.
RESULT: The given organic compound contains alcohol as functional group
8
LHS
CONFIRMATORY EQUATION:
9
1. STATE AND Liquid May be alcohol, phenol, ethanoic

APPEARANCE acid, acetone, acetaldehyde.
2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in NaOH May be phenol or carboxylic acid.
3. TEST WITH LITMUS Blue litmus turns red May be phenol or carboxylic acid.
4. Neutral FeCl3 Test : To Violet coloration May be phenol

the compound add water
and neutral FeCl3.
5. Liebermann’s test: Add 2 Deep blue or green coloration Phenol is confirmed.

or 3 crystals of sodium
nitrite in the given
compound. Heat it and them
allow it to cool. Then add
about 1 ml of conc.
sulphuric acid and shake the
test tube to mix the contents.
Add distilled water carefully

to the test tube. Colour changes to red
Add excess of sodium
hydroxide solution to the Deep blue or green colour appears
test tube.
RESULT: The given compound contains phenol as functional group.
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CONFIRMATORY EQUATION
Liebermann’s test
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1. STATE AND APPEARANCE Liquid May be alcohol, phenol,

ethanoic acid, acetone,
acetaldehyde.
2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in water May be acetone, acetaldehyde,

carboxylic acid or ethanol.
3. TEST WITH LITMUS No change Phenol, acids and amines may

be absent.
4. TEST WITH CERRIC No change Absence of alcohol

AMMONIUM NITRATE: Add
few drops of cerric
ammonium nitrate to 1ml of
solution in test tube.
No change Absence of Phenol

5. Neutral FeCl3 TEST : To the
compound add water and
neutral FeCl3
6. 2,4- DNP test: Add spirit to Yellow or orange crystals Presence of carbonyl compound.
the compound until it formed.
dissolves. Now add few drops
of 2,4- DNP solution.
7. Schiff’s test: Dissolve a small Pink /red/ magenta May be aldehyde
quantity of the given colouration
compound in alcohol, add
Schiff’s reagent and shake it
well.
8. Tollen’s test: To the A bright silver mirror is Aldehyde confirmed.
compound add Tollen’s formed.
reagent and heat in water
bath.
9. Fehling’s test: Take 1 ml Red precipitate is Aldehyde confirmed
each of Fehling’s solution A formed.
and B in a test tube. Add 4-5
drops of the given organic
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and warm the test in a
water bath for 4-5 minutes.
Result: The given compound contains functional group: Aldehyde
13
Confirmatory equation:
RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)]+ + 3 OH- 2Ag + RCOO- + 2 H2O + 4NH3
Aldehyde Tollens reagent silver mirror
CH3CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)]+ + 3 OH- 2Ag + CH3COO- + 2 H2O + 4NH3
Fehling’s solution
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acetaldehyde.
2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in water May be acetone,
acetaldehyde, carboxylic acid
or ethanol.
3. TEST WITH LITMUS No change Phenol, acids and amines may
be absent.
4. TEST WITH CERIC AMMONIUM No change Absence of alcohol

NITRATE: Add few drops of ceric

compound add water and neutral
FeCl3
6. 2,4- DNP test: Add spirit to the Yellow or orange crystals Presence of carbonyl
compound until it dissolves. Now formed. compound.
add few drops of 2,4- DNP solution.
7. m- dinitrobenzene: Take a small Violet colour which slowly May be ketone.
quantity of the given compound, fades
add about 0.1g of m-
dinitrobenzene. Then add dilute
sodium hydroxide solution and
shake it well.
8. Sodium nitroprusside test: To the A red colouration Ketone is confirmed.
compound add few drops of sodium
nitroprusside and NaOH solution.
Result: The given compound contains functional group: ketone.
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Confirmatory equation
16

acetaldehyde.
2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in NaOH May be phenol
carboxylic acid
3. TEST WITH LITMUS Blue litmus turns red Phenol or carboxylic

acid may be present.
4. TEST WITH CERRIC AMMONIUM No change Absence of alcohol

NITRATE: Add few drops of cerric

FeCl3
6. 2,4- DNP test: Add spirit to the No change Absence of carbonyl
compound until it dissolves. Now compound.
7. NaHCO3 test: To the compound add Brisk effervescence due to May be carboxylic acid
NaHCO3. liberation of CO2.
8. Esterification: To the compound add Fruity odour is observed. Carboxylic acid is

few drops of alcohol and conc. confirmed.
H2SO4 and heat. Pour the contents
into beaker containing water.
Result: The given compound contains functional group : Carboxylic acid.
17
18

acetaldehyde.
2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in HCl May be amines
3. TEST WITH LITMUS Red litmus turns blue Amines may be present.
4. TEST WITH CERRIC AMMONIUM No change Absence of alcohol

NITRATE: Add few drops of cerric

FeCl3
6. 2,4- DNP test: Add spirit to the No change Absence of carbonyl
compound until it dissolves. Now compound.
7. NaHCO3 test: To the compound add No change Absence of carboxylic
NaHCO3. acid
8. Azo dye test: Take three test tubes Orange or red dye is formed Amine is confirmed.
A, B and C. In test tube A, dissolve
a small quantity of the compound in
2 ml of HCl. In test tube B, prepare
an aqueous solution of sodium
nitrite. In test tube C, dissolve a
small quantity of β-naphthol in
dilute sodium hydroxide. Place all
the three test tubes in an ice bath.
Now add sodium nitrite solution
into test tube A and the resulting
solution is added to test tube C.
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Result: The given compound contains functional group Amines.
20
Experiment No. 7
AIM:-
Prepare M/20 Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Mohr’s salt) Solution. Using this Solution find
out the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 Solution.
Apparatus: - Burette, Pipette. Titration Flask, Burette Stand, Measuring Flask.
Theory:- Molecular mass of Mohr’s salt FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O = 392gm
Hence for preparing 1000ml of 1M Mohr salt solution, salt required is 392 gm
For preparing 100 ml of M/20 Mohr salt solution
Salt required is 392 x 100 x 1 = 1.96 g

1000 20
Indicator:-
KMnO4 is a self-indicator.
End Point:-
Colourless to permanent pink colour
KMnO4 in burette
Standard solution in conical flask
Procedure:-
1. Prepare 100 ml of M/20 Mohr’s salt solution by dissolving 1.96 g of Mohr’s salt in water.
2. Rinse the pipette with the M/20 Mohr’s salt solution and pipette out 10.0 ml of it in a
washed titration flask.
3. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
4. Add one test-tube (~ 20 ml) full of dilute sulphuric acid to the solution in titration flask.
5. Note the initial reading of the burette.
6. Now add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to
the solution in the titration flask on addition of last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
7. Note the final reading of the burette.
8. Repeat the above steps 4-5 times to get a set of three concordant readings.
Result:-
Molarity of given KMnO4 = …………M
Strength of given KMnO4 = …………….g/L
Precautions:-
1. To avoid parallax error, burette should be kept to the eye level while filling the
solution
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2. To prevent hydrolysis of Mohrs salt, few drops of conc. H2SO4 should be added while
preparing solution.
3. Clean all the apparatus with distilled water before starting the experiment and then
rinse with the solution to be taken in them.
4. Read the lower meniscus in the colourless solution and upper meniscus in coloured
solution.
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LHS Page
Observations:-
Weight of Mohr Salt = 1.96 g

Volume of Mohr’s salt solution prepared = 100 ml
Solution taken in burette = KMnO4 solution
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10.0 ml
Molarity of Mohr Salt Solution = M/20
S.No. Initial reading of Burette (ml) Final reading of Burette Volume of KMnO4
(ml) solution used (ml)
Concordant Volume = ………ml
Calculation:-
Molarity of KMnO4 Solution

From the overall balanced chemical equation, it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 10
moles of Mohr’s salt
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M KMnO4 = 2 x 1/20 x 10 = ………. M
10 x VKMnO4
Strength:-
Strength = Molarity x Molar Mass
= ……….x 158 g /L
= ………… g/L
Result:-
24
Experiment No. 8
AIM:-
Prepare M/40 Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Mohr’s salt) Solution. Using this Solution find
out the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 Solution.
Theory:- Molecular mass of Mohr’s salt FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O = 392gm
Hence for preparing 1000ml of 1M Mohr salt solution, salt required is 392 gm
For preparing 100 ml of M/20 Mohr salt solution
Salt required is 392 x 100 x 1 = 0.98 g

1000 40
Indicator:-
End Point:-
Colourless to permanent pink .
KMnO4 in burette
Procedure:-
1. Prepare 100 ml of M/40 Mohr’s salt solution by dissolving 0.98 g of Mohr’s salt in water.
2. Rinse the pipette with the M/40 Mohr’s salt solution and pipette out 10.0 ml of it in a
Result:-
25
Precautions:-
solution
2. To prevent hydrolysis, few drops of conc. H2SO4 should be added while preparing
solution.
solution.
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LHS Page
Observations:-
Weight of Mohr Salt = 0.98 g

Volume of Mohr’s salt solution prepared = 100 ml
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10.0 ml
Molarity of Mohr Salt Solution = M/40
Calculation:-
moles of Mohr’s salt
27
M KMnO4 = 2 x 1/40 x 10 = ………. M
10 x VKMnO4
Strength:-
= ……….x 158 g /L
= ………… g/L
Result:-
28
Experiment No. 9
AIM:-
Prepare M/20 Oxalic acid Solution. Using this Solution find out the molarity and strength of
given KMnO4 Solution.
Theory:- Molecular mass of oxalic acid is = 126gm
Hence for preparing 1000ml of 1M Oxalic acid solution, salt required is 126 gm
For preparing 100 ml of M/20 Oxalic acid solution
Salt required is 126 x 100 x 1 = 0.63 gm

1000 20
Indicator:-
End Point:-
Colourless to permanent pink colour
KMnO4 in burette
Procedure:-
1. Prepare 100 ml of M/20 oxalic acid solution by dissolving 0.63 g of oxalic acid in water.
2. Rinse the pipette with the M/20 oxalic acid solution and pipette out 10 ml of it in a washed
titration flask.
7. Before titration heat the standard solution upto 600C
Result:-
Precautions:-
29
solution
2. Oxalic acid in the titration flask should be heated upto 600C before titration as the
reaction between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is slow
solution.
30
LHS Page
Observations:-
Weight of oxalic acid = 0.63 g

Volume of Oxalic acid solution prepared = 100 ml
Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10.0 ml
Molarity of oxalic Solution = M/20
Calculation:-

moles of Oxalic acid
31
M KMnO4 = 2 x 1/20 x 10 = ………. M
5 x VKMnO4
Strength:-
= ……….x 158 g/L
= ………… g/L
Result:-
Molarity of given KMnO4 solution = …………M
Strength of given KMnO4 solution = …………….g/L
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Experiment No. 10
AIM:-
Prepare M/40 Oxalic acid Solution. Using this Solution find out the molarity and strength of
given KMnO4 Solution.
Apparatus: - Burette, Pipette, Titration Flask, Burette Stand, Measuring Flask.
Theory:- Molecular mass of oxalic acid is = 126gm
Hence for preparing 1000ml of 1M Oxalic acid solution, salt required is 126 gm
For preparing 100 ml of M/40 Oxalic acid solution
Salt required is 126 x 100 x 1 = 0.315 gm

1000 40
Indicator:-
End Point:-
Colourless to permanent pink colour.
KMnO4 in burette
Procedure:-
1. Prepare 100 ml of M/40 oxalic acid solution by dissolving 0.315 g of oxalic acid in water.
2. Rinse the pipette with the M/20 oxalic acid solution and pipette out 10.0 ml of it in a
7. Before titration heat the standard solution upto 600C
Result:-
Precautions:-
33
solution
2. Oxalic acid in the titration flask should be heated upto 600C before titration as the
reaction between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is slow
solution.
34
LHS Page
Observations:-
Weight of oxalic acid = 0.315 gm

Volume of Oxalic acid solution prepared = 100 ml
Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10.0 ml
Molarity of oxalic Solution = M/40
Calculation:-

moles of Oxalic acid
35
M KMnO4 = 2 x 1/40 x 10 = ………. M
5 x VKMnO4
Strength:-
= ……….x 158 g /L
= ………… g/L
Result:-
36
CHROMATOGRAPHY
AIM: To separate colored components present in the mixture of red and blue inks by
ascending paper chromatography and filled their Rf values.
Apparatus
Gas jar, glass rod, filter paper strip (What man No. 1 filter paper), jar cover, fine capillary
tube.
Requirement
A mixture of red and blue inks, alcohol and distilled water.
Procedure
1. Take a What man filter paper strip (20 x 2 cm) and draw a line with pencil above 3
cm from one end. Draw another line lengthwise from the centre of the paper.
2. With the help of fine capillary tube, put a drop of the mixture of red and blue inks
at the point P. Let it dry in air. Put another drop on the same spot and dry again.
Repeat 2-3 times, so that the spot is rich in mixture.
3. Suspend the filter paper vertically in a gas jar containing the solvent (eluent) with
the help of a glass rod in such a way that the pencil line (and the spot) remains
about 2 cm .above the solvent level (50% alcohol + distilled water).
4. Cover the jar and keep it undisturbed. Notice the rising solvent along with the
mixture of red and blue inks. After the solvent has risen about 15 cm you will
notice two different spots of blue and red colours on the filter paper.
5. Take the filter paper out of the jar and mark the distance that the solvent has risen
on the paper with a pencil. This is called the solvent front.
6. Dry the paper. Put pencil marks in the centre of the blue and red spots.
7. Measure the distance of the two spots from the original line and the distance of the
solvent from the original line.
8. Calculate the Rf Values of the blue and red inks by using the formula:
Result:
The Rf value of red ink is
The Rf value of blue ink is
Precautions
1. Use good quality pencil for drawing the reference line so that the mark does not dissolve
in the solvent in which the chromatography is carried out.
2. Always make use of a fine capillary tube.
37
3. Keep the jar undisturbed and covered during the experiment.
4. A spot should be small and rich in mixture.
5. Allow the spot to dry before putting the strip in the jar.
6. Keep the strip erect. Do not let it to be curled.
7. Do not allow the spot to dip in the solvent.
38
LHS
Observations and Calculations
RESULT
Rf value of red ink is…………….
Rf value of blue ink is ……………
39
Experiment No. 12 (A)
AIM: To Study Some Simple Tests of Carbohydrates

Requirements
Glucose, sucrose (cane-sugar), lactose (milk-sugar), starch, Molisch’s reagent,
Fehling’s solution, Benedict’s solution and iodine solution.
Procedure
1. Molisch’s Test
All carbohydrates give this test.
Take 1-2 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate (suspension in case of starch) and
add few drops of Molisch’s reagent (1% alcoholic solution of 1-naphthol). Put one ml
of cone. H2SO4 slowly along the side of the test tube.
A red violet ring is produced at the junction of two layers.

Chemistry of the test:
Cone. H2SO4 converts carbohydrates into furfural or its derivative which further
reacts with 1-naphthol to give a coloured product.
2. Fehling’s Test
Take 2 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate (nearly 5%) and add 1—2 ml each of
Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s solution B. Keep the test tube in boiling water
bath.
Reddish ppt. indicates the presence of a reducing sugar.

Chemistry of the test
3. Benedict’s Test
To 1-2 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate in a test-tube add 1-2 ml of Benedict’s
reagent. Keep the test-tube in a boiling water bath.
Reddish ppt. indicates the presence of reducing sugar.
4. Tollen’s Test
Take 2-3 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate in a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml of Tollen’s
reagent. Keep the test tube in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes.
A shining silver mirror indicates the presence of reducing carbohydrate.
40
5. Iodine Test (For starch only)
To the aqueous suspension of the sample, add 1-2 drops of iodine solution.
Appearance of blue colouration indicates the presence of starch.
LHS
Chemistry of the test
Observations
41
Experiment No. 12 (B)
AIM: To Study Some Simple Tests of Oils and Fats

Requirements
Chloroform, ethyl alcohol, KHS04 crystals, furfural solution, Huble’s solution, desi ghee,
vegetable ghee and refined oil
Procedure
1. Solubility Test
This test is based on the fact that oils and fats are soluble in organic solvents like
chloroform, alcohol, etc., but are insoluble in water. Shake a small amount of given sample
with 5 ml each of water, alcohol and chloroform in three test-tubes and observe the solubility
and draw inferences
as follows:
2. Translucent Spot Test

Press a little of the substance in the folds of the filter paper. On unfolding the filter paper, the
appearance of translucent or greasy spot on the filter paper indicates the presence of fat
or oil. The spot grows larger on heating and drying the filter paper.
3. Acrolein Test
Heat a little of the sample with some crystals of KHS04 in a test-tube.
A pungent irritating odour of Acrolein confirms the presence of fat or oil.
4. Baudouin Test
This test is applied to distinguish between desi ghee and Vanaspati ghee.
Vanaspati ghee contains 5% seasame oil. Pure desi ghee does not contain seasame oil.
Shake 5 ml of melted ghee with 5 ml of cone. HCl and 2-3 drops of 2% furfural solution in
alcohol. Keep it aside for 5-10 minutes.
Rose red colour appears if seasame oil is present.
5. Huble’s Test
This test is applied to know degree of unsaturation in the given sample of oil or fat.
Take two test tubes, label them as I and II. Put in each test tube 3 ml of chloroform. Add 3-4
drops of cotton seed oil in test tube no. I and linseed oil in test-tube II. Shake and add 3
drops of Huble’s reagent in each test tube and observe the fading of violet colour in test
tubes. The violet colour of iodine fades away in test tube II, while, violet colour in test-tube I
42
does not fade away. This indicates that linseed oil is more unsaturated than cotton seed oil.
LHS
Experiment No. 12 (C)

AIM: To Study Some Simple Tests of Proteins
Requirements
Egg albumin dispersion, gelatin dispersion. Millon’s reagent and Ninhydrin reagent.
43
Procedure
1. Biuret Test
To the dispersion of the substance to be tested (say 5% solution of egg albumin) add
about 2 ml of NaOH solution. Now add 4-5 drops of 1% CuSO4 solution. Warm the
mixture for about five minutes.
Bluish violet colouration indicates the presence of protein.
2. Xanthoproteic Test
Take about 2 ml of egg albumin dispersion in a test-tube and add a few drops of
cone. HNO3 and heat.
A yellow colouration indicates the presence of proteins.
3. Ninhydrin Test
Take about 2 ml of egg albumin dispersion in a test-tube and add 3-4 drops of
Ninhydrin solution. Boil the contents.
Intense blue colouration confirms the presence of proteins.
4. Millon’s Test
This test is given by proteins containing phenolic amino acids. Gelatine does not give
this test.
To 1-2 ml of egg albumin dispersion add 2 drops of Millon’s reagent.
White ppt. which changes to brick red on boiling, confirms the presence of
proteins.
44
LHS
Observations and Calculations
RESULT
Rf value of red ink is…………….
Rf value of blue ink is ……………
45
EXPERIMENT No. 13
AIM: To prepare Ferric hydroxide solution
Theory
Ferric hydroxide forms a lyophobic sol. The substances such as metal hydroxides or
sulphides which are insoluble and do not readily give colloidal solutions on treatment with
water are called lyophobic colloids.
Ferric hydroxide sol is prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled
water. The reaction that takes place can be represented as
The hydrolysis reaction produces insoluble ferric hydroxide particles which undergo
agglomerisation to yield bigger particles of colloidal dimensions. These particles adsorb
Fe3+ ions preferentially from the solution to give positive charge to the sol particles. Stability
of the sol is due to the charge on the sol particles. Hydrochloric acid which is produced
during hydrolysis tries to destabilize the sol and hence it must be removed from the sol by
dialysis process otherwise sol will not be stable.
Apparatus
Conical flask (250 ml), beaker (250 ml), a boiling-tube, glass-rod, funnel, round-bottom
flask, iron stand with a clamp, wire-gauze, tripod-stand, burner and a burette or a dropper.
Materials Required
2% solution of ferric chloride (prepared by dissolving 2 g of pure FeCl3 in 100 ml distilled
water) and distilled water.
Procedure
1. Take a 250 ml conical flask and clean it by steaming-out process.
2. To this cleaned flask, add 100 ml of distilled water and heat it to boil by placing the
flask on a wire-gauze.
3. Add ferric chloride solution drop wise (by the use of a burette or a dropper) to the
boiling water.
4. Continue heating until deep red or brown solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained.
Replace the water lost by evaporation during boiling at regular intervals.
5. Keep the contents of conical flask undisturbed for sometime at room temperature. Label
the solution as “ferric hydroxide sol”.
Precautions
1. Since ferric hydroxide sol is affected by impurities, the apparatus required for the
preparation of sol should be thoroughly cleaned by steaming-out process.
2. Add ferric chloride solution drop wise.
3. Heating is continued till the desired sol is obtained.
46
4. Hydrochloric acid formed as a result of hydrolysis of ferric chloride is removed by
dialysis process otherwise it would destabilize the sol.
LHS page
47
EXPERIMENT No. 14
AIM: To prepare colloidal solution of Starch

Theory
Starch forms a lyophilic sol when water is used as the dispersion medium. The formation of
sol is accelerated by heating. The starch sol can be prepared by heating starch and water at
about 100°C. It is quite stable and is not affected by the presence of any electrolytic impurity.
Apparatus:
Beakers (250 ml and 50 ml), glass rod, funnel, filter-paper, pestle and mortar, tripod stand,
wire-gauze and burner.
Materials Required
Soluble starch (500 mg) and distilled water.
Procedure
1. Take 500 mg of starch in a mortar and add few ml of distilled water.

2. Grind the starch to make a thin paste and transfer this paste to a 50 ml beaker.
3. Take about 100 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker and heat the beaker so that
water starts boiling.
4. Pour the paste slowly with stirring into boiling water in the beaker (Fig. 2.1).
5. Continue boiling for about 10 minutes and there allow the beaker to cool.
6. Filter the contents of the beaker through a filter-paper, fixed in a funnel.
Label the filtrate ‘Starch Sol’.
Precautions
1. The apparatus used for preparing sol should be properly cleaned.

2. Distilled water should be used for preparing sols in water.
3. Starch should be converted into a fine paste before adding to boiling water.
4. Starch paste should be added in a thin stream to boiling water.
5. Constant stirring of the contents is necessary during the preparation of the sol.
LHS Page
48
49
EXPERIMENT 15
AIM: To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid .
THEORY:
According to the law of mass action, rate of chemical reaction is directly proportional to
the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants. In other words, the rate of reaction
increases with the increase in the concentration of reactants. The effect of concentration of
reactants on rate of a reaction can be studied easily by the reaction between sodium
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl S(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
The insoluble sulphur, formed during the reaction, gives a milky appearance and makes the
solution opaque. Therefore, rate of the reaction can be studied by measuring the time taken to
produce enough sulphur to make some mark invisible on a paper kept under the conical flask
in which the reaction is carried out.
APPARATUS:
Stop-watch, two burettes and five conical flasks (100ml), measuring cylinder, burner, tripod
stand
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution and 1 M HCL solution,
PROCEDURE:
1. Wash the conical flasks with water and label them as 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively.
2. With the help of a burette, add 10, 20 ,30, 40 ,50 ml of 0.1M Na2S2O3 solution to the
flasks 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively.
3. Now add 40, 30, 20 and 10 ml of distilled water to the flask 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively
so that volume of solution in each flask is 50 ml.
4. Take 10 ml of 1M HCl in a test tube with the help of a burette.
5. Add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid taken in a test tube to the conical flask No.1
containing 10 ml of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 and 40 ml of distilled water and start the
stop-watch. When half of the hydrochloric acid solution has been added. Shake the
contents of the conical flask and place it on the tile with a cross mark as shown in
Fig.3.1.
6. Go on observing from top to downwards in the flask and stop the stop-watch when the
cross mark just becomes invisible. Note down the time.
7. Repeat the experiment by adding 10 ml of 1M HCL to the flasks 2,3,4 and 5 and
record the time taken in each case for the cross to become just invisible.
50
RESULT:
From the graph, it is clear that 1/t is directly proportional to the conc of Na2S2O3 solution. But
1/t is a direct measure of rate of the reaction, therefore, rate of the reaction between Na2S2O3
and HCl is directly proportional to the concentration of Na2S2O3 solution taken. Hence, rate of
this reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of Na2S2O3, which is one of the
reactants.
Note: It may be noted that the reaction rate also increases when the amount of sodium
thiosulphate is kept constant but the concentration of hydrochloric acid is increased.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The apparatus must be thoroughly clean. If the same conical flask is to be used again
and again, it should be thoroughly washed with conc. HNO3 and then with water.
2. Measure the volumes of sodium thiosulphate solution, hydrochloric acid and distilled
water very accurately.
3. Use the same tile with the same cross-mark for all observation.
4. Complete the experiment at one time only so that there is not much temperature
variation.
5. Start the stop-watch immediately when half of the hydrochloric acid solution has been
added to sodium thiosulphate solution.
6. View the cross- mark through the reaction mixture from top to bottom from same height
for all observations
51
LHS PAGE
OBSERVATIONS:
Flask Volume of Volume Total Concentration Volume Time
No. Na2S2O3 of water volume of Na2S2O3 of taken for 1/t
Solution in In ml of Solution 1M HCl cross to (s-1)
ml solution (ml) become
in ml just
invisible(t)
1. 10 40 50 0.02 M 10 s
2. 20 30 50 0.04 M 10 s
3. 30 20 50 0.06 M 10 s
4. 40 10 50 0.08 M 10 s
5. 50 0 50 0.10 M 10 s
PLOTTING OF GRAPH:
Plot a graph between 1/t (in seconds) and the concentration of sodium thiosulphate by taking
1/t along ordinate (vertical axis) and the concentration of Na2S2O3 along abscissa (horizontal
axis). It should be a straight sloping line.
Fig 3.2 A graph of conc. of Na2S2O3 vs 1/t
RESULT:
From the graph, it is clear that 1/t is directly proportional to the conc of Na2S2O3 solution
52
EXPERIMENT 16
AIM: To study the effect of change in temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium
THEORY:
The rate of a chemical reaction depends to a great extent upon temperature. The rate of reaction
increases with increase in temperature. Increase in temperature increases kinetic energy of the
molecules. Therefore, the fraction of molecules having energy greater than its threshold energy
increases which results in the increase in number of effective collisions per second. It has been
observed that in most of the cases for every 100C rise in temperature, the rate of the reaction
becomes almost double. The rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric
acid also increases with increases in temperature.
APPARATUS:
Conical flask (250 ml), measuring cylinders (50 ml and 5 ml), stop-watch, thermometer, tripod
stand, wire-gauge and burner.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
0.1M Na2S2O3 Solution, 1M HCl, distilled water and conc. HNO3.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 50 ml of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 Solution in a 100 ml conical flask and note its temperature
with the help of thermometer.
2. Add 10 ml of 1M HCl to it and start the stop-watch immediately when half of the
hydrochloric acid solution has been added.
3. Shake the contents of the flask gently and place it on the tile with a cross-mark as shown
in Fig 3.1.
4. Observe the cross-mark from the top and note the time taken for the mark to become
just invisible.
5. Empty the flask and clean it thoroughly with conc. HNO3 and then with water.
6. Take again 50 ml of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 in conical flask and heat it so that the temperature
of the solution becomes (T+100C).
7. Remove the flask from the tripod-stand and add 10 ml of 1M HCl to it and start the
stop-watch.
8. Shake the contents gently and place it on the tile having a cross-mark.
9. Note the time taken for the mark to become just invisible.
10. Repeat the experiment at (T+20)0C, (T+30)0C and (T+40)0C temperature and record
the observations as given below.
RESULT:
Rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid increases with the
increase in temperature.
PRECAUTIONS:
53
1. The apparatus must be thoroughly clean. If the same conical flask is to be used again
and again, it should be thoroughly washed with conc. HNO3 and then with water.
2. Measure the volumes of sodium thiosulphate solution, hydrochloric acid and distilled
water very accurately.
3. Use the same tile with the same cross-mark for all observation.
4. Complete the experiment at one time only so that there is not much temperature
variation.
5. Start the stop-watch immediately when half of the hydrochloric acid solution has been
added to sodium thiosulphate solution.
6. View the cross- mark through the reaction mixture from top to bottom from same height
for all observations
54
LHS Page
OBSERVATIONS:
Volume of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution taken each time = 50 ml
Volume of 1M HCl added each time = 10 ml.
S. No. Temperature Time taken for cross
to become just 1/t
invisible (t)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLOTTING OF GRAPH:
Plot a graph by taking 1/t along the ordinate (vertical axis) and temperature along the abscissa
(horizontal axis).
RESULT:
Rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid increases with the
increase in temperature.
55
EXPERIMENT 17
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALT-1
AIM: To identify the given salt.
PROCEDURE:
1 Solubility in water Soluble in cold
water
2 Physical state crystalline
IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:
1 Test with dil. H2SO4: Brisk effervescence Presence of group-I
is observed anion.
To little salt dil. H2SO4 is added.
May be carbonate.
2 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: lime water turns Carbonate (CO3)2-is

milky confirmed.
Gas is passed through lime water.
IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:
1 To little of the salt solution, NaOH Colourless pungent Presence of group
is added and boiled. gas gives dense zero cation (NH4+).
white fumes ,when a
glass rod dipped in
dil HCl is brought
near the mouth of
the test tube
5 CONFIRMATION OF A brown ppt is NH4+ ion is
CATION: To the above solution, observed. confirmed.
few drops of Nessler’s reagent is
added.
RESULT:
56
The given salt contains :
Acidic radical (anion): CO32-
Basic radical (cation): NH4+
Therefore, the given salt is Ammonium Carbonate[(NH4)2CO3].
L.H.S
ANION:
Carbonate ion :-
CATION:
Ammonium ion:
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

NESSLERS REAGENT
2K2 [HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O
Brown ppt.
57
EXPERIMENT 18
PROCEDURE:
water
1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence is Absence of group-I
observed anion.
To little of the salt dil. H2SO4 is
added.
2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Gives white dense Presence of group-II

fumes when a glass anion.
To little of the salt conc.H2SO4 is
rod dipped in dil
added. May be Chloride.
NH3 is brought near
the mouth of the test
tube
4 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A curdy white ppt is Chloride is
formed, which confirmed.
TEST WITH AgNO3:
dissolves in
To salt solution, conc.HNO3 and ammonium
AgNO3 solution is added hydroxide solution.
1 To the little of the salt solution, Colourless pungent Presence of group
NaOH is added and boiled. gas gives dense zero cation (NH4+).
white fumes ,when a
glass rod dipped in
58
dil HCl is brought
near the mouth of
the test tube
5 CONFIRMATION OF A brown ppt is NH4+ ion confirmed.
CATION: To the above solution, observed.
few drops of Nessler’s reagent is
added.
RESULT:
Acidic radical (anion): Cl-
Therefore, the given salt is Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl).
59
L.H.S
ANION:
Chloride ion :-
Silver nitrate test:
CATION:
Ammonium ion:
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

NESSLERS REAGENT
60
EXPERIMENT NO. 19

PROCEDURE:
water
1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence is Absence of group-I
observed anion.
2 Test with conc. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of group-II

observation. anion.
To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added.
3 Test with BaCl2: White ppt is formed, Presence of

which is insoluble in
To the given salt solution, BaCl2: group-III anion.
in dil.HCl.
solution is added.
May be sulphate ion.
4 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A white ppt is Sulphate ion is

formed, which is confirmed.
LEAD ACETATE TEST:
soluble in excess of
To the salt solution, lead acetate hot ammonium
solution is added. acetate solution.
1 To the little of the salt solution, NaOH Colourless pungent Presence of group zero
is added and boiled. gas gives dense white cation (NH4+).
fumes with a glass rod
dipped in HCl is
61
brought near the test
tube .
5 CONFIRMATION OF CATION: A brown ppt is NH4+ ion confirmed.
To the above solution, few drops of observed
Nessler’s reagent is added.
RESULT:
The given salt contains
Acidic radical (anion): SO42-
Therefore, the given salt is Ammonium sulphate (NH4 )2SO4.
L.H.S
ANION:
Sulphate ion :-
(NH4)2SO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbSO4 +2(CH3COO) NH4
White ppt
CATION:
Ammonium ion:
NH4Cl + NaOH heat NaCl + H2O + NH3
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

NESSLERS REAGENT
62
EXPERIMENT NO. 20
PROCEDURE:
1 Solubility of water Solubility in cold
water
2 Physical state Crystalline
1 Test with dil. H2SO4: No effervescence Absence of group-I
observed anion.
To the little salt dil. H2SO4 is
added.
2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Colourless vapours Presence of

with Vinegar like
To the little salt conc.H2SO4 is group-II anion:
smell is observed.
added.
May be acetate ion.
4 CONFIRMATION OF ANION
(i) Test with oxalic acid: Vinegar like smell is Acetate ion is
To the little salt, oxalic observed. confirmed.
acid and few drops of
water is added.
(ii) To salt solution, add
conc. H2SO4 and heat. A pleasant fruity
Add ethyl alcohol, odour is observed.
shake and pour in Acetate ion is
beaker containing water confirmed.
(iii) FERRIC CHLORIDE
TEST:
To salt solution add
neutral FeCl3 , filter and Reddish Color
divide filtrate into two Filtrate
parts.
Reddish brown ppt
a. To part-I add water is formed.
and boil.
63
b. To part-II add dil Reddish brown ppt Acetate ion is
HCl disappears. confirmed.
white fumes when a
glass rod dipped in
dil. HCl is brought
near the mouth of
the test tube .
6 CONFIRMATION OF CATION:
To the above solution, few drops of A brown ppt is
Nessler’s reagent is added. observed
NH4+ ion confirmed
.
.
RESULT:
Acidic radical (anion): CH3COO-
Therefore, the given salt is Ammonium acetate CH3COONH4.
64
L.H.S
ANION:
CATION:
Ammonium ion:
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

NESSLERS REAGENT
65
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
PROCEDURE:
1 Solubility of water Solubility in cold
water
observed anion.

observation. anion.
3 Test with BaCl2: No ppt. Absence of

To salt solution, BaCl2: solution is sulphate anion.
added.
4 Test with Ammonium Molybdate: Yellow ppt.is Presence of group III

formed anion Phosphate ion
To salt solution, conc.HNO3 and
Ammonium Molybdate are added
and heated.
5 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A white ppt is Phosphate ion is
formed confirmed.
MAGNESIA MIXTURE TEST:
To salt solution, magnesia
mix.(NH4Cl+MgCl2+NH4OH) is
added and allowed to stand.
66
white fumes with a
glass rod dipped in
HCl is brought near
the test tube .
5 CONFIRMATION OF Brown ppt.is formed NH4+ ion confirmed.
CATION: To the above solution,
Nessler’s reagent is added.
RESULT:
Acidic radical (anion): PO4 3-
Therefore, the given salt is Ammonium Phosphate[(NH4)3PO4].
67
L.H.S
ANION:
CATION:
Ammonium ion:
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

NESSLERS REAGENT
2K2 [HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2zO
EXPERIMENT NO. 22
68
PROCEDURE:
1 soluble in cold water
Solubility in water

observed anion.

with vinegar like
To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added. group-II anion:
smell is observed
May be acetate ion.
(i) Test with oxalic acid: Vinegar like smell is Acetate ion is
To little salt, add oxalic acid observed confirmed.
and few drops of water
(ii)To salt solution, add conc.
H2SO4 and heat. Add ethyl A pleasant fruity
alcohol, shake and pour in odour is observed.
beaker containing water. Acetate ion is
(iii)FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST: confirmed.
To salt solution add neutral Reddish Color
FeCl3 and filter and divide Filtrate
filtrate into two parts.
a. To part-I add water
and boil Reddish brown ppt
Acetate ion is
is formed.
confirmed.
Reddish colour
b. To part-II add dil HCl disappears.
69
1 To little of the salt solution, add No colourless Absence of group
NaOH solution and boil. pungent gas zero cation (NH4+).
observed.
2 To little salt solution, dil.HCl is White ppt is formed Presence of group-I

added. cation.
Boil white ppt with distilled water Precipitate dissolves
Divide into two parts.

i. To part-I add potassium Yellow ppt is Pb+2 is confirmed.
iodide solution. formed.
ii. To part-II, add K2CrO4
Yellow ppt is
solution. Pb+2 is confirmed.
formed.
RESULT:
Basic radical (cation): Pb+2
Therefore, the given salt is Lead acetate (CH3COO)2Pb.
70
L.H.S
ANION:
CATION:
71
EXPERIMENT NO. 23
PROCEDURE:
1 Solubility in water soluble in cold water
observed anion.

observation. anion.

To salt solution, BaCl2: solution is group-III anion.
in dil.HCl.
added.

LEAD ACETATE TEST:
To salt solution, lead acetate hot ammonium
72
1 To little of the salt solution, add No colourless Absence of group
NaOH solution and boil. pungent gas zero cation (NH4+).
observed.
2 To little salt solution, dil.HCl is No ppt is formed Absence of group-I

added. cation.
3 To salt solution, dil HCl: and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of

solution is added.
group-II cation.
4 To salt solution, solid NH4Cl and White ppt is formed. Presence of group III
excess of NH4OH are added. cation (Al+3).
5 CONFIRMATION OF A blue ppt Al+3 ion confirmed.
CATION: To white ppt ,dil.HCl suspended in a
and few drops of blue litmus colourless solution is
solution and excess of ammonium observed.
hydroxide solution are added
RESULT:
Acidic radical (anion): SO42-
Basic radical (cation): Al+3
Therefore, the given salt is aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3].
73
L.H.S
ANION:
Confirmation of Sulphate
CATION:
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3
74
EXPERIMENT NO. 24
PROCEDURE:
water
observed anion.

with vinegar like
To little salt conc.H2SO4 is added. group-II anion.
smell.
May be acetate ion.
(i) Test with oxalic acid:
To little salt, oxalic acid and few Vinegar like smell is Acetate ion is
drops of water are added. observed. confirmed.
(ii) To salt solution, add conc.
H2SO4 and heat. Add ethyl
A pleasant fruity Acetate ion is
alcohol, shake and pour in
odour is observed. confirmed
beaker containing water
(iii) FERRIC CHLORIDE
TEST:
To salt solution add Reddish Color
neutral FeCl3 and filter Filtrate
and divide filtrate into
two parts.
Reddish brown ppt
c. To part-I add water is formed.
and boil Acetate ion is
d. To part-II add Reddish colour
confirmed.
dil.HCl disappears.
.
75
1 To little of the salt solution, NaOH No colourless Absence of group
solution is added and boiled. pungent gas zero cation (NH4+).
observed.

added. cation.
3 To salt solution, dil. HCl: and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of

solution is added.
group-II cation.
4 To salt solution, NH4Cl and No ppt is formed. Absence of group III

NH4OH are added. cation.
5 To salt solution, solid NH4Cl and Buff/white colour Presence of
excess of NH4OH and H2S solution ppt is observed.
Group-IV cation.
is added.
Dissolve white ppt in dil.HCl and
divide into two parts.
iii. To part-I add potassium
Bluish white ppt is Zn+2 is confirmed.
ferrocyanide solution.
formed.
iv. To part-II, add NaOH
solution. White ppt soluble in
Zn+2 is confirmed.
excess of NaOH.
RESULT:
Basic radical (cation): Zn+2
Therefore, the given salt is zinc acetate [(CH3COO)2Zn].
76
L.H.S
ANION:
Confirmation of anion:
Ester test:
Confirmation of cation:
Potassium ferro cyanide test:
Ammonium hydroxide test:
Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
77
EXPERIMENT NO. 25
PROCEDURE:
1 Solubility in water soluble in hot water
observed anion.

observation. anion.

To salt solution, BaCl2 solution is Group-III anion.
in dil.HCl.
added.

LEAD ACETATE TEST:
To salt solution, lead acetate hot ammonium
observed.

added. cation.
78
3 To salt solution, dil.HCl: and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of
solution is added.
group-II cation.

5 To salt solution add NH4Cl and Buff/white colour Presence of
excess of NH4OH and H2S solution ppt is observed.
group-IV cation.
is added.
(may be Mn+2/Zn+2)
i. White ppt is dissolved
in dil,HCl, H2S is boiled
off and NaOH and
bromine water are White ppt turns grey Mn+2 is confirmed.
added. or brown/black.
ii. To the grey ppt, conc.
HNO3 and lead peroxide Pink coloured
Mn+2 is confirmed.
are added. Boil, cool solution is formed.
and allow to settle
RESULT:
Acidic radical (anion): SO4-2
Basic radical (cation): Mn+2
Therefore, the given salt is Manganese Sulphate [MnSO4.].
79
L.H.S
ANION:
Lead acetate test:
Sodium hydroxide - bromine water test:
Lead peroxide test:
80
EXPERIMENT NO. 26
PROCEDURE:
water
observed anion.
2 Test with conc. H2SO4: Gives white dense May be chloride.

fumes when a glass
rod dipped in dil
NH3 is brought near
the mouth of the test
tube
3 CONFIRMATION OF ANION: A curdy white ppt Chloride ion is
which is soluble in confirmed.
To salt solution, conc.HNO3 and
NH4OH is observed
AgNO3 solution are added.
observed.

added. cation.
81
3 To salt solution, dil. HCl and H2S No ppt is formed. Absence of
solution is added.
group-II cation.

5 To salt solution add NH4Cl and No ppt is observed. Absence of
excess of NH4OH and H2S solution
group-IV cation.
is added.
6 To the salt solution, NH4Cl, excess White ppt is Presence of group-V
of NH4OH and excess of observed. cation. May be Ca+2
(NH4)2CO3 is added and shaken. Ba+2 or Sr+2
White ppt is dissolved in dil.acetic
acid and boiled off CO2 and divide
solution into three parts.
i. To one part of the above
solution in a test tube, No ppt is formed Absence of Ba+2 ion
add a few drops of
potassium chromate
solution
ii. To second part of the No ppt is formed Absence of Sr+2
above solution in a test
tube, add 1 ml of
ammonium sulphate
solution and warm the
contents
iii. To part-III, add White ppt is formed Calcium ion is
ammonium oxalate and present
ammonium hydroxide
solution.
Brick red colour
flame is observed Ca2+ is confirmed
iv. FLAME TEST:

To the salt solution,
conc.HCl is added
RESULT:
82
Acidic radical (anion): Cl-
Basic radical (cation): Ca+2
Therefore, the given salt is Calcium Chloride [CaCl2].
. ***********************************
L.H.S
ANION:
Silver nitrate test:
Ammonium oxalate test:
. ***********************************
83

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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE - EAST

Time Allowed: Three hours

Volumetric Analysis 8 Marks

1. Chromatography: Separation of Components of blue and black ink by paper

SUGGESTED INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS

1. Amount of acetic acid in vinegar

Identify the functional group in the given

Identify the functional group in the given sample.

Prepare M/40 Mohr salt solution and find out the

Prepare M/20 Oxalic Acid solution and find out the

Prepare M/40 Oxalic Acid solution and find out the

Chromatography: To separate the components of

To Prepare Colloidal solution of Starch

To study the effect of concentration on the rate of

Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

Identify Cation and Anion in the given salt.

2. Diagrams to be drawn in pencil. Geometry instruments to be used. No free hand

4. Page borders to be drawn on blank page.

5. BLANK PAGE: Reactions, Figure, Observation(tabular column etc),

6. RULED PAGE: Aim, Apparatus, Theory, Procedure, Result, Precautions,

7. Date of experiment, tabular column and result to be entered after

8. Please follow all the instructions.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. STATE AND Liquid May be alcohol, phenol, ethanoic

2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in water May be ethanol, acetaldehyde,

3. TEST WITH LITMUS No change Phenol, acids and amines may be

4. TEST WITH CERRIC Pink/red colour May be alcohol

5. ESTERIFICATION Fruity odour of an ester Alcohol is confirmed.

RESULT: The given organic compound contains alcohol as functional group

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. STATE AND Liquid May be alcohol, phenol, ethanoic

2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in NaOH May be phenol or carboxylic acid.

4. Neutral FeCl3 Test : To Violet coloration May be phenol

5. Liebermann’s test: Add 2 Deep blue or green coloration Phenol is confirmed.

Add distilled water carefully

RESULT: The given compound contains phenol as functional group.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. STATE AND APPEARANCE Liquid May be alcohol, phenol,

2. SOLUBILITY Soluble in water May be acetone, acetaldehyde,

3. TEST WITH LITMUS No change Phenol, acids and amines may

4. TEST WITH CERRIC No change Absence of alcohol

No change Absence of Phenol

Result: The given compound contains functional group: Aldehyde

RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)]+ + 3 OH- 2Ag + RCOO- + 2 H2O + 4NH3

Aldehyde Tollens reagent silver mirror

CH3CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)]+ + 3 OH- 2Ag + CH3COO- + 2 H2O + 4NH3

AIM: To identify the functional group in given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. STATE AND APPEARANCE Liquid May be alcohol, phenol,

4. TEST WITH CERIC AMMONIUM No change Absence of alcohol

No change Absence of Phenol

Result: The given compound contains functional group: ketone.

AIM: To identify the functional group in given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. STATE AND APPEARANCE Liquid May be alcohol, phenol,

3. TEST WITH LITMUS Blue litmus turns red Phenol or carboxylic

4. TEST WITH CERRIC AMMONIUM No change Absence of alcohol