Karnatak Law Society’s

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Udyambag Belagavi -590008

Karnataka, India.

A Course Seminar Report on

TITLE:
LANGUAGE MODELING FOR MATHEMATIAL REASONING

Submitted for the requirements of 4th semester B.E. in E&E

For “Vector Calculus, Laplace Transforms and Probability

(18DMATEE31)”

Submitted by

Name USN
Ajay Chougala 2GI21EE403
Rahul Kolekar 2GI21EE414
Rohan Pattar 2GI21EE416
Sushmita Hudedmani 2GI21EE4

Under the guidance of

Prof. JEETENDRA R.G

Prof., Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year 2021 - 22(even semester)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an opportunity to excel in my

efforts to complete this seminar on time.

I am extremely grateful to Dr. J. K. Kittur, Principal, Karnataka Law Society’s GOGTE

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and Dr. Deepak B. Kulkarni , HOD, Head of Department,
Department of Electrical and Electronics , for providing all the required resources for the
successful completion of my seminar.

My heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide Prof. Jeetendra R,G, Department of electrical and
electronic engineering, for his valuable suggestions and guidance in the of the seminar report.

I express my thanks to friends for all the help and co-ordination extended in bringing out this
seminar successfully in time.

I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of the
references and other literatures referred to in this seminar.

Thanking You

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 ABSTRACT

Mathematical reasoning or the principle of mathematical reasoning

is a part of mathematics where we determine the truth-values of the

given statements. These reasoning statements are common in most of

the competitive exams like JEE and the questions are extremely easy

and fun to solve. Let us understand what reasoning in math is in this

and know how to solve questions easily.

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 Content List

SL No Title Page No

1. Mathematical Accepted Statements 4

2. Types of Reasoning Statements 6

Deducing Mathematical Statements 8

3. Example Questions 11

4. Conculsion 12

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 Mathematically Acceptable Statements

“The sum of two prime numbers is always even.”

The given statement can be either true or false since the sum of two

prime numbers can be being either an even number or an odd

number. Such statements are mathematically not acceptable for

reasoning as this sentence is ambiguous. Thus, a sentence is only

acceptable mathematically when it is “Either true or false, but not

both at the same time.” Therefore, the basic entity required for

mathematical reasoning is a statement. This is the mathematical

statement definition

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Types of Reasoning in Math
1>Inductive Reasoning

2>Deductive Reasoning

1>Inductive Reasoning In the Inductive method of mathematical

reasoning, the validity of the statement is checked by a certain set of rules and
then it is generalized. The principle of mathematical induction uses the
concept of inductive reasoning.

As inductive reasoning is generalized, it is not considered in geometrical

proofs. Here, is an example, which will help to understand the inductive
reasoning in math better.

Example of Inductive Reasoning:

Statement: The cost of goods is Rs 10 and the cost of labor to manufacture the

item is Rs. 5. The sales price of the item is Rs. 50.

Reasoning: From the above statement, it can be said that the item will provide
a good profit for the stores selling it.

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2> Deductive Reasoning

The principal of deductive reasoning is the opposite of the principle of

induction. On the contrary, to inductive reasoning, in deductive reasoning, we

apply the rules of a general case to a given statement and make it true for

particular statements. The principle of mathematical induction uses the concept

of deductive reasoning (contrary to its name). The below-given example will

help to understand the concept of deductive reasoning in math better.

Example of Deductive Reasoning:

Statement: Pythagorean Theorem holds true for any right-angled triangle.

Reasoning: If triangle XYZ is a right triangle, it will follow Pythagorean

Theorem.

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 How to Deduce Mathematical Statements?

› For deducing new statements or for making important

deductions from the given statements three techniques are
generally used:

› Negation of the given statement

› Contradiction Method

› Counter Statements

1> Negation of the Given Statement

In this method, we generate new statements from the old ones by the
rejection of the given statement. In other words, we deny the given
statement and express it as a new one. Consider the following
example to understand it better.

Statement 1: “Sum of squares of two natural numbers is positive.”

Now if we negate this statement then we have,

Statement 2: Sum of squares of two natural numbers is not positive.

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2>Contradiction Method

 This method, we assume that the given statement is false and then try

to prove the assumption wrong.

Example:

a: The derivative of y = 9x2 + sin x w.r.t x is 18x + cos x.

For proving the validity of this statement, let us say that dy/dx ≠ 18x

+ cos x. We know that the derivative of xn is given by n • xn−1.

Therefore, the derivative of 9x2 is 18x and the derivative of sin x is

given by cos x.

Also,

d/dx(f(x)+g(x))=df(x)/dx+dg(x)/dx

Therefore, d/dx (9x2 + sin x) = 18x + cos x

Hence, our assumption is wrong and the statement “a” is a valid

statement.

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3> Counter Statements

Another method for proving validity is to use a counter statement i.e.

giving a statement or an example where the given statement is not

valid.

Example:

a: If x is a prime number then x is always odd.

To show that the given statement is false we will try to find a counter

statement for this. We know that 2 is a prime number i.e. it is divisible

by only itself and 1. In addition, 2 is the smallest even number.

Therefore, we can say that 2 is a prime number which is even. Hence,

we can say that the statement “a” is not true for all prime numbers;

therefore, the given statement is not valid.

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 Example Questions Using the Principle of Mathematical

Reasoning

Question 2: The sum of three natural numbers x,y and z is always negative.
Solution:

This statement is acceptable. It can never be true because all natural numbers
are greater than zero and therefore the sum of positive numbers can never be
negative.

Question 4: Check whether the given two statements are true with respect
to each other.

a: A circle with infinite radius is a line

b: A circle with zero radii is a point

Solution:

Since “a” is true and “b” is also true then both statements a and b are true.

For two given statements a or b to be true, show that either a is true or prove
that b is true i.e. if any one of the statements is true then a or b is also true.

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CONCULSION:

Mathematical Modeling courses provide rigorous instruction in

fundamental mathematical concepts and skills presented in the

context of real-world applications, The modeling skills provide

analytical method for approaching problems students encountered in

their future endeavors.

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