A VIEW OF ANOTHER WORLD

A View of Another World

An Introduction to Parallel Universes

A View of Another World

By Y.V.Kartikeya
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Introduction
What is a multiverse?
The multiverse is a hypothetical group of multiple universes.
Together, these universes comprise everything that exists: the
entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the
physical laws and constants that describe them.
In simple words, it is just the theory of having many
hypothetical universes similar or different to ours in the place
called multiverse.
Each of the universes in this so called ‘multiverse’ concept is
called a parallel universe.
But because each of this ‘parallel’ universe may or may not
exist, we can’t confirm with this theory. I think that the
multiverse exists, but first of all, for that to be discovered, we
need to go back in time to see the time of the Big Bang and
before that. Then we can see whether there are parallel universes
like ours.
Though it is possible to try to search for the parallel world’s
even now, but the sufficient technology is not enough for that.
We need to travel faster than the speed of light, which can be
believed to happen in the far future. Even then, we can try to
find the light coming from other universes from their pasts and
try to find it out.
Before getting into the topic, let’s dive into some of the pre-
requisites required for this complex topic and understand our
world.

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THE BIG BANG

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Scientists, astronomers and other people think at present that the universe
originated from the Big Bang, from a singularity about 13.8 billion years ago.
What is a singularity?
A singularity is a location in space-time which is infinitely dense and
infinitesimally small, smaller than anything. It curves space-time infinitely.
One of these ‘singularities’, which can now be found in black holes (I will explain
about black holes in the Chapter 2 of this book), formed what is called the Big
Bang and our universe.
There are proofs for the Big Bang, which will be explained shortly.
One of the proofs is the expansion of space in an accelerated motion.
Accelerated expansion of space was explained by Edwin Hubble in the year 1929.
He gave the Hubble Law, which says that galaxies in space are moving away from
earth at speeds proportional to their distance. Simply, the galaxies are accelerating
and the farther they are, the faster they move. This movement is called redshift. If
the galaxies are found to be moving away from earth, they are found in a slightly
red colour and this is called redshift. The opposite of this is the blueshift, which
means galaxies moving towards earth show a blue colour.
Hubble law in an equation is
 v = H0D
Where
 v is the velocity of the galaxy in km/s
 H0 is the Hubble constant in km/s
 D is the distance of the galaxy in Mpc (Megaparsecs)
[The Hubble constant (H0) is the constant unit of measurement used to measure the
expansion of the universe.]
Thus, the Hubble Law proves that the universe is expanding.
When we use the fact that the universe is expanding, and reverse it in time, we can
understand that the universe had started from a point in time where the whole
universe was infinitesimally small, and infinitely dense, a singularity.
From this singularity came the Big Bang, and everything we call our Universe.

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At the beginning, the Universe was very hot and dense. It was not like the Universe
of the present day. After some millions of years, the first stars came into existence,
and slowly many stars together formed clusters and galaxies that we see in the
present day. Some stars had some objects orbiting around them, called planets.
The stars used to form, die and be reborn again from the materials of the previous
stars.
Most of the first stars were very large and bright, and had lesser age.
The next stars were made from the materials of the first stars and this cycle
continued.

Fun Fact
 The Universe was once just the radius of the Earth-to-the-Sun,
which happened when the Universe was about a trillionth (10^–12)
of a second old. The expansion rate of the Universe back then was
10^29 times what it is today.

Fun Fact
The sun is a third-generation star. It means that the Sun is formed from
the remains of a big star which was formed from the remains of a larger
star.

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Big Bang Pictoria

BLACK HOLES
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As you all might think that black holes are black in colour and are large holes, you
are correct.
Black holes are large regions of darkness in the universe, which even pull in light
coming towards them.
Pulling in light?
Yes! They have so much strong gravitational force that even an object at the speed
of light (or even light itself whose speed is 3 x 108 m s-1, the maximum in our
universe) can’t escape. Such is its gravitational pull.
Black holes may pull only light and no other objects, one may feel. But its
gravitational pull is so strong that an object larger than it is also pulled into it
(though it may take millions of years).
What makes them get this very strong pull?
The highly strong Gravitational Force of the black hole comes from its mass. It is
so massive that even if 1000 suns were compressed to form a black hole, it would
be only earth-sized. Such high is its mass and density.
Can an object be near a black hole and not fall into it?
Yes, black holes have a boundary called the event horizon, which if crossed by an
object, it falls into the black hole. The larger the black hole, the farther the event
horizon is, and vice versa.
Black holes are formed by the death of large and massive stars. The minimum
mass required for a star to form into a black hole is given by the Chandrasekhar
Limit and valued at 1.4 M☉ [M☉=Mass of Sun].
The process of black hole formation involves the collapse of a giant star over itself
several time. But not in all cases is a black hole formed. Sometimes, neutron stars
are formed (I will give information about them in Chapter 3).
Black holes have a singularity in the centre which is similar to the singularity of
the universe during the Big Bang. This singularity has all the mass of the black
hole concentrated on itself.

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Black holes are of 4 types :

 Stellar (the smallest)
 Intermediate (medium-sized)
 Supermassive (the largest)
 Quasars (A special type of black hole which absorbs and emits energy at the
same time and is massive)

Fun Fact
Smaller black holes are much more powerful than larger black holes. They
consume objects by the process of spaghettification, which makes them
consume the objects faster than in the case of larger ones.
Spaghettification is the process of elongation of an object under the
gravitational pull of a black hole (precisely a small black hole).

Fun Fact
Black holes have a very long lifespan, about 1067 years,
which is longer than the age of our universe now.

Black hole pictoria

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Black Hole

Quasar

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Spaghettification

Star Spaghettification

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NEUTRON STARS
These are another type of dangerous objects present in the universe.
Neutron stars are a type of stars which are almost as dense as a black hole, but
neither a black hole nor a star. They are the only highly dense objects present in the
universe that are not a black hole.
They are mostly found in blue colour due to their temperatures (blue means high
temperature).
They are formed when a star with mass less than the Chandrasekhar limit dies and
collapses on itself in a supernova [which will be explained in Stars (Chapter 4)]
and compress a lot that the neutrons in their atoms (Atomic Structure will be
explained in Chapter 6) form a dense structure which forms the neutron star.
They are small but they have very strong gravitational force due to their high mass
and density.

If a neutron star is part of a binary system that survived the deadly blast from its
supernova (or if it captured a passing companion), things can get even more inter-
esting. If the second star is less massive than the sun, it pulls mass from its com-
panion into a Roche lobe, a balloon-like cloud of material that orbits the neutron
star. Companion stars up to 10 times the sun's mass create similar mass transfers
that are more unstable and don't last as long.

Stars more than 10 times as massive as the sun transfer material in the form of
stellar wind. The material flows along the magnetic poles of the neutron star, creat-
ing X-ray [which will be explained in Electromagnetic Radiation(Chapter 5)] pulsa-
tions as it is heated.

Neutron stars spin around their axis at a speed of about 43000 times a minute
(which is too fast!).

Some neutron stars have jets of materials streaming out of them at nearly the
speed of light. As these beams pan past Earth, they flash like the bulb of a
lighthouse. Scientists called them pulsars after their pulsing appearance. Normal
pulsars spin between 0.1 and 60 times per second, while millisecond pulsars can
result as much as 700 times per second.

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Neutron stars have very strong magnetic field. Magnetars have magnetic fields a
thousand times stronger than the average neutron star. The resulting drag causes
the star to take longer to rotate. That puts magnetars in the No. 1 spot, reigning
champions in the universal 'strongest magnetic field' competition.

When 2 neutron stars form a binary star system, they slowly fall into themselves
and collide, and when they collide, they produce large amounts of gravitational and
light waves.

Fun Fact
Neutron stars are so dense that a single teaspoon would weigh a billion tons
— assuming you somehow managed to snag a sample without being
captured by the body's strong gravitational pull.

Fun Fact
Neutron stars have mountains on their surface. But these mountains are very
small and their height is only a few millimetres. This is due to the strong
gravitational force of the neutron star and the irregularities on its surface.
Neutron Star Pictoria

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Neutron Star

Binary system of neutron star

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Magnetar

Pulsar

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